Partly allowed

L.Ushadevi, v. State of Kerala

Kerala HC15 Mar 2022WP(C)/3592/2022

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

Court discharged two writ petitions challenging the Scrutiny Committee's order cancelling Scheduled Tribe certificates. While finding the petitioners denied the principle of audi alteram partem, the Court ordered quashing of the order, directed a fresh inquiry with a hearing, and reserved all contentions open.

What did the court decide?

Ext.P1 quashed. Respondent directed to reconsider matter after giving opportunity of hearing by 11.04.2022. Pension continued pending final order. Contentions left open.

L.Ushadevi, Vs State of Kerala — Pension and Retirement Benefits | Kerala HC (2022)

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IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM

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PRESENT

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THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE P.V.KUNHIKRISHNAN

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TUESDAY, THE 15^TH DAY OF MARCH 2022 / 24TH PHALGUNA, 1943

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WP(C) NO. 3592 OF 2022

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PETITIONER:

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L.USHADEVI, AGED 61 YEARS W/O. SHRI. AYYAKUTTY, (RETIRED POSTMASTER, CHARUMOODU P.O., PIN: 690 506, MAVELIKKARA POSTAL DIVISION), NOW RESIDING AT 'SREYAS', T.P. CENTRE, HARIPPAD P.O., ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT, PIN: 690 514. BY ADVS. T.C.GOVINDASWAMY KALA T.GOPI B.NAMADEVA PRABHU

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RESPONDENTS:

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1 STATE OF KERALA REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF KERALA, SCHEDULED CASTE AND SCHEDULED TRIBE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, STATE SECRETARIAT, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM - 695 001. 2 THE CHAIRMAN, SCRUTINY COMMITTEE FOR VERIFICATION OF COMMUNITY CERTIFICATES, SCHEDULED CASTE AND SCHEDULED TRIBE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM - 695 001. 3 THE CHIEF POST MASTER GENEAL, KERALA CIRCLE, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM - 695 033. SRI. S.MANU, ASGI FOR R3 SRI.M.K.ROBIN RAJ, SPECIAL GOVERNMENT PLEADER

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THIS WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) HAVING COME UP FOR ADMISSION ON 15.03.2022, ALONG WITH WP(C)4551/2022, THE COURT ON THE SAME DAY DELIVERED THE FOLLOWING:

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM

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PRESENT

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THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE P.V.KUNHIKRISHNAN

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TUESDAY, THE 15^TH DAY OF MARCH 2022 / 24TH PHALGUNA, 1943 WP(C) NO. 4551 OF 2022

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PETITIONER:

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L.MONY AGED 70 YEARS S/O SHRI V LAKSHMANA REDDIAR, (RETIRED LOCO PILOT, SOUTHERN RAILWAY), "DEVI NILAYAM", KADAVIL ROAD, THYKOODAM-682019, KOCHI.

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BY ADVS. T.C.GOVINDASWAMY KALA T.GOPI B.NAMADEVA PRABHU

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RESPONDENTS:

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1 STATE OF KERALA REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF KERALA, SCHEDULED CASTE AND SCHEDULED TRIBE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, STATE SECRETARIAT, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695001.

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2 THE CHAIRMAN SCRUTINY COMMITTEE FOR VERIFICATION OF COMMUNITY CERTIFICATES, SCHEDULED CASTE & SCHEDULED TRIBE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695001.

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3 THE SENIOR DIVISIONAL PERSONNEL OFFICER OFFICE OF THE DIVISIONAL RAILWAY MANAGER (PERSONNEL BRANCH), SOUTHERN RAILWAY, THYCAUD, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM-695014. BY ADV MANU S., ASG OF INDIA – R3 SRI.M.K.ROBIN RAJ, SPECIAL GOVERNMENT PLEADER

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THIS WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) HAVING COME UP FOR ADMISSION ON 15.03.2022, ALONG WITH WP(C)3592/2022, THE COURT ON THE SAME DAY DELIVERED THE FOLLOWING:

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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P.V.KUNHIKRISHNAN, J

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-------------------------------

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W.P.(C)Nos. 3592 and 4551 of 2022

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--------------------------------

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Dated this the 15^th day of March, 2022

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JUDGMENT

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These two writ petitions are connected and

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therefore I am disposing these two writ petitions by a common judgment.

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The petitioner in W.P(C)No.4551/2022 is the brother of the petitioner in W.P(C)No.3592/2022. According to the petitioners, they were given caste certificate as 'Kondareddy Community', which is recognised as a Scheduled Tribe by the competent authority. The petitioner in W.P(C) No.3592/2022 was appointed as a Postal Assistant in the Postal department and the petitioner in W.P(C) No.4551/2022 was appointed as Loco Pilot in the Railway department based on their cast certificates. Subsequently, on the basis of a communication from the District Collector, a charge sheet was issued and it was found that the

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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charge against the petitioner in W.P(C) No.3592/2022 was not sustainable. Subsequently, the appellate authority initiated suomotu revision and reversed the findings of the disciplinary authority and the petitioner in W.P.(C) No.3592/2022 was removed from service. The petitioner approached the Central Administrative Tribunal, Ernakulam by filing O.A.No.251/1990 and the Tribunal quashed and set aside the order of removal and directed the petitioner's reinstatement. Subsequently, the KIRTADS took up the matter and held that the petitioner and her brother who is the petitioner in W.P(C)No.4551/2022 do not belongs to 'Kondareddy Community', but belongs to Reddiar community as per Ext.P4. Ext.P4 was challenged before this Court by filing O.P.No.961/1993 which resulted in Ext.P5 judgment. This Court set aside Ext.P4 giving liberty to the respondents to resolve the issue in accordance to the provisions of the Kerala (Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribes) Regulation of Issue of Community Certificate Act, 1996. Even

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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though the above judgment was challenged before the Apex Court, the appeal is also dismissed. Subsequently, the Scrutiny Committee on its own motion issued notice and conducted an enquiry without giving an opportunity of hearing to the petitioners, is the contention of the petitioners. Ext.P1 is the proceedings of the Scrutiny Committee by which the Committee decided to cancel all the Scheduled Tribes certificates issued to the petitioners in these cases by the competent authority and decided to bring this fact to the Government for appropriate action in accordance to the relevant portions of the Act 11 of 1996. Aggrieved by the proceedings of the Scrutiny Committee these two writ petitions are filed.

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Heard the learned counsel appearing for the petitioners, the learned ASGI appearing for the 3^rd respondent and the learned Special Government Pleader.

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The counsel for the petitioners reiterated his contentions in these writ petitions. The counsel takes

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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me through Ext.P5 judgment of this Court. The counsel submitted that the Scrutiny Committee without giving sufficient opportunity to the petitioners passed Ext.P1 order. The counsel submitted that, even though several requests were given to the Scrutiny Committee to give opportunity because of the pandemic situation which was facing the State, the Scrutiny Committee refused to give sufficient opportunity. This was disputed by the Special Government Pleader. The Special Government Pleader takes me through Ext.P1 and submitted that sufficient opportunity was given to the petitioners to substantiate their case. The Special Government Pleader submitted that the Scrutiny Committee can not wait indefinitely in such situation. According to the Special Government Pleader, the tactics of the petitioners is to protract the matter.

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This Court considered the contentions of the

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petitioners and the Special Government Pleader. I perused Ext.P1 order. It will be better to extract the relevant portion of Ext.P1:

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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“Scrutiny Committee gave her opportunity of hearing on 22.10.2020 and 24.11.2020 to verify her community certificate. Smt.Ushadevi did not attend the hearing and informed that she is suffering from various ailments and it is very difficult to travel from Alapuzha to Thiruvananthapuram in the rising trend of Covid-19 pandemic. She also informed that most of the records which she had collected in support of her claim stands either lost or misplaced. Therefore, she is not in a position to produce all the materials in support of her claim and requested to postpone the enquiry sine die until the present state of affairs of Covid -19 improves.

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Likewise, Scrutiny Committee also gave opportunity of hearing to Sri.L.Mony (retired Loco Pilot, Southern Railway) whose Scheduled Tribe caste claim also under the consideration of the Committee. He also expressed inconvenience to attend the hearing.

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As per the request from Smt.Ushadevi and also considering the present situation of Covid-19, the claimant's have been given a final chance of hearing on 09.11.2021. At the time of hearing claimants or their representatives did not appear.

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After careful examination of the entire case records in accordance with the provisions of Kerala (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes) Regulation of Issue of Community Certificates Act, 1996 (Act 11/1996), the Scrutiny Committee rejected the Scheduled Tribe (Kondareddy) claim of

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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Smt.L.Ushadevi and Sri.L.Mony, concluding that they have no valid documents to prove their claim.

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The Committee further decided to cancel all the Scheduled Tribe certificates issued to Smt.L.Usha Devi and Sri.L Mony by the competent authority and decided to bring this fact before Government for appropriate action under the relevant provisions of Act 11 of 1996.”

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From the above, it is clear that the petitioners approached the Scrutiny Committee for getting adjournments in the hearing. According to them, because of the Covid -19 pandemic, the petitioners were not in a position to travel. This Court considered the findings in Ext.P1 in detail. This is a case in which the petitioners worked in their respective job, claiming the status as a Scheduled Tribe. Far reaching consequences are there, if Ext.P1 is sustained. The petitioners have got a definite case that they were not given an opportunity of hearing. In such circumstances, according to me, one more opportunity can be given to the petitioners. But the contentions raised by the Special Government Pleader that the

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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intention of the petitioners is to protract the hearing is to be remembered. For that purpose, the petitioners can be directed to appear before the Scrutiny Committee on a particular day and the Scrutiny Committee can be directed to dispose of the matter after giving an opportunity of hearing to the petitioners within a time frame. But I make it clear that I have

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not considered the matter on merit and all the contentions raised by the petitioners in these writ petitions are left open and they are free to raise all those contentions before the authority concerned.

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Therefore, these two writ petitions are disposed of in the following manner:

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i. Ext.P1 produced in these two writ petitions are quashed.

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ii. The 2^nd respondent is directed to reconsider the matter after giving an opportunity of hearing to the petitioners, as expeditiously as possible.

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iii. The petitioners will appear before the 2^nd respondent along with a copy of this judgment on 11.04.2022.

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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iv. All the contentions raised by the petitioners in these writ petitions are left open and the 2^nd respondent will consider the same untrammeled by any observations in this judgment.

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v. If the petitioners are getting pension, the payment of

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the same shall be continued till final orders are passed by the 2^nd respondent.

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Sd/-

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P.V.KUNHIKRISHNAN JUDGE

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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APPENDIX OF WP(C) 4551/2022

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PETITIONER EXHIBITS

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EXHIBIT P1	A TRUE COPY OF THE ORDER ISSUED BY
	THE 2ND RESPONDENT UNDER
	NO.23813/G3/2008/SCSTDD DATED 6.1.2022.
EXHIBIT P2	A TRUE COPY OF THE LETTER NO.G.O.
	(MS) NO.7/2022/SCSTDD DATED
	2.02.2022 ISSUED BY THE 1ST RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P3	A TRUE COPY OF THE CASTE CERTIFICATE ISSUED BY THE TAHSILDAR, NANGUNERI, DATED 01.09.1973.
EXHIBIT P4	A TRUE COPY OF THE ORDER BEARING G O (RT) NO.646/92/SCSTDD DATED 09.12.1992, ISSUED BY KIRTADS.
EXHIBIT P5	A TRUE COPY OF THE JUDGMENT OF THIS HON'BLE COURT IN O.P NO.1460/1993 DATED 22.09.2006.
EXHIBIT P6	A TRUE COPY OF THE JUDGMENT IN O.P NO.961/1993 OF THIS HON'BLE COURT, DATED 30.01.2002.
EXHIBIT P7	A TRUE COPY OF THE KERALA (SCHEDULED
	CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES)
	REGULATION OF ISSUE OF COMMUNITY CERTIFICATES ACT, 1996.
EXHIBIT P8	A TRUE COPY OF THE KERALA (SCHEDULED
	CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES)
	REGULATION OF ISSUE OF COMMUNITY
	CERTIFICATES RULES, 2002, AS
	PUBLISHED IN THE KERALA GAZETTE
	EXTRA ORDINARY DATED 20TH APRIL, 2002.
EXHIBIT P9	A TRUE COPY OF THE G.O.(P)
	NO.20/2002/SCSTDD DATED 20TH APRIL
	202 ISSUED FROM THE OFFICE OF THE

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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FIRST RESPONDENT.

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EXHIBIT P10	A TRUE COPY OF THE LETTER BEARING
	NO.23813/G3/2008/SCSTDD DATED
	20.10.2008, ISSUED BY THE 2ND RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P11	A TRUE COPY OF THE REPLY SUBMITTED BY THE PETITIONER ON 29.10.2008.
EXHIBIT P12	A TRUE COPY OF THE REPLY SUBMITTED BY THE PETITIONER ON 19.10.2020.
EXHIBIT P13	A TRUE COPY OF THE LETTER BEARING NO.23813/G3/2008/SCSTDD DATED 04.11.2020.
EXHIBIT P14	A TRUE COPY OF THE REPLY SUBMITTED BY THE PETITIONER ON 09.11.2020.
EXHIBIT P15	A TRUE COPY OF THE JUDGMENT OF HON'BLE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS, IN WRIT PETITION NO.17569/1995 DATED 01.11.2002.
EXHIBIT P16	A TRUE COPY OF THE PUBLICATIONS BY
	THE KONDA REDDY COMMUNITY ISSUED IN THE YEAR 1984.
EXHIBIT P16(A)	A TRUE COPY OF THE TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF EXHIBITP-16.
EXHIBIT P17	A TRUE COPY OF THE PUBLICATIONS BY THE KONDA REDDY COMMUNITY ISSUED IN THE YEAR 1989.
EXHIBIT P17(A)	A TRUE COPY OF THE TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF EXHIBIT-P17.
EXHIBIT P18	A TRUE COPY OF THE CERTIFICATE ISSUED TO APPLICANT'S BROTHER SRI L ANANDA KRISHNAN BY THE AUTHORIZED OFFICER OF TIRUNELVELI.
EXHIBIT P19	A TRUE COPY OF THE CASTE CERTIFICATE ISSUED TO THE PETITIONER'S FATHER.
EXHIBIT P20	A TRUE COPY OF THE DOCUMENT EXECUTED
	IN FAVOUR OF THE PETITIONER'S FATHER

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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	ON 11.11.1950.
EXHIBIT	P20(A) A TRUE COPY OF THE VERSIONS OF EXHIBIT-P 20.	TRANSLATED
EXHIBIT	P21 A TRUE COPY OF THE LETTER	NO.7128/81
	DATED 9.6.1981 ISSUED	BY THE
	TAHSILDAR NANGUNERI ADDRES SUB COLLECTOR, CHERANMAHAD	SED TO THE EVI.
EXHIBIT	P22 A TRUE COPY OF THE REPO DEPUTY TAHSILDAR NANG NO.7128/81 DATED 27.7.1981	RT OF THE UNERI IN .
EXHIBIT	P23 TRUE COPY OF MINISTRY	OF HOME
	AFFAIRS, CIRCULAR NO (SCT.V) DATED 2.5.1975.	.35/1/72-RU
EXHIBIT	P24 A TRUE COPY OF CIRCU	LAR NO.BC
	12025/2/76/SCT I DATED 22.	3.1977.
EXHIBIT	P25 A TRUE COPY OF OFFICE	MEMORANDUM
	ISSUED UNDER NO.57/1/	I/SCTC/2019
	DATED 24.12.2020, ISSUED	FROM THE
	LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT.

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RESPONDENT EXHIBITS:NIL

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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¶91

APPENDIX OF WP(C) 3592/2022

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PETITIONER EXHIBITS

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EXHIBIT P1	A TRUE COPY OF THE ORDER ISSUED BY
	THE 2ND RESPONDENT UNDER NO. 23813/G3/2008/SCSTDD DATED 6.1.2022.
EXHIBIT P2	A TRUE COPY OF THE CASTE CERTIFICATE
	DATED 23.06.1978 ISSUED BY THE DEPUTY TELSILDAR, MAVELIKKARA.
EXHIBIT P3	A TRUE COPY OF THE CASTE CERTIFICATE
	ISSUED BY THE TEHSILDAR, MAVELIKKARA, DATED 23.12.1978.
EXHIBIT P4	A TRUE COPY OF THE ORDER BERING G.O. (RT) NO. 646/92/SCSTDD DATED 09.12.1992, ISSUED BY KIRTADS.
EXHIBIT P5	A TRUE COPY OF THE JUDGMENT OF THIS
	HONBLE COURT IN O.P. NO. 961/1993 DATED 30.01.2002.
EXHIBIT P6	A TRUE COPY OF THE JUDGMENT IN O.P. NO. 1460 /1993 (W) OF THIS HONBLE COURT DATED 22ND SEPTEMBER 2006.
EXHIBIT P7	A TRUE COPY OF THE KERALA (SCHEDULED
	CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES),
	REGULATION OF ISSUE OF COMMUNITY CERTIFICATE ACT, 1996.
EXHIBIT P8	A TRUE COPY OF THE KERALA (SCHEDULED
	CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES),
	REGULATION OF ISSUE OF COMMUNITY
	CERTIFICATES RULES, 2002 AS
	PUBLISHED IN THE KERALA GAZETTE
	EXTRA ORDINARY DATED 20TH APRIL 2002.
EXHIBIT P9	A TRUE COPY OF THE G.O.(P) NO.
	20/2002/SCSTDD DATED 24TH APRIL,
	2002 ISSUED FROM THE OFFICE OF THE FIRST RESPONDENT.

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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EXHIBIT P10	A TRUE	COPY OF	THE LETTER	BEARING
	NO. 18.07.2	23813/G3 009.	/08/SCSTDD	DATED
EXHIBIT P11	A TRUE NO. 18.07.2	COPY OF 23813/G3 009.	THE LETTER /08/SCSTDD	BEARING DATED
EXHIBIT P12	A TRUE NO. 26.08.2	COPY OF 23813/G3 009.	THE LETTER /08/SCSTDD	BEARING DATED
EXHIBIT P13	A TRUE NO. 05.01.2	COPY OF 23813/G3 010.	THE LETTER /08/SCSTDD	BEARING DATED
EXHIBIT P14	A TRUE NO. 7.5.201	COPY OF 23813/G3 0.	THE LETTER /08/SCSTDD	BEARING DATED
EXHIBIT P15	A TRUE NO. 25.05.2	COPY OF 23813/G3 010	THE LETTER /08/SCSTDD	BEARING DATED
EXHIBIT P16	A TRUE NO. 05.04.2	COPY OF 23813/G3 009.	THE LETTER /08/SCSTDD	BEARING DATED
EXHIBIT P17	A TRUE BEARING PETITIO	COPY OF OBJECTIO NER DATED	THE LETTER NS SUBMITTED 18TH AUGUST	BEARING BY THE 2009.
EXHIBIT P18	A TRUE DR.M. V EXAMINA	COPY OF ISWANATHA TION ON 02	THE DEPOSI N DURING TH .06.2010.	TION OF E CROSS
EXHIBIT P19	A TRUE	COPY OF	THE DEPOSI	TION OF
	SHRI. V OFFICER EXAMINA	.K. MOHAN , KIRTA TIONS ON 2	AN, FORMER V DS DURING 4.06.2010.	IGILANCE CROSS
EXHIBIT P20	A TRUE BERING 03.02.2	COPY OF NO. 2381 011.	THE COMMU 3/G3/08/SCST	NICATION D DATED
EXHIBIT P21	A TRUE FIXING	COPY OF SITTING O	THE CORRESP N 20.03.2012	ONDENCE, AS PER

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

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¶99

	LETTER NO. 23813/G3/2008 SCST DATED
	05.03.2012 ISEUD BY THE 2ND RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT	P22 A TRUE COPY OF THE INTERLOCUTORY APPLICATION DATED 19TH MARCH, 2012 ISEUD BY THE 2ND RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT	P23 A TRUE COPY OF THE COMMUNICATION BEARING NO. 23813/G3/2008/SCSTDD DATED 12.10.2020 FROM THE OFFICE OF THE 2ND RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT	P24 A TRUE COPY OF THE LETTER DATED
	19.10.2020 ADDRESSED TO THE 2ND RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT	P25 A TRUE COPY OF THE PUBLICATIONS BY THE KONDA REDDY COMMUNITY ISSUED IN THE YEAR 1984.
EXHIBIT	P25(A) A TRUE COPY OF THE TRANSLATED VERSIONS OF EXHIBIT P-25.
EXHIBIT	P26 A TRUE COPY OF THE PUBLICATIONS BY THE KONDA REDDY COMMUNITY ISSUED IN THE YEAR 1989.
EXHIBIT	P26 (A) A TRUE COPY TRANSLATED VERSION OF EXHIBIT P-26.
EXHIBIT	P27 A TRUE COPY OF CERTIFICATE ISSUED TO APPLICANTS BROTHER SRI. L ANANDA KRISHNAN BY THE AUTHORIZED OFFICER OF TIRUNELVELI.
EXHIBIT	P28 A TRUE COPY OF THE CASTE CERTIFICATE ISSUED TO THE PETITIONERS FATHER.
EXHIBIT	P29 A TRUE COPY OF THE DOCUMENT EXECUTED INF FAVOUR OF THE PETITIONERS FATHER ON 11.11.1950 WITH ITS TRUE TRANSLATION.
EXHIBIT	P29 (A) A TRUE COPY OF THE TRUE TRANSLATION
	DOCUMENT EXECUTED IN FAVOUR OF THE PETITIONERS FATHER ON 11.11.1950.

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WP(C) NOS.3592 & 4551 OF 2022

¶101

¶102

EXHIBIT P30 A TRUE COPY OF THE LETTER NO. 7123/81 DATED 9.6.1981 ISSUED BY THE TAHSILDAR NANGUMERI ADDRESSED TO THE SUB COLLECTOR, CHERANMAHADEVI. EXHIBIT P31 A TRUE COPY OF THE REPORT OF THE DEPUTY TAHSILDAR NANGUNERI IN NO. 7128/81 DATED 27.7.1981. EXHIBIT P32 A TRUE COPY OF THE MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS, CIRCULAR NO. 35/1/72-RU (SCT.V), DATED 2.5.1975. EXHIBIT P33 1975 AND NO. BC 12025/2/76 SCT I DATED 22.3.1977, REPRODUCED IN APPENDIX 4 OF SWAMIS COMPILATION ON RESERVATIONS AND CONCESSIONS FOR SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES. EXHIBIT P34 OFFICE MEMORANDUM ISSUED VIDE NO. 57/1/1/SCTC/2019 DATED 24.12.2020.

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RESPONDENTS EXHIBITS : NIL

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//TRUE COPY//

¶105

PA TO JUDGE

L.Ushadevi, v. State of Kerala

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

L.Ushadevi, v. State of Kerala

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

What the court decided

A compact analysis

Issues for consideration

Statutes considered

Parties & counsel

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