Jitendra Sahani vs State of U.P. and Another

A F R

HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD

APPLICATION U/S 482 No. - 41457 of 2024

Jitendra Sahani	…..Applicant
	Versus
State of U.P. and another	…..Respondents
Counsel for Applicant Counsel for Respondents	: Patsy David, Vandana Henry : Government Advocate

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Court No. -82

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HON'BLE PRAVEEN KUMAR GIRI, J.

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Learned counsel for the applicant submits that he has filed the instant application under Section 482 Cr.P.C. with the relief which has been mentioned in the prayer clause of the application.

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The relief which has been mentioned in the application is delineated below:-

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"It is, therefore most respectfully prayed that this Hon'ble court may kindly be pleased to allow this application and quash the entire proceeding including the impugned Charge Sheet dated 11.03.2024 as well as Cognizance/ Summoning Order dated 24.07.2024 passed by Learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate/Civil Judge (Senior Division), Maharajganj in Case No. 13312 of 2024 (State Versus

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Jitendra Sahani) arising out of Case Crime No. 320 of 2023, Under Sections 153-A, 295-A of I.P.C., Police Station Sinduriya, District-5 Maharajganj, pending in the Court of Learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Maharaigani.

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It is further prayed that this Hon'ble Court graciously be pleased to stay the further proceeding of Case No. 13312 of 2024 (State Versus Jitendra Sahani) arising out of Case Crime No. 320 of 2023, Under Sections 153-A, 295-A of I.P.C., Police Station-Sinduriya, District- Maharajganj, pending in the Court of Learned Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Maharajganj, during the pendency of the present application before this Hon'ble Court, otherwise the applicant shall suffer an irreparable loss and injury, And/or to pass such other further order or direction which this Hon'ble court may deem fit and proper in the circumstances of the case."

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Ms. Vandana Henry and Patsy David, learned counsel for the applicant submit that the applicant has obtained prior permission/order from Sub Divisional Magistrate, Maharajganj to preach words of Jesus Christ to public at large on his own land by moving an application. The application dated 03.04.2023 is reproduced below :

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सेवा में,

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श्रीमान, जि�लाधि�कारी महोदय,

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विवषयः- प्रार्थ�ना स्र्थल पर अवरो� उत्पन्न करके पाठ बन्द करने के सम्बन्� में एवं �गत ज्योधित चेरीटेबल (ट्रस्ट) के माध्यम से संत्संग करने के सम्बन्� में। श्रीमान �ी,

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विनवेदन है विक प्रार्थ1 जि�तेन्द्र साहानी पुत्र लल्लन साहानी ग्राम मर्थविनया पोस्ट लक्ष्मीपुर एकडंगा तहसील सदर र्थाना जिसन्दुरिरया जि�ला महारा�गं� का विनवासी हूँ। भारतीय संविव�ान द्वारा प्रवत्तव मौलिलक अधि�कारों एवं भारतीय कानून का पालन करते हुय प्रार्थ1 प्रार्थ�ना काय� प्रधित रविववार और बु�वार को अपनी विन�ी �गीन में कुछ समय से विबना विकसी भेद भाव से चल रहा है।

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पर विबते कुछ समय से पुलिलस प्रशासन एवं कुछ अरा�क तत्वो के द्वारा प्रार्थ�ना व पु�ा पाठ बन्द करा विदया गया और पुलिलस प्रशासन तर्था कुछ अरा�क तत्व के द्वारा प्रार्थ�ना एवं पु�ा पाठ बन्द करा विवद्या गर्था पूव� प्रशासन द्वारा एवं अरा�क तत्वो द्वारा �मकी विदया गया विक प्रार्थ�ना सभा भत चलाना नही तो सभी लोगो को �ेल में डाल विदया �ायेगा

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इस प्रकार विनदान्त आवश्यक है विक प्रार्थ�ना सभा में सैकडो यीशु भक्तगण सभी समुदाय से आते है एवं आपस में प्रेम अखण्डता और एकता के प्रधितबन �ाते है। इस प्रार्थ�ना सभा में प्रशासन द्वारा विबना विकसी लिललिखए। प्रार्थ�ना पत्र के विवবল ভা�ল�জা�পা यीशु भाक्तो को दुःखी कर रहा है। प्रशासन द्वारा समाज के� यीशु भाक्तो को दुःखी कर रहा है। प्रशासन द्वारा समा� के विव�नकारी असामाजि�क तत्वो के सार्थ विमलकर इस तरह का शान्तिन्त भंग का काय� हो रहा है उसे बन्द कराने का तत्काल आदेश �ारी विकया �ाय ताविक पुलिलस प्रशासन के ऊपर लोगो को विवश्वास बना रहे एवं शान्तिन्त कायम रहे

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प्रशासन से विनवेदन है विक मौके पर �ाँच करायी �ाय वहा पर कोई �म� परिरव�तन का काम नही होता है न ही �म� के विवरो� में जिसखाया �ाता है शान्तिन्त का संदेश जिसखते है इसके पूव� में श्रीमान उपजि�लाधि�कारी महोदय �ी को घटना अवगत कराते हुये ताविक विकसी प्रकार की सत्यसंग में कोई बा�ा उत्पन्न न हो विदनांक17.10.2022 को प्रार्थ�ना पत्र विदया परन्तु कोई काय�वाही नही हुयी। Jitendra Sahani

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She further submits that after withdrawing permission order dated 03.05.2023, the Sub Divisional Magistrate, Maharajganj has passed order dated 10.12.2023 mentioning therein that the applicant has installed a tent (pandaal) at Baluahi Dhus Chauraha i.e. public place, where he is used to organize prayer meeting of Jesus Christ amongst large number of people and tried to convince them about accepting christianity because of that there is breach of law and order. Order dated 10.12.2023 is being quoted below for ready reference :

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The counsel further submits that thereafter an FIR has been lodged against the applicant as Case Crime No.320 of 2023 under section 153-A, 295-A IPC. The counsel further submits that after conducting investigation, chargesheet has been submitted under the same sections whereas the witnesses have not supported the prosecution version as contained in the FIR.

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Per contra, Sri Pankaj Tripathi, learned Additional Government Advocate submits that as per Section 196(1) Cr.P.C., the Government of U.P. has granted sanction vide Government Order dated 11.03.2024 being U.P. Shashan 1/515834/2024 File No.614099/367/2024() 1448 U.P. Shashan Grih (Police)

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Anibhag 14 Sankhya 591 E.O. 0/6 Pol.142403 Abhi./24 Lucknow to proceed in the matter and same has been transcribed in the case diary as Parcha no.C.D.13. Learned A.G.A. further submits that witness Buddhiram Yadav has also supported the version of FIR and witness Lakshman Vishwakarma s/o Sukai in his statement recorded under section 161 Cr.P.C. as transcribed in Parcha no.8 dated 10.12.2023 has given statement against the accused applicant that earlier the applicant was Hindu and now he is Padri (Priest) of Christian community and also made an allegation that on allurement to poor people, he wants to convert the persons of hindu religion as christians. The witness has further alleged that the applicant accused used filthy, abusive and absurd language about hindu deities. All these things have been transcribed in his statement. Statement of Lakshman Vishwakarma is being quoted below :-

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" बयानगवाहश्रीलक्षनविवश्वकमा�पुत्रसुकईविनवासीमर्थविनयार्थानाजिसन्दुरिरया�नपद महरा�गं�उम्र करीब करीब 53 वष�पूछताछपरबतारहेहैविकमैं ग्राम मथनिया का रहनेग्राममर्थविनयाकारहने वालाहूँतर्थामेराघरजि�तेन्द्रसाहनीकेखेतकेपासबलुवही�ुसचौराहेकेबगलमें न्तिस्र्थतहै, साहबमैविहन्दू�म�माननेवालासनातनीव्यविक्तहूँ।मेरेहीगाँवकाजि�तेन्द्र साहनी�ोविकपहलेविहन्दू�म�कोमानतार्था�ाधितसेकेवटविबरादरीकाहै। बादमे ईसाई�म�अपनाकरपादरीबनगयाहै। बलुवही�ुसचौराहेकेबगलमेअपनेखेतमे करीबडेढ़ वर्ष पूर्व से ईसाई धर्म के प्रार्थना सभा की आड़ मे कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँवष�पूव�सेईसाई�म�केप्रार्थ�नासभाकीआड़ मे कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँमेकाय�क्रमकरताहै।�हाँ परविहन्दू�म�केदेवीदेवताओ के बारे मे अपने भाषण से अपमानित करने का कामकेबारेमेअपनेभाषणसेअपमाविनतकरनेकाकाम करताहै।अपनेभाषणमेंउसकेद्वारायहभीकहा�ाताहै, विकविहन्दू�म�कोआप लोगसविदयोसेमानतेरहेहै।इसमेकईह�ारदेवीदेवताहैविकसीकेआठहार्थहै विकसीकेचारहार्थविकसीकेपाँचमुखमुखहैविकसीकेमुखमेंसूड़ मे कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँसूड़ मे कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँललगाहै। विकसीकोपू�ापाठमेकोईची�चाविहयेविकसीदेवताकोकोईची�चाविहयेविकसीको मुग[काभोगकोईचूहेकीसवारीकरताहैतोकोईमोरकीकोईपानीमेंरहताहैतो कोईपेड़ मे कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँपर, कोईभाँगपीताहैतोकोईगाँ�ापीताहैयहकहकरलिखल्लीउडाताहै। तर्थाविहन्दू�म�केमाननेवालेतर्थाउनके�ार् म िकविवश्वासोकातर्थाविहन्दू�म�के देवीदेवताओ के बारे मे अपने भाषण से अपमानित करने का कामकाअपमान�म�भाषाकेआ�ारपरकरताहै।मुझसेभीकईबारवह इसतरहकीबातविकयाहै, विकआपलोगविहन्दू�म�केचक्करमेपड़ म े कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँहै, जि�समेतमाम

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देवीदेवताएवं�ाधितपातहै।इसमेकोईऊँचाकोईनीचाहै।आपकोपूरासम्मानइस �म�मेनहीविमलताहै।ईसाई�म�कोमाननेसेदेलिखएविकतनेलोगोकीनौकरीलगगई विकतनेलोगोकेव्यापारमेंवृधि होगई।रोगएवंबीमारीठीकहोगई।यविदआपलोग चाहेतोमैइसकेलिलएअपनीविमजिसनरीसेआर्थिर्थकलाभभीविदलवादूंगा।विकन्तुमैने कहामैं ग्राम मथनिया का रहनेसनातनीव्यविक्तहूँ।विहन्दू�म�कोहीमानताहूँ।मैं ग्राम मथनिया का रहनेविकसीअन्य�म�कोनहीं अपनाऊँगाउसकेइनसबबातोसेमुझेकाफीकष्ट हुआ तथा उसके इस प्रकार भाषणहुआतर्थाउसकेइसप्रकारभाषण देनेसेसमा�केविवभिभन्नवगfमेशत्रुताकाभावएवंआपसमेवैमनस्यताबढ़ वर्ष पूर्व से ईसाई धर्म के प्रार्थना सभा की आड़ मे कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँरहीहै। उसकेइसकृत्यसेविहन्दू�म�केमाननेवालेतर्थार्थाउनके�ार् **म** िकविवश्वासोका अनादरसादरदुभा�वनापूण�इरादेसेविकयागयाहै।तर्थाइससेसाम्प्रदाधियकसद्भाव विबगड़ मे कार्यक्रम करता है। जहाँनेकीआशंकाहोगईर्थी।र्थी।इसीतरहकाप्रयो�नजि�तेन्द्रसाहनीद्वारा विदनांक 10.12.23 कोदोपहरमेभीविकया�ारहार्था।जि�सकीसूचनाविकसीने पुलिलसकोविदयार्था।पुलिलसकेमौकेपरआनेपरउसनेअपनाकाय�क्रमबन्दकरविदया र्था।बादमेंमैनेसुनाविकइससम्बन्�मेंगाँवकेचौकीदारबाबूरामद्वाराजि�तेन्द्रसाहुनी केविवरु र्थानेपर�ाकरमुकदमालिलखवायागयाहै।साहबमुझे�ो�ानकारीर्थीवह आपकोसहीसहीबातबताविदयाइसप्रकारगवाहनेअपनाबयानविदया।बयानअंविकत विकयागया।"

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Learned A.G.A. relying on statement of aforesaid witness recorded under section 161 Cr.P.C. further submits that the permission which was granted to the applicant for organizing prayer meeting has rightly been withdrawn by the Sub Divisional Magistrate. He further submits that State has also granted sanction in this matter to proceed against the applicant under section 153A and 295A IPC.

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It is an admitted fact that statement of a witness recorded under section 161 Cr.P.C. is not an evidence and such statement is only for contradicting or corroborating the statement of a witness recorded on oath as examination-in-chief and cross-examination at the stage of trial. It is also settled law that this Court cannot conduct trial and the same can only be done by the trial court. As such, in the opinion of this Court, the present application lacks merit and is, accordingly, dismissed.

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However, it is always open to the applicant to move a discharge application before the trial court raising all his grievances including the plea that ingredients of Section 153A as well as Section 295A IPC are missing in the FIR as well as material collected during investigation, no case under aforesaid sections in made out against him.

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It is pertinent to mention here that learned A.G.A. has drawn attention of this Court towards the fact that as per statement of witness Lakshman Vishwakarma, the applicant, who belonged to Hindu community, has accepted Christianity and held the post of Padri (Priest), whereas, in the affidavit filed in support of this application, he has mentioned his religion as Hindu. The said part of the affidavit is pasted below :

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Before parting with the order, this Court finds it pertinent to mention the relevant provisions of the Constitution (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1950 under which it has been held that no person who belongs to a community other than Hindu, Sikh or Buddhist shall be deemed to be a member of scheduled caste. The Constitution (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1950 is being quoted below :-

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"By virtue of Article 341 of the Constitution of India, the President, after consultation with the Governors and Rajpramukhs of the States concerned, is pleased to make the following order, namely-

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1. This Order may be called the Constitution (Scheduled Caste) Order, 1950.

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Subject to the provisions of this Order, the castes, races or tribes or part of, or groups within, castes or tribes specified in Parts to XXII, XXIII, XXIV of the Schedule to this Order shall, in relation to the States to which those Parts respectively relate, be deemed to be Scheduled Castes so far as regards member thereof resident in the localities specified in relation to them in those Parts of that Schedule.

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Notwithstanding anything contained in paragraph 2, no person who professes a religion different from the Hindu, the Sikh or the Buddhist religion shall be deemed to be member of a Scheduled Caste.

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......................"

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About Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under Section 2(c) of the SC/ST Act has been mentioned. Section 2(c) of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 reads as under :

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(c) “Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes: shall have the meanings assigned to them respectively under clause (24) and clause (25) of Article 366 of the Constitution.

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The relevant Articles of Constitution of India in respect of terms ‘Scheduled Castes’, ‘Scheduled Tribes’ are being quoted below :

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Article 366

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Sub-clause(24) “Scheduled Castes” means such castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purposes of this Constitution;

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Sub-clause (25) “ Scheduled Tribes” means such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution;

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Article 341. Scheduled Castes

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(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification, specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or group within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be.

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(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.

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Article 342. Scheduled Tribes

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(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union territory, as the case may be. (2)Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.

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About Hindu and Scheduled Tribe under section 2 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 has been mentioned.

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Section 2 of The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 is being quoted below :-

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Section 2.(1)(a) to any person, who is a Hindu by religion in any of its forms or developments, including a Virashaiva, a Lingayat or a follower of the Brahmo, Prarthana or Arya Samaj,

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(b) to any person who is a Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by religion, and

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(c) to any other person who is not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi or Jew by religion , unless it is proved that any such person would not have been governed by the Hindu law or by any custom or usage as part of that law in respect of any of the matters dealt with herein if this Act had not been passed.

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Explanation.-- The following persons are Hindus, Buddhists, Jainas or Sikhs by religion, as the case may be:--

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(a) any child, legitimate or illegitimate, both of whose parents are Hindus, Buddhists, Jainas or Sikhs by religion;

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(b) any child, legitimate or illegitimate, one of whose parents is a Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh by religion and who is brought up as a member of the tribe, community, group or family to which such parent belongs or belonged;

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(c) any person who is a convert or reconvert to the Hindu, Buddhist, Jaina or Sikh religion.

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(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), nothing contained in this Act shall apply to the members of any Scheduled Tribe within the meaning of clause (25) of article 366 of the Constitution unless the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, otherwise directs.

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(3) The expression "Hindu" in any portion of this Act shall be construed as if it included a person who, though not a Hindu by religion, is, nevertheless, a person to whom this Act applies by virtue of the provisions contained in this section.”

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Further, this Court finds it pertinent to mention that the term 'Hindu' has been defined Section 2 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. As per the Act, "Hindu" includes

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Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs, as well as any person who is a follower of the Brahmo, Prarthana, or Arya Samaj. It also covers any other person not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi, or Jew, unless it's proven they are not governed by Hindu law or custom. Furthermore, a person is considered Hindu if they are the child of two Hindu parents or one Hindu parent who was brought up as a Hindu, or if they have been converted or reconverted to Hinduism.

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Hon'ble Supreme Court in matter of Soosai and others v. Union of India (UOI) and others, AIR 1986 SC 733 has held that person belonging to Scheduled Castes and converted to Christianity shall not be eligible for assistance under scheme. In para 6 of the judgment it has been held as under:

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"6. It is apparent that for the purpose of the Constitution the constitutional provisions relating to Scheduled Castes are intended to be applied to only those members of the castes enumerated in the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 who profess the Hindu or the Sikh religion. Clearly, if it can be contemplated that a Christian belongs to one of those castes, he is barred by reason of paragraph 3, from being regarded as a member of a Scheduled Caste and is, therefore, not entitled to the benefit of the constitutional provisions relating to Scheduled Castes."

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Hon'ble Supreme Court in the matter of K.P. Manu vs. Chairman, Scrutiny Committee for verification of Community Certificate (2015) 4 SCC 1 has held as under :

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"34. In our considered opinion, three things that need to be established by a person who claims to be a beneficiary of the caste certificate are (i) there must be absolutely clear cut proof that he belongs to the caste that has been recognised by the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950;

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(ii) there has been reconversion to the original religion to which the parents and earlier generations had belonged; and (iii) there has to be evidence establishing the

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A482 No.41457 of 2024

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acceptance by the community. Each aspect according to us is very significant, and if one is not substantiated, the recognition would not be possible."

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In C. Selvarani v. Special Secretary-cumDistrict Collector and Others, 2024 SCC OnLine SC 3470, the Hon’ble Supreme Court held that upon conversion to Christianity, an individual ceases to belong to their original caste. The Court further observed that claiming caste-based benefits merely for the purpose of availing reservation after such conversion amounts to a “ fraud on the Constitution.” Relevant paragraph of the judgment is quoted below :-

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“15. At this juncture, we may observe that India is a secular country. Every citizen has a right to practise and profess a religion of their choice as guaranteed under Article 25 of the Constitution. One converts to a different religion, when he/she is genuinely inspired by its principles, tenets and spiritual thoughts. However, if the purpose of conversion is largely to derive the benefits of reservation but not with any actual belief on the other religion, the same cannot be permitted, as the extension of benefits of reservation to people with such ulterior motive will only defeat the social ethos of the policy of reservation. In the instant case, the evidence presented clearly demonstrates that the appellant professes Christianity and actively practices the faith by attending church regularly. Despite the same, she claims to be a Hindu and seeks for Scheduled Caste community certificate for the purpose of employment. Such a dual claim made by her is untenable and she cannot continue to identify herself as a Hindu after baptism. Therefore, the conferment of Scheduled caste communal status to the appellant, who is a Christian by religion, but claims to be still embracing Hinduism only for the purpose of availing reservation in employment, would go against the very object of reservation and would amount to fraud on the Constitution. ”

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(emphasis supplied)

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The Andhra Pradesh High Court, in Akkala Rami Reddy and Others v. State of Andhra Pradesh, Rep. by its Public, 2025 SCC OnLine AP 1685 , has

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recently followed the above precedent of the Supreme Court. The High Court clarified that caste-based discrimination does not exist within the Christian faith, and therefore the basis for Scheduled Caste classification stands nullified upon conversion, irrespective of the existence of any previously issued caste certificate. The Court further held that the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act is intended to protect communities that historically face caste-based discrimination. Consequently, its protective provisions cannot be extended to persons who have embraced another faith wherein the caste system is not recognized.

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In view of aforesaid fact, District Magistrate, Maharajganj is directed to enquire into the matter regarding religion of the applicant, within three months and if he is found guilty of forgery, take strict action against him in accordance with law so that such affidavits may not be filed before this Court in future.

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Apart from above, Cabinet Secretary, Government of India, Chief Secretary, Government of U.P. are directed to look into the matter of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other Backward Classes as well as the provisions of law and act in accordance with law, as mentioned above.

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Principal Secretary/Additional Chief Secretary, Minorities Welfare Department, Government of U.P. is also directed to look into the matter and take appropriate action or pass appropriate order giving direction to the authorities so that law may be executed in reality/true sense.

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Additional Chief Secretary, Social Welfare Department is also directed to act in accordance with law.

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All the District Magistrates of State of U.P. are directed to act in accordance with law within four months and communicate to the Chief Secretary, State of U.P. and other Principal/Additional Chief Secretary, so that such fraud on Constitution may not occur as per observation made by Hon’ble Supreme Court in case of C. Selvarani (supra).

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Learned A.G.A. is directed to communicate this order to the Cabinet Secretary, Government of India/ Chief Secretary, Government of U.P./Principal Secretary/ Additional Chief Secretary, Minorities Welfare Department, Government of U.P. and Additional Chief Secretary, Social Welfare Department and all the District Magistrates within State of U.P. to act upon and take action in accordance with law.

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(Praveen Kumar Giri,J.)

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November 21, 2025

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Manish Himwan

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Digitally signed by :- MANISH HIMWAN High Court of Judicature at Allahabad

Jitendra Sahani v. State of U.P. and Another

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Jitendra Sahani v. State of U.P. and Another

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