Partly allowed

Smt. Sharda Chaubey v. State of U.P. and 4 Others

Allahabad HC21 Nov 2019WRIC/52122/2017

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

The High Court dealt with a writ petition seeking compensation for encroached land used for Varanasi Bypass construction without formal acquisition. The Court dispatched the matter to the District Magistrate for inquiry into land nature and value determination, fixing deadlines for the award. Quality: ok

What did the court decide?

Petitioner granted liberty to file detailed representation before District Magistrate within four weeks; Court directed DM to decide compensation under 2013 Act within three months after hearing.

Smt. Sharda Chaubey Vs State of U.P. and 4 Others — Land Acquisition | Allahabad HC (2019)

(1)

Reserved

Court No. - 4

Case :- WRIT - C No. - 52122 of 2017

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Petitioner :- Smt. Sharda Chaubey Respondent :- State Of U.P. And 4 Others Counsel for Petitioner :- Ram Dayal Tiwari,M.D. Singh Shekhar Counsel for Respondent :- C.S.C.,Pranjal Mehrotra

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Hon'ble Bala Krishna Narayana,J. Hon'ble Prakash Padia,J.

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Pleading between the parties have been exchanged.

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With the consent of the learned counsel for the parties, this writ petition is being finally disposed of at the admission stage itself.

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The facts leading to filing of this writ petition as emerging from the perusal of the pleadings of the parties, are as follows :

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The state government issued a notification on 30.10.2002 under Section 4(1) read with Section 17(1) of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (hereinafter referred to as the “Act”) dispensing with the rights to file objection under Section 5A of the Act, copy of the notification under Section 4(1) read with Section 17(1) of the Act proposing to acquire 0.0265 hectare land of Arazi No. 91 situate in Village Ashapur, Tehsil Pindra, District Varanasi (hereinafter referred to as the “disputed plot”) having a total area of 0.417 hectare for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass has been brought on record as Annexure-2 to the writ petition.

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The petitioner's husband was the owner in possession of the disputed plot as is evident from the true copy of the extract of khatauni of 1407-1412 fasli which has been brought on record as Annexure-1 to the writ petition. The declaration under Section 6 of the Act was issued on 29.10.2003, true copy whereof has been brought on record as Annexure-3 to the writ petition. Thus, in pursuance of the aforesaid notifications, out

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(2)

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of total an area of 0.417 hectare of the disputed plot, an area of 0.265 hectare was acquired while remaining area of the disputed plot 0.1525 hectare continued to remain in possession of the petitioner's husband. The compensation with regard to the part of disputed plot which was acquired, was settled under the provision of Uttar Pradesh Land Acquisition (Determination of Compensation and Declaration of Award by Agreement) Rules, 1997 (hereinafter referred to as the “Rules, 1997”) and award was made on 14.03.2008 whereby a sum of Rs. 5,65,531/calculated at the rate of Rs. 27000/- per square feet, was paid towards compensation to the petitioner's husband Rajendra son of Lala. True copy of the agreement dated 29.10.2003 and award dated 14.03.2008 has been brought on record as Annexure-5 to the writ petition. Although disputed plot was acquired as far back in the year 2003 and possession was also taken but the construction of Varanasi Bypass made no progress. The petitioner's husband died in the meantime and after his death, the name of the petitioner was recorded in the khatauni as the bhumidhar of the remaining area of 0.265 hectare of the disputed plot. True copy of the khatauni 1419-1424 fasli showing the petitioner as bhumidhar of an area of 0.265 hectare of the disputed plot, has been apended as Annexure-6 to the writ petition.

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It appears that the work of construction of the Varanasi Bypass was assigned by the state government to the National Highways Authority and the work of constructing the Varanasi Bypass was started by the respondent no. 5 in the year 2015. The petitioner claims that while constructing the Varanasi Bypass over the acquired area of the disputed plot, the respondent no. 4 utilized 0.089 hectare area of the disputed plot also which was not acquired. Although the petitioner after the acquisition remained recorded as bhumidhar of the entire remaining area of 0.1525 hectare of the disputed plot but as a result of the aforesaid absolutely illegal action of the respondents, only an area of 0.063 hectare of the disputed plot was left on the spot in the possession of the petitioner.

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(3)

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Ventilating his grievance, the petitioner filed a representation through power of attorney P.C. Chaturvedi, her real brother-in-law on 17.8.2016 before the District Magistrate, copy whereof has been brought on record as Annexure-7 to the writ petition.

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At the time of the filing of the aforesaid representation, the petitioner claims, that she was not aware that an area of 0.895 hectare of the disputed plot had been illegally utilized by the respondents for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass by treating the same as part of Arazi No. 92. True copy of the khatauni showing location of the Varanasi Bypass in Village Ashapur, Tehsil Pindra, District Varanasi has been brought on record as Annexure-8 to the writ petition.

¶18

When the petitioner's representation remained unattended, she sought information under the Right to Information Act, 2005 from the District Magistrate vide application dated 26.4.2017 (Annexure-9 to the writ petition). In response, Information Officer AG (City) II forwarded information to the Attorney of the petitioner on 24.8.2017 along with the report of Lekhpal and Tehsildar approved by Sub-Divisional Magistrate on 8.8.2017 as well as a letter of District Magistrate Varanasi forwarded to the respondent no. 5 evincing that the respondents had constructed a road on an area of 0.089 hectare of the disputed plot without acquiring the same and requiring him to redress the petitioner's grievances. True copy of the information tendered by the Information Officer on 24.8.2017, letter of Sub-Divisional Magistrate dated 8.8.2017 and letter of District Magistrate Varanasi dated 21.8.2017 address to the respondent no. 5 have been brought on record collectively as Annexure-5 to the writ petition.

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According to the petitioner, the petitioner is entitled to receive compensation under the provision of Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as the “Act, 2013”) which came into force on 1.1.2014. The 0.089 hectare of the petitioner's land was utilized illegally by the respondents for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass

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(4)

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without acquiring the same in March 2017 and without paying compensation in accordance with the circle rate notified for the year 2016-17 by the Collector for the land of Village Ashapur namely Rs. 4500/- per square metre and Rs. 5100/- per squre metre for the year 201718. True copy of the circle rates declared by the Collector Varanasi for land situated in Village Ashapur pertaining to the years 2016-17 and 2017-18 from 1.8.2016 to 31.7.2017 and 1.8.2017 to 31.7.2018 have been brought on record.

¶22

Since the respondents failed to pay any compensation to the petitioner with regard to the area of 0.089 hectare of the disputed plot which had been illegally utilized by them for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass, the petitioner has filed the instant writ petition with the following prayers :

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(a) issue a writ of mandamus directing the respondents to issue an writ of mandamus directing the respondents particularly respondent no. 5 to pay compensation to the petitioner for the area 0.089 hectare of Araji No. 91 situated in village Ashapur, Tehsil – Pindra, District Varanasi as per provision of Act No. 30 of 2013 forthwith without any further delay.

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(b) issue a writ of mandamus directing the respondents in absence of the payment of compensation accordingly Act No. 30 of 2013 the petitioner be provided 0.089 hectare of the land near petitioner land adjacent to the Varanasi Bypass.

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A counter affidavit has been filed on behalf of the respondent no. 5 in the writ petition which does not contain any parawise reply. Since the categorical averments made by the petitioner in paragraph 9 and 10 of the writ petition that while constructing the Varanasi Bypass, the respondents had encroached upon an area of 0.089 hectare of the disputed plot in March, 2017 which had neither been acquired nor any compensation was

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(5)

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paid to the petitioner by them have not been denied by the respondents, we are left with no option but to accept the same to be true.

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Moreover, upon perusal of the contents of the counter affidavit filed in this writ petition on behalf of the respondent no. 5, it transpires the fact that an area of 0.089 hectare of the disputed plot which was not the subject matter of the acquisition had been utilized by the respondents for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass and with regard to the same, no compensation was paid to the petitioner stands admitted to the respondent no. 5. The case of the respondent no. 5 is that although portion of Arazi No. 91 which had been utilized by the respondent no. 5 for the construction of Varanasi Bypass without acquiring the same and the compensation which the petitioner was entitled to receive had been inadvertently and wrongly paid to the owner of Arazi No. 92.

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Paragraph 10 of the counter affidavit of respondent no. 5 which is relevant for our purpose, is being reproduced herein below :

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That it is respectfully submitted that from a perusal of the letter no. 480 dated 21.08.2017 issued by the office of the Collector and District Magistrate, Varanasi (Page No. 67 to the writ petition) and also the report of the S.D.M. dated 08.08.2017 enclosed with the said letter, it is apparent that the entire exercise-in-question had been done by the P.W.D. and further the compensation for the additional land affected from Gata No. 91 has been paid to the owners of Gata No. 92 wrongly and therefore, it is imperative that the said paid compensation to the owners of Gata No. 92 be recovered from them through the Special Land Acquisition Officer, Varanasi and be paid to the owners of the additional affected land of Gata No. 91.

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Thus, after going through the facts stated in the writ petition and the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the respondents, we find that an area of 0.089 hectare of the disputed plot which was neither acquired nor with regard to which the petitioner was paid any compensation by the respondents was utilized by the respondents for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass in March 2017 and the compensation

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(6)

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with regard to unacquired area of disputed plot was wrongly paid to the owner of Arazi No. 92.

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Although in this writ petition a prayer has been made by the petitioner to issue a writ of mandamus directing the respondents to pay compensation with regard to unacquired area of the disputed plot utilized by the respondents but since there was no material on record either indicating nature or location of the land, or prevailing the circle rate, we passed following orders in this case on 30.7.2019 :

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Put up on 06.08.2019.

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In the meantime, learned counsel for the parties shall file supplementary affidavit disclosing the nature of land belonging to the petitioner which has been utilized by the respondents for the purpose of road widening and the rate at which compensation is to be paid according to each of the parties.

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A Supplementary affidavit and a supplementary counter affidavits have been filed on behalf of the petitioner and respondent no. 5 in this case in compliance of our order passed in this case on 30.7.2019.

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In paragraph 6 of the supplementary affidavit filed on behalf of the petitioner, it has been stated that the petitioner is entitled to payment of compensation with regard to 89 Aires of the disputed plot on the basis of the market value determined as per the circle rate fixed by the Collector Varanasi for the year 2017-18. Copy of the circle rate fixed by the Collector Varanasi for the year 2017-18 although already annexed as Annexure-4 to the writ petition, was also brought on record by the petitioner as Annexure-S.A. 1 to the supplementary affidavit.

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In paragraph 6 of the supplementary affidavit, it has further been stated that Clause 15 and 23 of the circle rate declared by the Collector for the year 2017-18 are relevant for the purpose of determination of the market value of the disputed plot. As per Appendix 2 Part 2, Praroop 2 of the circle rate, the petitioner is entitled to receive compensation on the

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(7)

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basis of the market value of the disputed plot calculated at the rate of Rs. 5100/- per sq. metre.

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According to Clause 15 of circle rate of 2017-18, the market value upto an area of 50 Aires will be calculated as per Part-2, Praroop-2 and in that case the petitioner shall be entitled to receive Rs. 25,78,438.66 for an area of 50 Aires of the disputed plot while the market value of the remaining area of 39 Aires shall come to Rs. 10,05,567/- total Rs. 35,84,055.66/- Further as per Clause 23 of the circle rate fixed by the Collector Varanasi, a sum of Rs. 8,96,001.25/- shall be added to the market value calculated hereinabove and the total compensation payable to the petitioner would come to Rs. 44,80,007.91/-

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Over the aforesaid amount, the petitioner is further entitled to receive 100% solatium and the amount calculated as per the Schedule-I of Act No. 30 of 2013. A detailed chart showing the calculation of the amount of compensation which the petitioner claims he is entitled to receive, has been brought on record as Annexure-S.A.2 to the supplementary affidavit.

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The stand taken vis-a-vis the amount of compensation which the petitioner is entitled to receive by the respondent no. 5 in the supplementary affidavit filed by him in this case is that there is no Abadi on or near the disputed plot and the disputed plot is deep plot of eta bhatta and vacant parti plot ; disputed plot is outside the limit of Nagar Nigam as is evident from the communication no. 309 dated 31.07.2019 from the Office of the Revenue Department, Nagar Nigam, Varanasi, copy whereof has been brought on record as Annexure-SCA-8 to the supplementary affidavit and hence compensation which the petitioner is liable to receive has been calculated on the basis of the market value of the disputed plot determined on the basis of the circle rate fixed on 1.8.2018 by treating the disputed plot as agricultural plot and not Abadi at the rate of 1.40 crores per hectare by applying the multiplier of 2 applicable to agricultural region and 100% solatium which comes to Rs. 49,84,000/-. The

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(8)

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compensation has been calculated as per provisions of The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. Copy of the circle rate for the year 2018-19 and government order dated 13.7.2016 providing multipliers and the calculation sheet have been brought on record as Annexure SCA-9, 10 and 11 to the supplementary counter affidavit.

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It has been stated in paragraph 14 of the supplementary counter affidavit that the amount of compensation of Rs. 49,84,000/- which has been calculated as per provisions of the 2013 Act is just adequate and in accordance with law.

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It has been contended by Sri M.D. Singh Shekhar, learned counsel for the petitioner that it being admitted to the respondents that an area of 0.089 hectare of the disputed plot was utilized by the respondents for constructing Varanasi Bypass without acquiring the same in the year 2017, the petitioner is entitled to receive compensation on the basis of the market value calculated as per the circle rate effective on the date on which the disputed plot was illegally utilized that in March, 2017 by treating the same as “Ardh Nagri”.

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Per contra Sri Pranjal Mehrotra, learned counsel for the respondent no. 5 submitted that since no Abadi exists on or adjacent to the disputed plot and the same is parti vacant land, the petitioner is not entitled to receive compensation at the circle rate applicable to Ardh Nagari areas and the amount of compensation calculated as per the prevailing circle rate applicable to agricultural areas is perfectly just and adequate.

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The contention of the learned counsel for the respondent no. 5 is that the petitioner is entitled to receive compensation as per the market value calculated on the basis of the circle rate notified by the Collector for the year 2018-19 is wholly untenable. Since we have already been recorded that the petitioner's plot was illegally utilized by the respondents for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass in March, 2017, the

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(9)

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petitioner is entitled to receive compensation on the basis of the market value of the disputed plot determined on the basis of the circle rate declared by the Collector for the year 2017-18.

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Since there is no dispute amongst the parties that the part of the petitioner's land measuring 89 Aires was utilized by the respondents for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass in the year 2017, the provisions of Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (hereinafter referred to as the “Act”) shall apply for the purpose of determination of compensation. The provisions of the Act prescribing the procedure for determination of compensation are being reproduced herein below :

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Land acquisition process under Act No. 1 of 1894 shall be deemed to have lapsed in certain cases. –(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, in any case of land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894,—

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(a) where no award under section 11 of the said Land Acquisition Act has been made, then, all provisions of this Act relating to the determination of compensation shall apply; or

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(b) where an award under said section 11 has been made, then such proceedings shall continue under the provisions of the said Land Acquisition Act, as if the said Act has not been repealed.

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(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (1), in case of land acquisition proceedings initiated under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (1 of 1894), where an award under the said section 11 has been made five years or more prior to the commencement of this Act but the physical possession of the land has not been taken or the compensation has not been paid the said proceedings shall be deemed to have lapsed and the appropriate Government, if it so chooses, shall initiate the proceedings of such land acquisition afresh in accordance with the provisions of this Act:

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Provided that where an award has been made and compensation in respect of a majority of land holdings has not been deposited in the account of the beneficiaries, then, all beneficiaries specified in the

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(10)

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notification for acquisition under section 4 of the said Land Acquisition Act, shall be entitled to compensation in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

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Period within which an award shall be made. –The Collector shall make an award within a period of twelve months from the date of publication of the declaration under section 19 and if no award is made within that period, the entire proceedings for the acquisition of the land shall lapse:

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Provided that the appropriate Government shall have the power to extend the period of twelve months if in its opinion, circumstances exist justifying the same:

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Provided further that any such decision to extend the period shall be recorded in writing and the same shall be notified and be uploaded on the website of the authority concerned.

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Determination of market value of land by Collector. –(1) The Collector shall adopt the following criteria in assessing and determining the market value of the land, namely:—

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(a) the market value, if any, specified in the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (2 of 1899) for the registration of sale deeds or agreements to sell, as the case may be, in the area, where the land is situated; or

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(b) the average sale price for similar type of land situated in the nearest village or nearest vicinity area; or

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(c) consented amount of compensation as agreed upon under sub-section (2) of section 2 in case of acquisition of lands for private companies or for public private partnership projects, whichever is higher:

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Provided that the date for determination of market value shall be the date on which the notification has been issued under section 11.

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Explanation 1.—The average sale price referred to in clause (b) shall be determined taking into account the sale deeds or the agreements to sell registered for similar type of area in the near village or near vicinity area during immediately preceding three years of the year in which such acquisition of land is proposed to be made.

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Explanation 2.—For determining the average sale price referred to in Explanation 1, one-half of the total number of sale deeds or the agreements to sell in which the highest sale price has been mentioned shall be taken into account.

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(11)

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Explanation 3.—While determining the market value under this section and the average sale price referred to in Explanation 1 or Explanation 2, any price paid as compensation for land acquired under the provisions of this Act on an earlier occasion in the district shall not be taken into consideration.

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Explanation 4.—While determining the market value under this section and the average sale price referred to in Explanation 1 or Explanation 2, any price paid, which in the opinion of the Collector is not indicative of actual prevailing market value may be discounted for the purposes of calculating market value.

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(2) The market value calculated as per subsection (1) shall be multiplied by a factor to be specified in the First Schedule.

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(3) Where the market value under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) cannot be determined for the reason that—

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(a) the land is situated in such area where the transactions in land are restricted by or under any other law for the time being in force in that area; or

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(b) the registered sale deeds or agreements to sell as mentioned in clause (a) of subsection (1) for similar land are not available for the immediately preceding three years; or

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(c) the market value has not been specified under the Indian Stamp Act, 1899 (2 of 1899) by the appropriate authority, the State Government concerned shall specify the floor price or minimum price per unit area of the said land based on the price calculated in the manner specified in sub-section (1) in respect of similar types of land situated in the immediate adjoining areas:

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Provided that in a case where the Requiring Body offers its shares to the owners of the lands (whose lands have been acquired) as a part compensation, for acquisition of land, such shares in no case shall exceed twenty-five per cent, of the value so calculated under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) as the case may be:

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Provided further that the Requiring Body shall in no case compel any owner of the land (whose land has been acquired) to take its shares, the value of which is deductible in the value of the land calculated under subsection (1):

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(12)

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Provided also that the Collector shall, before initiation of any land acquisition proceedings in any area, take all necessary steps to revise and update the market value of the land on the basis of the prevalent market rate in that area:

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Provided also that the appropriate Government shall ensure that the market value determined for acquisition of any land or property of an educational institution established and administered by a religious or linguistic minority shall be such as would not restrict or abrogate the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

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Determination of amount of compensation. –The Collector having determined the market value of the land to be acquired shall calculate the total amount of compensation to be paid to the land owner (whose land has been acquired) by including all assets attached to the land.

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Parameters to be considered by Collector in determination of award. –In determining the amount of compensation to be awarded for land acquired under this Act, the Collector shall take into consideration—

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firstly, the market value as determined under section 26 and the award amount in accordance with the First and Second Schedules;

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secondly, the damage sustained by the person interested, by reason of the taking of any standing crops and trees which may be on the land at the time of the Collector's taking possession thereof;

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thirdly, the damage (if any) sustained by the person interested, at the time of the Collector's taking possession of the land, by reason of severing such land from his other land;

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fourthly, the damage (if any) sustained by the person interested, at the time of the Collector's taking possession of the land, by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting his other property, movable or immovable, in any other manner, or his earnings;

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fifthly, in consequence of the acquisition of the land by the Collector, the person interested is compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses (if any) incidental to such change;

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sixthly, the damage (if any) bona fide resulting from diminution of the profits of the land between the time of

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(13)

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the publication of the declaration under section 19 and the time of the Collector's taking possession of the land; and

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seventhly, any other ground which may be in the interest of equity, justice and beneficial to the affected families.

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The first schedule of the Act which specify the factor by which the market value calculated as per Sub-Section 1 of Section 26 of the Act, shall be multiplied, is also being reproduced herein below for ready reference :

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S.No.	Component of compensation package in respect of land acquired under the Act	Manner of determination of value
1	Market value of land	To be determined as provided under section 26.
2	Factor by which the market value is to be multiplied in the case of rural areas	1.00 (One) to 2.00 (Two) based on the distance of project from urban area, as may be notified by the appropriate Government.
3	Factor by which the market value is to be mutiplied in the case of urban areas	1(One).
4	Value of assets attached to land or building	To be determined as provided under section 29.
5	Solatium	Equivalent to one hundred per cent. of the market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 2 for rural areas or serial number 3 for urban areas plus value of assets attached to land or building against serial number 4 under column(2).
6	Final award in rural areas	Market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 2 plus value of assets attached to land or building mentioned against serial number 4 under column (2) plus solatium mentioned against serial number 5 under column(2).
7	Final award in urban areas	Market value of land

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(14)

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		mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 3 plus value of assets attached to land or building mentioned against serial number 4 under column (2) plus solatium mentioned against serial number 5 under column(2).
8	Other component, if any, to be included

¶100

Thus, upon perusal of the aforesaid provisions of the Act, we find that in the instant case the petitioner is claiming that compensation should be awarded to him on the basis of the market value of land calculated under Clause (a) of Sub-Section 1 of Section 26 of the Act read with first schedule. The parties appear to be at lis with regard to the nature and situation of the disputed plot on the basis of market value of the disputed plot is to be calculated on the basis of the circle rate fixed by the Collector Varanasi for the year 2017-18.

¶101

Having heard the learned counsel for the parties present and perused the material brought on record, we find that the submissions made by the learned counsel for the parties raise issues of fact pertaining to the location and nature of the disputed plot utilized by the respondents for the purpose of construction of Varanasi Bypass which can be decided only on the basis of evidence and spot inspection. Unless the nature and location of the disputed plot is ascertained, it will not be possible for us to give any decision with regard to the circle rate at which the market value of the disputed plot is to be determined for the purpose of awarding compensation to the petitioner.

¶102

However, we are of the considered view that the Special Land Acquisition Officer can look into the matter and take a decision thereon after affording opportunity of hearing and adducing evidence in support of their respective claims to the petitioner as well as the respondent no. 5.

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(15)

¶104

In view of the above, without expressing any opinion on the merits of the case, we dispose of this writ petition with liberty to the petitioner to file a detailed representation before the respondent no. 2, District Magistrate, Varanasi appending therein all the documents upon which he proposes to rely in support of his claim that the disputed plot falls in the category of Ardh Nagri and hence he is entitled to receive compensation at the circle rate applicable to Ardh Nagri land, within a period of four weeks from today. In case any such representation is filed by the petitioner before the respondent no. 2 within the time stipulated hereinabove, he shall consider and decide the same after affording opportunity of hearing to the petitioner as well as the respondent no. 5 strictly in accordance with the provisions of Clause (a) of Section 24 of the Act and the first schedule and after determining the market value on the basis of the circle rate fixed by the Collector Varanasi for the year 2017-2018 by a speaking and reasoned order as expeditiously as possible preferably within a further period of three months from the date of filing of such representation by the petitioner before him. The respondent no. 2 shall thereafter provide opportunity to the respondent no. 5 to adduce evidence in support of his claim that the disputed plot does not fall in the category of “Ardh Nagri”.

¶105

The amount of compensation which the petitioner is found entitled to receive by the respondent no. 5 shall be paid to him within a further period of two months from the date of the decision taken on the petitioner's representation.

¶106

Order Date :- 21.11.2019 SA

Smt. Sharda Chaubey v. State of U.P. and 4 Others

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

Smt. Sharda Chaubey v. State of U.P. and 4 Others

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

What the court decided

A compact analysis

Issues for consideration

Statutes considered

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