The National Green Tribunal held that a private lake exceeding two hectares must be treated as a wetland. It directed parties to maintain the lake's status quo while strictly complying with Rule 4 of the Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017.
Maintain status quo and observe compliance of Rule 4 of Wetland Rules, 2017.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
Item No.02
Court No. 2
BEFORE THE NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL PRINCIPAL BENCH, NEW DELHI
Original Application No. 54/2023 (IA No. 130/2024)
Ratneshwar Jan Kalyan Samiti
Applicant
Versus
State of Uttrakhand Respondent
Date of hearing: 03.07.2024
CORAM: HON’BLE MR. JUSTICE SUDHIR AGARWAL JUDICIAL MEMBER HON’BLE DR. AFROZ AHMAD, EXPERT MEMBER
Applicant: Mr. Rahul Khurana, Advocate for Applicant
Respondent: Mr. Himanshu Pal, Advocate for respondents No.1 to 3 along with Mr. Himanshu Khurana, DM, Chamoli (through VC) Mr. Mukesh Verma, Advocate for respondent no.4 (through VC) Mr. Sanjay Upadhyay, Senior Advocate with Mr. Rohan Talwar, Mr. Anirudh Bhatia, Ms. Mansi Bachani and Ms. Gitanjali Sanyal, Advocates for respondents no.5 and 6.
ORDER
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needs of watersheds to many villages and, also called as “Benital-Palgad watershed”. The extent of Benital Lake has reduced in past sometime and standing trees on side of lake have been cut illegally, therefore, a Committee should be constituted to investigate the matter with the help of satellite image and to submit its report to protect Benital Lake from degradation and direction be issued to respondents to place a time bound action plan to restore Benital Lake to its natural and enriched state.
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| 0 सों |
( 0 मी 0 स ) |
ल केशन | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 - |
मजनू | 30-40 | N-30°16’17” E 79°24’53” |
टूटा / गिरा |
| 2 - |
मजनू | 60-70 | N-30°16’54” E 79°20’57” |
टूटा / सूखा |
| 3 - |
मजनू | 40-50 | N-30°16’49” E 79°24’5.85” |
हरा खडा |
| 4 - |
मजनू | 20-30 | N-30°16’12” E 79°24’6.29” |
हरा खडा |
| 5 - |
मजनू | 30-40 | N-30°16’10.6” E 79°29’34” |
हरा लटका |
| 6 - |
मजनू |
10-20 | N-30°16’00” E 79°24’6.36” |
हरा खडा |
| 7 - |
ममोरा े |
10-20 | N-30°16’78” E 79°24’7.19” |
हरा खडा |
| 8 - |
मेहल े |
40-50 | N-30°19’1.17” E 79°14’40.7” |
हरा खडा |
| 9 - |
मेहल | 20-30 | N-30°09’04.4” E 79°14’41.2” |
हरा खडा |
English Translation by Tribunal:
Description of trees established around Benital Lake
| Sr. No. | Species | Diameter Square (cm) |
GPS Location | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 - |
Majnu | 30-40 | N-30°16’17” _E 79°24’53” _ |
Broken / Fallen |
| 2 - |
Majnu | 60-70 | N-30°16’54” E 79°20’57” |
Broken / Dry |
| 3 - |
Majnu | 40-50 | N-30°16’49” _E 79°24’5.85” _ |
Healthy |
| 4 - |
Majnu | 20-30 | N-30°16’12” _E 79°24’6.29” _ |
Healthy |
| 5 - |
Majnu | 30-40 | N-30°16’10.6” E 79°29’34” |
Healthy but hanging |
| 6 - |
Majnu | 10-20 | N-30°16’00” _E 79°24’6.36” _ |
Healthy |
| 7 - |
Mamora | 10-20 | N-30°16’78” E 79°24’7.19” |
Healthy |
| 8 - |
Mehal | 40-50 | N-30°19’1.17” E 79°14’40.7” |
Healthy |
| 9 - |
Mehal | 20-30 | N-30°09’04.4” E 79°14’41.2” |
Healthy |
बेनीताल झील के आस िास स्थापित सोंरचनाओों-का पििरण
| क्र0 0 सों |
भिन स्वामी का नाम |
सोंरचना का सोंख्या / प्रकार |
क्षेत्रफल ( अनुमापनत ) ( में मीटर िर्ग ) |
अभ्युक्ति |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 ्रु्र |
3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 - |
श्री राजीव सरीन पुत्र प्रेमनाथ आगि |
04 | 281.19 | मकान / शौचालय |
| 2 - |
श्री गवनोि गसिंह पुत्र श्री बलविंत गसिंह |
03 | 62.35 | मकान / िौशाला / शौचालय |
3
| 3 - |
श्री चतर गसिंह श्री बलविंत गसिंह ्रे्द्रिंु्र्र |
01 | 115.42 | मकान / िौशाला / शौचालय |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4 - |
श्री बीरेन्द्र गसिंह पुत्र श्री अमर गसिंह |
05 | 135.43 | मकान / िौशाला / शौचालय |
| 5 - |
प्राचीन नन्दािेवी मिंगिर |
01 | 72.96 | मिंगिर / प्रािंण |
| 6 - |
पानी का टैंक | 01 | 3.06 | पानी का टैंक |
| य र्:- | 15 | 670.41 | ||
| English Tr | anslation by Tribu | nal: |
Description of the structures established around Benital Lake
| Sr. No. |
Name of Building Owner |
No. / Type of Structures |
Area (Approx.) Sq. meters |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 1 - |
Sh. Rajiv Sareen S/o Sh. PremnathAadi |
04 | 281.19 | House / Toilet |
| 2 - |
Sh. Vinod Singh S/o Sh. Balwant Singh |
03 | 62.35 | House / Cow Shed / Toilet |
| 3 - |
Sh. Chatar Singh S/o Sh. Balwant Singh |
01 | 115.42 | House / Cow Shed / Toilet |
| 4 - |
Sh. Birender Singh S/o Sh. Amar Singh |
05 | 135.43 | House / Cow Shed / Toilet |
| 5 - |
Old Nandadevi Temple |
01 | 72.96 | Temple / Courtyard |
| 6 - |
Water Tank |
_01 _ | 3.06 | Water Tank |
| य र्:- | 15 | 670.41 |
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revenue register whereof some constructions have been made by certain persons.
“ (1)- ग्रामबेनीताल कीखतौनीखातासिंख्या - 1 मेंखसरानम्बर 71 रकवा 2.006 है ० मेंखाताधारकश्रीराजीवसरीन , अजीतसरीनपुत्रिणप्रेमनाथआगित्यसरीनपुत्रराजीव सरीन , ए - 132 न्यूफ्रेंड्स कॉलोनीनईगिल्लीकेनाम ZA ( फसलीवर्ष 1427-1432) श्रेणी - 1 क - भूगम जोसिंक्रमणीय अगधकार वालेभूगमधरोिंकेअगधकार मेंहो , केरूप में िजषहै।इसीखसरानम्बरमेंपानीकातालाबखसरेमेंिजषअगभलेखहै।
(2)- इसीखातेकेखसरा नम्बर - 73 व 74 मेंग्राम रण्डोली , तहसील आगिबद्री , गजला चमोलीकेक्रमशः 1- श्रीबीरेन्द्रगसिंह पुत्रश्रीअमर गसिंह , ( मो 0 न 0-8057882554) 2- श्रीचतरगसिंहपुत्रश्रीबलवन्तगसिंह , 3- श्रीगवनोिगसिंहपुत्रश्रीबलवन्तगसिंह , 4- श्रीप्रिीप गसिंहपुत्रश्रीबलवन्तगसिंहद्वाराअपने - अपनेपक्केलैण्टरसुिाआवासीयभवन / िौशाला गनगमषत गकयेियेहैं , गजन्हेंसजरेमेंक्रमशः 1, 2, 3 व 4 नम्बरानोिंसेिशाषया िया है। खातेिार द्वारा उक्तभवनोिंकेगनमाषण कीअनुमगत नहीिंलीिईहै , जबगक जमीन ZA खतौनीमेंिजषहै।
(3)- ग्राम बेनीताल कीखतौनीखाता सिंख्या - 2 केखसरा नम्बर - 95 रकवा 6.359 है ० श्रेणी 5(2)- पुरानीपरती ( परतीकिीम ) जंल ि केरूपमेंिजषहै।इसीखसरानम्बर - 95 मेंग्राम रण्डोलीकेश्रीपिम गसिंह पुत्रश्रीअमर गसिंहद्वारा पक्का आवासीय लैण्टर वाला मकानविौशालागनगमषतकीिईहै , तथाइसीखसरानम्बरमेंग्रामरण्डोलीकेक्रमशः - 1- श्रीकेशर गसिंह , पुत्रश्रीजीत गसिंह , 2- श्रीबलवीर गसिंह पुत्रश्रीफतेगसिंह , 3- श्रीधन गसिंह पुत्रश्रीजीत गसिंह , 4- श्रीिोगवन्दगसिंह पुत्रश्रीसौगणया गसिंह , 5- श्रीनारायण गसिंह पुत्रश्रीिजेगसिंह , 6- श्रीभरतगसिंहपुत्र , श्रीिशषनगसिंह , श्रीमनवीरगसिंहपुत्रिणश्रीप्रताप गसिंह , 7- श्रीभवानगसिंहपुत्रश्रीरामगसिंह , 8- श्रीपूरणगसिंहपुत्रश्रीजीतगसिंह , 9- श्रीमान गसिंहपुत्रश्रीगजतेगसिंहकीबरसातीिौशालायेंगनगमषतहै।इसीखसरानम्बरमेंग्रामसभा रण्डोलीद्वाराखालगनमाषणकायषगकयाियाहै।इसीकेसमीपकुछक्षेत्रमेंलिभि 10 से 20 नालीभूगममेंिेहिंआगिकीखेतीकीिईहै।मौकेपरउपस्थथतव्यस्क्तयोिंद्वाराभूगम केसम्बन्धमेंकोईअगभलेखगिखायेनहीिंजासके।
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(4)- खसरा नम्बर - 74 मेंप्राचीन नन्दािेवीमस्न्दर गनगमषत्तहै , जोिजषअगभलेख नहीिंहै। खसरानम्बर - 44, 51 व 54 मेंराजीवसरीनआगिकेअपनेआवासीयभवनगनगमषतहैं।
(5)- उक्त थथल व बेनीताल झील की गवशेर्ज्ञ द्वारा जी ० पी ० एस ० मैगपं ि की िई। जी ० पी ० एस ० मैगपं ि केद्वाराबेनीतालझीलकाकुलक्षेत्रफल 1.89 है ० आया।उक्तके अगतररक्तश्रीराजीव सरीन आगि कीप्राईवेट बाउण्डरीमेंस्थथत मुनारोिंकेअन्तिषत कुल क्षेत्रफल 23.3 है ० आया।राजस्वअगभलेखमेंउक्तभूगम 21.186 है ० िजषहै।
(6) - गनरीक्षणकेिौरानयहपायाियागकउक्तबेनीतालझीलमेंकाफीमात्रामेंजलीय घासपायीिई।बेनीतालझीलकेअन्दरजलीयजीवजन्तुओिंकेसिंरक्षणएविंसाफ - सफाई हेतुकोईठोस प्रबन्धपररलगक्षतनहीिंहुये। उक्तझील कीपररगधपर चारोिंतरफ 10-20 सेमी ० से 60-70 सेमी ० ब्यासविषकेगवगभन्नप्रजागतयोिंके 9 वृक्षपायेिये , गजनमेंसे 02 वृक्षसूखकरटूटेहुयेपायेियेहैं।
(7)- गपछलेपािंचवर्ोंमेंप्रथमदृष्टयाअवैधपातनकीपुगष्टनहीिंकीजासकी।यद्यगपउक्त थथलपरकाफीपुरानेठूिंठपडेहुयेपायेिये , ( फोटोग्राफ्ससिंलग्नहैं )
(8)- गपछलेवर्ोंकीजी ० पी ० एस ० मैगपं ि ( अप्रैल माह केिौरान ) यह भीपाया िया गक झीलकेफैलाव मेंपूवषकीतुलनामेंकमीपाईिई।राजस्वअगभलेख केअनुसार पूवषमें बेनीतालझीलकाकुलक्षेत्रफल 2.006 है , जबगकवतषमानमेंगनरीक्षणकेिौरानकीिई जी ० पी ० एस ० मैगपं ि / मौकागनरीक्षणमेंयहक्षेत्रफल 1.89 हैपायािया , गजससेप्रतीत होताहैगक पूवषकीतुलना मेंबेनीतालझील केफैलाव में 0.116 हैकीकमीआईहै। इसकेअगतररक्तगपछलेकुछ वर्ोंकी Geographical Image सेभीतुलना करनेपर झीलकास्वरूपघटाहै। ( Google Earth Image सिंलग्नहै )
(9)- बेनीतालझील केआस - पास केगनरीक्षण सेयह भीज्ञातहुआ गकझील मेंएकगत्रत जल का मुख्यवाटर शेड आस - पास केवन क्षेत्रहैं। वन क्षेत्रोिंद्वाराहीसतही / भूगमित जलतथागनकासीकरकेआिेबहताहै।
(10)- गनरीक्षणकेसमयउक्तथथलपर Tea Shurbs होनेकेकुछप्रमाणनहीिंगमलेहैं। गशकायतकताषकेप्रगतगनगधद्वाराभीइससम्बन्धमेंकोईसाक्ष्यउपलब्धनहीिंकरायािया।
11)- गनरीक्षण केसमय पाया िया गक भू - स्वामीद्वारा भी बेनीताल झील केसुरक्षा एविं सिंरक्षणहेतुकोईअगतररक्तगवशेर्उपायनहीिंगकयेियेहैं।च ू गकयहझीलउनकीगनजी सम्पगत्तहै . अतःइसपरज्यािागटप्पणीगकयाजानाउगचतनहीिंहै।
(12)- गनरीक्षण के समय बेनीताल झील की पररगध में कटाव भी िेखा िया , जो गक वर्ाषकालमेंपानीभरनेसेमृिाअपरिनकेकारणहोनाप्रतीतहोताहै।गकसीप्रकारके मानवीययामशीनरीद्वाराकटावकीपुगष्टनहीिंहुईहै।
6
(13) उक्त थथल ( बेनीताल झील ) के आस - पास कुछ मात्रा में ठोस अपगशष्ठ ( जैसे प्लास्िक बोतल , रैपर , कािंच कीबोतल ) गबखरा पाया िया , गजसमेंप्लास्िक पैकेगजं ि मैटेररयल , कािंचकीबोतले , पानीकीबोतलें ( प्लास्िककी ) गबखरीहुईपायीिई।
(14)- उक्तथथलकेआस - पासकेिािंवोिंसेआनेवालेघरेलूजानवरोिंकागवचरणहोताभी पायािया , गजनसेजगनत Cattle Dung भीझीलकेआस - पासएकत्रपायािया।
(15)- उत्तराखण्डप्रिूर्ण गनयिंत्रण बोडष द्वारा बेनीताल झील कीउत्तर गिशा व िगक्षण गिशामेंजलकानमूनाएकत्रणगकयािया।झीलकेगनकटतमआवासश्रीराजीवसरीन आगिकेप्रांण ि सेजलकानमूनाभीएकत्रण गकयािया।उक्तजलबेनीतालसेलिभि 2-3 गकमी ० िूर घस्ण्डयाल धार से आता है। उक्त के अगतररक्त घस्ण्डयाल िािंव में प्राकृगतक श्रोत का भी नमूना एकत्रण गकया िया। सभी नमूने गवश्लेर्ण हेतु बोडष मुख्यालय िेहरािून की प्रयोिशाला में गवश्लेर्ण हेतु भेजे जायेंिे , गजसकी गवश्लेर्ण आख्या कुछ समय बाि हीप्राप्तहो सकेिी , गजसकोपृथक रूप से प्रेगर्त कर गिया जायेिा।
(16)- बेनीतालझीलकेसमीपछः घरोिंमेंजलआपूगतषबेनीतालझीलसेलिभि 2 से 3 गकमी ० कीिूरीपरप्राकृगतकश्रोतघस्ण्डयालधारसेपाईपलाईनकेमाध्यमसेकीजाती है।इसकेअगतररक्तयह भीसिंज्ञान मेंआया गक बेनीतालझील सेगकसीप्रकार कीपेय जलकीआपूगतषनहीिंकीजातीहै।
(17)- यद्यगप उक्तझील प्राईवेटझीलहै , तथागपइसकेपानीसेग्राउण्डवाटर ररचाजषव कगतपय िािंवोिं की वनस्पगतयोिं पर इसका प्रभाव पडता है। यगि यह झील पयाषवरण गवशेर्ज्ञोिंकेमतानुसार सिंरगक्षत कीजातीहैतोइसका Ground Water Recharge, Micro Climate व Bio- Diversity, E-Flow of River पर इसका सकारात्मक प्रभावपडेिा।
(18)- भूगम खाताधारक केमुनारोकेअन्दर वृक्षोिंकीिणनाहेतु अत्यगधक समय लिेिा , गजसके गलए पृथक से वन एविं राजस्वगवभाि की सिंयुक्त टीम िगठत की जा रहीहै , गजसकीररपोटषपृथकसेप्रेगर्तकीजायेिी।इसके
अगतररक्तसगमगत कीराय मेंभौगतक सवेकेसाथ - साथ G.I.S/Remote Sensing से भीगपछलेवर्ोंकेपेडोिंएविंवनस्पगतयोिंकीईकोगसिमकेतहतिणनाकीजाय।इसके गलए गवशेर्ज्ञएजेन्सीजैसे I.I.R.S (Indian institute of remote sensing) अथवा F.S.I (Forest survey of India) कोकायषसौिंपाजानाउगचतहोिा। “
English Translation by Tribunal:
“(1)- In Khatauni Account Number-1 of village Benital, in Khasra Number 71, area 2.006 hectares, the name of account holder Shri Rajiv Sareen, Ajit Sareen son of Premnath Aditya Sareen son of Rajiv Sareen, A-132 New Friends Colony New Delhi is recorded as ZA (Fasli Year 1427-1432) Category-1A - Land which is in the possession of landholders with transferable
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rights. In the same Khasra number, there is a record of a water pond recorded in the Khasra.
(2)- In Khasra No. 73 and 74 of the same account, 1- Shri Birendra Singh son of ShriAmar Singh, (Mobile No.8057882554), 2- Shri Chatar Singh son of Shri Balwant Singh, 3- Shri Vinod Singh son of Shri Balwant Singh, 4- Shri Pradeep Singh son of Shri Balwant Singh of village Randoli, Tehsil Adibadri, District Chamoli have constructed their own pucca lintel residential buildings/ cow sheds, which are shown in the map as numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The account holder has not taken permission for construction of the said buildings, while the land is recorded in ZA Khatauni.
(3)- Khasra No.-95 of Khatauni Account No.-2 of village Benital, area 6.359 ha, category 5 (2)- Old fallow land (PartiKadim) is recorded as forest. In the same Khasra No.-95, Shri Padam Singh son of Shri Amar Singh of village Randoli has constructed a permanent residential house with lintel and a cowshed. And in the same Khasra No., seasonal cowsheds of village Randoli, namely- 1-Shri Keshar Singh, son of Shri Jeet Singh, 2-Shri Balveer Singh son of Shri Fate Singh, 3-Shri Dhan Singh son of Shri Jeet Singh, 4-Shri Govind Singh son of Shri Sauniya Singh, 5-Shri Narayan Singh son of Shri Gaje Singh, 6-Shri Bharat Singh son of Shri Darshan Singh and Shri Manveer Singh sons of Shri Pratap Singh, 7-Shri Bhawan Singh son of Shri Ram Singh, 8-Shri Puran Singh son of Shri Jeet Singh and 9-Shri Maan Singh son of Shri Jite Singh have constructed. In this Khasra number, the village Panchayat Randoli has done the construction of the canal. Wheat etc. has been cultivated in about 10 to 20 Naali land near this area. The people present on the spot could not show any records regarding the land.
(4)- In Khasra number-74, the ancient Nandadevi temple is established, which is not recorded in the records. In Khasra number-44, 51 and 54, Rajiv Sareen etc. have built their residential buildings.
(5)- GPS mapping of the said site and Banitallake was done by an expert. The total area of Banitallake was found to be 1.89 hectares through GPS mapping. Apart from this, the total area under the towers situated in the private boundary of Shri Rajiv Sareen etc. was found to be 23.3 hectares. The said land is recorded as 21.186 hectares in the revenue records.
(6)- During inspection, a large amount of aquatic grass was found in the Banitallake. No concrete arrangements were seen for the protection of aquatic animals and cleanliness inside the Banitallake. 9 trees of different species ranging from 10-20 cm
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to 60-70 cm diameter were found all around the perimeter of the said lake, out of which 02 trees were found dried and broken.
(7)- Prima facie illegal felling could not be confirmed in the last five years. Although very old stumps were found lying at the said site, (photographs are enclosed)
(8)- In the GPS mapping of the previous years (during the month of April) it was also found that the area of the lake had been decreased as compared to earlier. As per the revenue records, earlier the total area of Benital lake was 2.006 hectares, whereas in the GPS mapping/spot inspection done during the current inspection, this area was found to be 1.89 hectares, which shows that the spread of Benital lake has decreased by 0.116 hectares as compared to earlier. Apart from this, the size of the lake has decreased, if compared with the Geographical Image of the last few years. (Google Earth Image is enclosed)
(9)- It was also found from the inspection around Benitallake that the main water shed of the water collected in the lake is the surrounding forest areas. Surface/underground water flows forward through the forest areas only.
(10)-At the time of inspection, no evidence of Tea Shurbs was found at the said place. The representative of the complainant also did not provide any evidence in this regard.
(11)-At the time of inspection, it was found that the landowner has also not taken any additional special measures for the protection and conservation of Benital lake. Since this lake is his private property, it is not appropriate to comment on this.
(12)- At the time of inspection, erosion was also seen in the periphery of Benital lake, which seems to be due to soil erosion due to water filling during rainy season. Erosion by any kind of human or machinery has not been confirmed.
(13) Some amount of solid waste (such as plastic bottles, wrappers, glass bottles) was found scattered around the site (Binital lake), in which plastic packaging material, glass bottles, water bottles (plastic) were found scattered.
(14)- Domestic animals from the villages were also found roaming around the site, due to which Cattle Dung was also found around the lake.
(15)- Water samples from the north and south sides of Benital lake has been collected by Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board. Water samples were also collected from the courtyard of Shri Rajiv Sareen etc., the nearest residence to the lake. The said water comes from GhandiyalDhar, about 2-3 km away from
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Benital. Apart from this, sampleswere also collected from natural sources in Ghandiyal village. All the samples will be sent to the laboratory of the Board Headquarters, Dehradun for analysis, the analysis report of which will be received after some time, which will be sent separately.
(16)- Water supply to six houses near Benital lake is done through a pipeline from the natural source Ghandiyal Dhar, about 2 to 3 km away from Benital lake. Apart from this, it also came to light that no drinking water is supplied from Benital lake.
(17)- Although the said lake is a private lake, its water has an impact on ground water recharge and vegetation of certain villages. If this lake is preserved as per the opinion of environmental experts, it will have a positive impact on Ground Water Recharge, Micro Climate and Bio-Diversity, E-Flow of River.
(18)-It will take a lot of time to count the trees within the Munaras of the land account holder, for which a joint team of Forest and Revenue Department is being formed separately, whose report will be sent separately. Apart from this, as per opinion of the committee, along with physical survey, trees and vegetation of previous years should also be counted under the eco system through G.I.S/Remote Sensing. For this, it would be appropriate to assign the work to an expert agency like I.I.R.S (Indian Institute of Remote Sensing) or F.S.I (Forest Survey of India).”
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Sudhir Agarwal, JM
Dr. Afroz Ahmad, EM
July 03, 2024
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2 issues framed by the court
Whether a private lake with an area exceeding two hectares falls within the purview of Wetland conservation rules.
What restrictions apply to the maintenance of a private water body classified as a wetland.
2 provisions across 2 enactments
Ratneshwar Jan Kalyan Samiti
State of Uttarakhand
Sudhir Agarwal
Afroz Ahmad
As recorded by the court registry
An original application before a tribunal, most commonly a service dispute before the Central or a State Administrative Tribunal.
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
