The appellant challenged his conviction under Section 304 Part II IPC for firing at the deceased, claiming private defence and pointing to co-accused acquittals on the same evidence. The Court held there was no reasonable apprehension of death or grievous hurt, upheld the falsus in uno doctrine's non-application in India, and dismissed the appeal.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
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[2008] t1 S.C.R. 801
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DINESH SINGH
v.
STATE OF U.P.
(Criminal Appeal No. 544 of 2001)
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AUGUST 4, 2008
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[DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT AND DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, JJ.]
Pena/Code, 1860-ss. 96-101, 103ands. 304 (Part/) - Right of private defence -Availability and extent of- Com- c mencement and continuance of right - Stated - On facts, accused allegedly caused fire arm injury to deceased resulting in his death - High Court convicted accused u/s. 304 (Part I}, though upheld acquittal of other co-accused - Claim of right of private defence and that the other co-accused acquitted on D the self same evidence - On appeal, held: It is established beyond doubt from the evidence on record that deceased died due to gunshot injury caused by accused - There was no reasonable apprehension of death or grievous hurt to accused nor s. 103 attracted - High Court analysed in detail that case E of accused stood on a different footing and evidence was inadequate with regard to the other co-accused - Thus, order of High Court does not call for interference.
Maxims - Falsus in uno falsus in omnibus - Meaning and applicability of - Stated.
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On the fateful day, the appellant allegedly fired upon J. Other accused were also present. J sustained fire-arm injury on his chest and died on the spot. The appellant along with other accused were charged for offences punishable u/s. 147, 148, 302, 325, 323 and 149 IPC. However, G the trial court acquitted all of them. In appeal, the High Court upheld the acquittal of the accused persons except the appellant. It convicted the appellant for offence punishable u/s. 304 Part (II) IPC. Hence the present appeal.
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2008] 11 S. C.R
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A Appellant contended that the trial court rightly noticed that the appellant and the co-accused exercised right of private defence; and that the evidence was found inadequate for rest of the accused persons, thus, the High Court could not have held the appellant guilty.
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Dismissing the appeal, the .Court
HELD: 1.1 A plea of right of private defence cannot be based on surmises and speculation. While considering whether the right of private defence is available to an caccused, it is not relevant whether he may have a chance to inflict severe and mortal injury on the aggressor. In order to find whether the right of private defence is available·to an accused, the entire incident must be examined with care and viewed in its proper setting .. To claim a right Dof privatedefenceextending tovoluntarycausingof death, the accused must show that there were drcumstances giving rise to reasonable grunds for apprehending that either death .or grievous hurt would ·be caused to him. The burden is on the accused to show that he 'had a Eright ofprivatedefencewhichextendedtocausingof death. The right commences, as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body ariss from an attempt, or threat, to commit the offence, although the offence may not have been committed but not until there is that reasonable apprehension. The right lasts so long as F the reasonable apprehension of the danger to the body continues. As soon as the cause for reasonable apprehension disappears and the threat has either been destroyed or has been put to route, there. can be no occasion to exercise the right of private defence. [Paras 5 .and G 6] [809 F-G, 810 B-E]
1.2 The accused need not prove the existence of the right of private defence beyond reasonable d·oubt. It ·is enough for him to show as in a civil ·case thatthe preponderance of probabilities is in favour ·of his plea. In order to
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DINESH SINGH v. STATE OF U.P.
803
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find whether right of private defence is available or not, A the injuries received by the accused, the imminence of threat to his safety, the injuries caused by accused and the circumstances whether accused had time to have recourse to public authorities are all relevant factors to be considered. [Paras 4 and 7] (809 E, 810 F] B
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1.3 The right of self-defence is a very valuable right, serving a social purpose and should not be construed narrowly. The right of private defence is essentially a defensive right circumscribed by the governing statute i.e. the tPC, available only when the circumstances clearly C justify it. It should not be allowed to be pleaded or availed as a pretext for a vindictive, aggressive or retributive purpose of offence. It is a right of defence, not of retribution, expected to repel unlawful aggression and not as retaliatory measure. While providing for exercise of the right, D care has been taken in IPC not to provide and has not devised a mechanism whereby an attack may be pretence for killing. A right to defend does not include a right to launch an offensive, particularly when the need to defend · no longer survived. [Paras 9 and 11] (811 F, 812 D-F] E
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Munshi Ram and Ors. v. Delhi Administration AIR 1968 SC 702; State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima AIR 1975 SC 1478; State of UP v. Mohd. Musheer Khan AIR 1977 SC 2226; Mohinder Pal Jolly v. State of Punjab AIR 1979 SC 577; Salim Zia v. State of U. P AIR 1979 SC 391; Jai Dev. v. State of Punjab AIR 1963 SC 612; Biran Singh v. State of Bihar AIR 1975 SC 87; Wassan Singh v. State of Punjab 1996 ( 1) SCC 458; Sekar alias Raja Sekharan v. State represented by Inspector of Police, TN. 2002 (8) SCC 354; Butta Singh v. The State of Punjab AIR 1991 SC 1316; Vidhya Singh v. State of MP AIR 1971 SC 1857; V Subrarnani and Anr. v. State of Tamil Nadu 2005 (1 O) sec 358 - relied on.
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Russel on Crime, 11th Edition Volume Ip 49- referred to. 2.1 With regard to the effect of acquittal on the self H
804
[2008] 11 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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A same evidence, it is the duty of Court to separate grain from chaff. Falsity of particular material witness or material particular would not ruin it .from the beginning to end .. The maxim "fa/sus in uno falsus in omnibus" has no application in India and the witnesses cannot be branded as Bliar. The maxim hasnot received general acceptance nor come to occupy trye status of rule of law. It is merely a rule of caution. All that it amounts to, is that in such cases testimony may be disregarded, and not that it must be disregarded. The doctrine merely involves the question of cweightof evidencewhichaCourtmay apply in a given set of circumstances, but it is not called 'a mandatory rule of evidence'. [Para 14] [813-H, 814-A-C]
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Nisar Alli v. The State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1957 SC 366 - relied on.
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2.2 The doctrine "falsus in uno falsus in omnibus" is a dangerous one especially in ·1ndia for if a whole body of the testimony were to be rejected, because witness was evidently speaking an untruth in some aspect, it is to be Efeared that administration of criminal justice would come to a dead-stop. Witnesses just cannot help in giving embroidery to a story, however, true in the main. Therefore, it has to be appraised in each case as to what extent the evidence is worthy of acceptance, and merely because in some respects the Court considers the same to be inF sufficient for placing reliance on the testimony of a wit-
ness, it does not necessarily follow as a matter of law that it must be disregarded in all respects as well. The evidence has to be sifted with care. The dictum is not a sound rule for the reason that one hardly comes across a witG ness whose evidence does not contain a grain of untruth or at any rate exaggeration, embroideries or embellishment. Where it is not feasible to separate truth from falsehood, because grain and chaff are inextricably mixed up, and in the process of separation an absolutely new case Hhastobereconstructedbydivorcingess.entialdetails
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805
DINESH SINGH v. STATE OF U.P.
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presented by the prosecution completely from the context and the background against which they are made, the only available course to be made is to discard the evidence in toto. [Para 15] [814 D-H, 815 A]
Sohrab s/o Beli Nayata and Anr. v. The State of Madhya 8 ·Pradesh 1972 (3) SCC 751; Ugar Ahir and Ors. v. The State of Bihar AIR 1965 SC 277; Zwinglee Ariel v. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1954 SC 15; Ba/aka Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab AIR 1975 SC 1962; State of Rajasthan v. Smt. Kalki and Anr. AIR 1981 SC 1390 - relied on.
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2.3 Normal discrepancies in evidence are those which are due to normal errors of observation, normal errors of memory due to lapse of time, due to mental disposition such as shock and horror at the time of occurrence and those are always there however honest and D truthful a witness may be. Material discrepancies are those which are not normal, and not expected of a normal person. Courts have to label the category to which a discrepancy may be categorized. While normal discrepancies do not corrode the credibility of a party's case, material disE crepancies do so. [Para 15] [815-B-C]
Krishna Mochi and Ors. v. State of Bihar etc. JT 2002 (4) SC 186; Gangadhar Behera and Ors. v. State of Orissa 2002 (7) Supreme 276; Rizan and Anr. v. State of Chhattisgarh 2003 (2) sec 661 - relied on.
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SUPREME C.OURT REPORTS
806
[2008] 11 S.C.R
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A h.i$ ·gun :9n_ J, is estaqlished ·beyond dou_bt from the evi·dence ,on record. Thus, the evidence on record leaves no ·room . the same ' fo·r doubt was caused . that .J died due by ~ accused-appellant. to a . gu~shot injury The High and 'Court analysed in detail as to how the case of appellant '.8·stood· on a differe.nt footing arid directed his conviction, though in the-case of co-accused, the evidence was found to be inadequate. There is no infirmity in the conclusions '.arrived atby the High Court to warrant interference. [Paras 13and1"6]'[812 G-H,.813-A,H]
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Case Law Reference
| AIR 1968:sc702 | Reli_edon. | Para 3 |
|---|---|---|
| AIR_1975 'SC~478 | Relied on. | _Para 3 |
| AIR 1977SC2226 | Relied on. | Para 3 |
| AIR t97.9.SC577 | Relied on. | Para 3 |
| AIR-1979·SC391 | - ·Relied on. | Para 3 · |
| AIR 1963.SC 612 | Relied- on. - | Para 6 |
| AIR 1975SC87 | Relied on. | Para 7 |
| 1996 (1)sec458 | Relied on. | Para 7 |
| :2002 (8)sec354 | Relied on.. | Para 7 |
| AIR1991SC1316 | Relied on. | Para 8 |
| AIR1971SC1857 | Relied on. | Para 9 |
| 2oos(1O)sec358 | Relied on. | Para 12 |
| AIR 1957SC366 | Relied on. | Para 14 |
| 1912 (3)sec751 | Relied on. | Para 15 |
| AIR 1965SC277 | Relied on. | Para 15 |
| AIR1954SC15 | Relied on. | Para 15 |
| AIR 1975SC1962 | Relied on. | Para 15 |
| AIR1981·sc1390 | Relied on. | Para 15 |
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. 807
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DINESH SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
JT 2002 (4) SC 186 Relied on. Para 15 A 2002 (7) Supreme 276 Relied on. 'Para 15 2003 (2) sec 661 Relied on. Para 15
CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 544 of 2001
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From the final Judgment and Order dated 6.12.2000 of the High Court of Allahabad in GovernmentAppeal No. 1709 of 1990
R.D. Upadhyay for the Appellant.
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M. Yunus Malik, Fuzail Khan and Anil Kumar Jha for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Challenge in this appeal is to D the judgment of the Allahabad High Court allowing the Government Appeal. In the said appeal challenge was to the judgment of learned Additional Sessions Judge, Karvi, directing acquittal of the respondents-the accused 1 to 10 of the charged offences relatableto Sections 147,148,302, 325, 323 and 149 of E the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the 'IPC'). The High Court while upholding the acquittal of the rest of the accused persons found the evidence cogent and credible so far as the present appellant is concerned and directed conviction for offence punishable under Section 304Part11 IPC. F
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[2008] 11 S.C.R.
808
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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A the right of private defence. The Section does not define the expression 'right of private defence'. It merely indicates that nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of such right. Whether in a particular set of circumstances, a person legitimately acted in the exercise of the right of private defence is a Bquestion of fact to be determined on the facts and circumstances of each case. No test in the abstract for determining such a question can be laid down. In determining this question of fact, the Court must consider all the surrounding circumstances. It is not necessary for the accused to plead in so many words that che acted in self-defence. If the circumstances show that the right of private defence was legitimately exercised, it is open to the Court to consider such a plea. In a given case the Court can consider it even if the accused has not taken it, if the same is available to be considered from the material 011 record. Under D_Section105 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (in short 'the Evi- dence Act'), the burden of proof is on the accused, who sets up the plea of self-defence, and, in the absence of proof, it is not possible for the Court to presume the truth of the plea of selfdefence. The Court shall presume the absence of such circum·Estances. It is for the accused to place necessary materialon record either by himself adducing positive evidence or by eliciting necessary facts from the witnesses examined for the prosecution. An accused taking the plea of the right of private defence is not necessarily required to call evidence; he can establish his plea by reference to circumstances transpiring from F. the prosecution evidence itself. The question in such a case would be a question of assessing the true effect of the prosecution ~vidence, and not a question of the accused discharging any burden. Where the right of private defence is pleaded, the defence must be a reasonable and probable version satisfying G the Court that the harm caused by the accused was necessary for either warding off the attack or for forestalling the further reasonable apprehension from the side of the accused. The burden of establishing the plea of self-defence is on the accused and the burden stands discharged by showing preponderance Hof probabilities in favour of that plea on the basis of the material
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DINESH SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
809
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on record. (See Munshi Ram and Ors. v. Delhi Administration A (AIR 1968 SC 702), State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima (AIR 1975 SC 1478), State of UP v. Mohd. Musheer Khan (AIR 1977 SC 2246), and Mohinder Pal Jolly v. State of Punjab (AIR 1979 SC 577). Sections 100 to 101 define the extent of the right of private defence of body. If a person has a right of private de- s fence of body under Section 97, that right extends under Section 100 to causing death if there is reasonable apprehension that death or grievous hurt would be the consequence of the assault. The oft quoted observation of this Court in Salim Zia v. . State of UP (AIR 1979 SC 391 ), runs as follows: c
"It is true that the burden on an accused person to establish the plea of self-defence is not as onerous as the one which lies on the prosecution and that, while the prosecution is required to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt, the accused need not establish the plea to the hilt and may discharge his onus by establishing a mere preponderance ·of probabilities either by laying basis for that plea in the cross-examination of the prosecution witnesses or by adducing defence evidence."
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SUPREME COLI.RT REPORTS
[2008] 11 S, C .. R.
A the.case-of offences oftheft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, and.attempts at such offences in relation to.property. Sec.,. tion 99.lays down the.limits of the right of private defence. Sectio,ns, 9-6,and, 98 give. a. right of private defence· against certain offences::and:acts. Theright given under Sections.96.to 98.and. e: 100;to., 1 ..Q6 is, controlled by Section 99. To claim a, right of, private. defence-. extending .. to voluntary causing. of death, the ac-. cused; must show. that'there:were circumstances giving rise to reasonable grounds for apprehending:thateither death or,griev~ ous,,tmrtwould.be.caused to.him. The· burden is.on.the;accused. C; to,showthat he-had a right of private defence which extended.to causing· of death: Sections 100 and 101, !PC define· the limit and:extent·of right of private defence.
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6: Sections. 102 and 105, IPC deal with commencement and:continuanceof1he.right of private d.efence·ofbody and prop.,. erty respectively. The right commences, as soon as a reasonab1ecapprehension of danger to the body arises from an attempt, · or threat, to commit the offence, although the offence may not have been committed but not until there is that-reasonable apprehension. The right lasts so long as the reasonable apprehension of the danger to the body continues. In Jai Dev. v. State ofPunjab (AIR 1963 SC612), it was observed that as soon as the cause for reasonable apprehension disappears and the threat has either been.destroyed or has been put to route, there can be no occasion to exercise the right of private defence,
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T In order to find whether right of private defence is available or not, the injuries· received by the accused; the imminence of threat-to his safety, the injuries caused· by the· accused and the· circumstances whether the accused had time to have recourse to public authorities are all relevant factors to be considered. Similar view was expressed by this Court in Biran Singh
v. State. of Bihar: (AIR 1975 SC 87). (See: Wassan Singf1 v. State.of Punjab (1996) 1 SCG 458., Sekar alias Raja Se.kharan v. State represented by Inspector of Police, TN. (2002 (8) SCC 354}.
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811
DINESH SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
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812
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2008] 11 S.C.R.
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A would seem absolutely necessary to a perfectly cool bystander. The person facing a reasonable apprehension of threat to himself cannot be expected to modulate his defence step by step with any arithmetical exactitude of only that much which is required in the thinking of a man in ordinary times or under normal Bcircumstances.
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." .... a man is justified in resisting by force anyone who c manifestly intends and endeavours by violence or surpris~ to commit a known felony against either his person, habitation or property. In these cases, he is not obliged to retreat, and may not merely resist the attack where he stands but may indeed pursue. his adversary until the danger is ended and if in a conflict between them he D happens to kill his attacker, such killing is justifiable."
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. 12. The above position was highlighted in V Subramani G and Anr v. State of Tamil Nadu (2005 (10) SCC 358).
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813
DINESH SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
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Juguntha, who sustained fire-arm injury on his chest and died A on the spot. No person on the prosecution side is shown to be armed with any weapon. Therefore, there could not be any reasonable apprehension of death or of grievous hurt at their hands nor the case attract Section 103 IPC. The fact that appellant fired from his gun on Jugntha, is established beyond doubt from B the evidence on record. P.W.1, Hari Mohan, who is wholly an independent witness, has categorically stated in his statement before the trial court that it was accused Dinesh Singh who fired upon Juguntha, which struck on his chest and he fell down and died. The incident occurred in broad-day light. Hari Mohan him- c self sustained injuries and, therefore, his presence at the scene of occurrence cannot be doubted. This witness had no animosity against the appellant nor had any affinity with the complainant party. His statement is also corroborated by medical evidence brought on record. Anurudh, P.W.2 is the other witness to D depose that it was the accused-respondent Dinesh Singh who fired from his gun upon Juguntha. This fact is also mentioned in the first information report which was lodged promptly. Dr. M.L. Verma, PW 6 who conducted autopsy on the dead body of Juguntha found only one gutter shaped gunshot wound on the E deceased and has stated that injury sustained was the cause of death and the same was sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. He also categorically stated that the said injury could not be caused by a hand granade. We have also examined the post-mortem report and have no doubt in our mind that the said injury was a gun shot injury in as much as the palF lets entered on the right lateral side of chest and then made exit from medial left side chest fracturing fourth, fifth ribs with sternum into pieces and causing lacerations in both the lungs and heart. The direction of wound was also from right to left. The evidence on record thus leaves no room for doubt that Juguntha G died due to a gunshot injury ~nd the same was caused by accused-appellant Dinesh Singh.
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814
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2008] 11 S.C.R.
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A from chaff. Falsity of particular material witness or material particular would not ruin it from the beginning to end. The maxim "falsus in uno falsus in omnibus" has no application in India and the witnesses cannot be branded as liar. The maxim "falsus in uno falsus in omnibus" has not received general acceptance B nor has this maxim come to occupy the status of rule of law. It is merely a rule of caution. All that it amounts to, is that in such cases testimony may be disregarded, and not that it must be disregarded. The doctrine merely involves the question of weight of evidence which a Court may apply in a given set of circumC stances, but it is not what may be called 'a mandatory rule of evidence'. (See Nisar Alli v. The State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1957 SC 366).
across a witness whose evidence does not contain a grain of untruth or at any rate exaggeration, embroideries or embellishment. (See Sohrab s/o Beli Nayata and Anr. v. The State of Madhya Pradesh (1972 (3) SCC 751) and Ugar Ahir and Ors. G v. The State of Bihar (AIR 1965 SC 277). An attempt has to be made to, as noted above, in terms of felicitous metaphor, separate grain from the chaff, truth from falsehood. Where it is not feasible to separate truth from falsehood, because grain. and chaff are inextricably mixed up, and in the process of separation an absolutely new case has to be reconstructed by divorc-
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DINESH SINGH v. STATE OF U.P. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
815
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ing essential details presented by the prosecution completely A from the context and the background against which they are made, the only available course to be made is to discard the evidence in toto. (See Zwinglee Ariel v. State of Madhya Pradesh (AIR 1954 SC 15) and Ba/aka Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab. (AIR 1975 SC 1962). As observed by this Court B in State of Rajasthan v. Smt. Kalki and Anr. (AIR 1981 SC 1390), normal discrepancies in evidence are those which are due to normal errors of observation, normal errors of memory due to lapse of time, due to mental disposition such as shock and horror at the time of occurrence and those are always there how- c ever honest and truthful a witness may be. Material discrepancies are those which are not normal, and not expected of a normal person. Courts have to label the category to which a discrepancy may be categorized. While normal discrepancies do not corrode the credibility of a party's case, material discrep0 ancies do so. These aspects were highlighted recently in Krishna Mochi and Ors. v. State of Bihar etc. (JT 2002 (4) SC 186), Gangadhar Behera and Ors. v. State of Orissa (2002 (7) Supreme 276) and Rizan and Anr. v. State of Chhattisgarh (2003 (2) sec 661).
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N.J.
Appeal dismissed.
2 issues framed by the court
Whether the appellant's plea of right of private defence was available when no person on the prosecution side was armed.
Whether the maxim falsus in uno falsus in omnibus required rejection of the entire prosecution evidence after co-accused acquittal on the same evidence.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Munshi Ram and Ors. v. Delhi AdministrationRelied on¶3
AIR 1968 SC 702 · Who else cites this
State of Gujarat v. Bai FatimaRelied on¶3
AIR 1975 SC 1478 · Who else cites this
State of UP v. Mohd. Musheer KhanRelied on¶3
AIR 1977 SC 2226 · Who else cites this
Mohinder Pal Jolly v. State of PunjabRelied on¶3
AIR 1979 SC 577 · Who else cites this
Salim Zia v. State of U.P.Relied on¶3
AIR 1979 SC 391 · Who else cites this
Jai Dev v. State of PunjabRelied on¶6
AIR 1963 SC 612 · Who else cites this
Biran Singh v. State of BiharRelied on¶7
AIR 1975 SC 87 · Who else cites this
Wassan Singh v. State of PunjabRelied on¶7
1996 (1) SCC 458 · Who else cites this
Sekar alias Raja Sekharan v. State represented by Inspector of Police, TN.Relied on¶7
2002 (8) SCC 354 · Who else cites this
Butta Singh v. The State of PunjabRelied on¶8
AIR 1991 SC 1316 · Who else cites this
Vidhya Singh v. State of MPRelied on¶9
AIR 1971 SC 1857 · Who else cites this
V Subramani and Anr. v. State of Tamil NaduRelied on¶12
2005 (10) SCC 358 · Who else cites this
Nisar Alli v. The State of Uttar PradeshRelied on¶14
AIR 1957 SC 366 · Who else cites this
Sohrab s/o Beli Nayata and Anr. v. The State of Madhya PradeshRelied on¶15
1972 (3) SCC 751 · Who else cites this
Ugar Ahir and Ors. v. The State of BiharRelied on¶15
AIR 1965 SC 277 · Who else cites this
Zwinglee Ariel v. State of Madhya PradeshRelied on¶15
AIR 1954 SC 15 · Who else cites this
Balaka Singh and Ors. v. The State of PunjabRelied on¶15
AIR 1975 SC 1962 · Who else cites this
State of Rajasthan v. Smt. Kalki and Anr.Relied on¶15
AIR 1981 SC 1390 · Who else cites this
Krishna Mochi and Ors. v. State of Bihar etc.Relied on¶15
JT 2002 (4) SC 186 · Who else cites this
Gangadhar Behera and Ors. v. State of OrissaRelied on¶15
2002 (7) Supreme 276
Rizan and Anr. v. State of ChhattisgarhRelied on¶15
2003 (2) SCC 661 · Who else cites this
3 provisions across 1 enactments
Dinesh Singh
State of U.P.
Arijit Pasayat
Mukundakam Sharma
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
