This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
508 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [1964)
r "..
1963 the partners and therefore on him. The partnership agreement did not speak of market value or fair Jivarajbhai value. It stated that the purchase price or the book Ujamshi Sheth value as the. case may be alone could be taken into and others account. This meant that the book value where . v · available and the purchase price in other cases only Chrntamanrao were to enter in the calculations. There was thus _Balaji an'!..othersno option to go to fair value or market price at all. Hidayatullah J. I do not think that we should supersede the arbitration agreement under s.19. No circumstance was made out for such a course. I would have directed a remit to the arbitrator under s. 16 of the Arbitration Act 1940 but my brethren take a different view of the matter and I leave the matter there. The contention of the appellants on the question of jurisdiction decided against them must fail and I agree that the appeal should be dismissed with costs.
I'
Appeal dismissed.
1963
November 20.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, HYDERABAD
...
v.
SRI RAJAREDDY MALLARAM
(A.K. SARKAR, M. HIDAYATULLAH AND J.C. SHAH JJ.)
Indian Income Tax Act, 1922 (11 of 1922), ss. 23(4), 44, 63(2) -Dissolution of Business Association-Notice of assessment on one member-If order of assessment enforceable against members not served with notice-Dissolution, effect of-s. 44, Scope and effect of-"Every 'person", meaning ~{-"Tax payable". meaning of
Practice-Question which did not arise out of Tribunal's order and was not referred-If could be raised.
5 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
509
'
•
An association of three persons carrying on business in liquor was dissolved. No return was filed on behalf of the association or the individual members. The Income-tax Officer issued a notice under s. 34 of the Income-tax Act calling upon Baba Gowd, one of the members of the association, to file a return of the income of the association but he did not so. The Income-tax Officer then assessed the taxable income of the association under s. 23(4) of the Act and determined the tax payable. Attempts to recover tax from Baba Gowd were not successful. The Income-tax Officer then issued a notice of demand to the respondent, another member of the dissolved association. The respondent applied under s. 27 for cancellation of the assessment. The application was rejected by Income-tax Officer. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner ordered cancellation of the assessment and directed that fresh assessment be made after giving an opportunity to the respondent to file a return and to produce evidence in support thereof. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal held that a valid order of assessment had already been made and there was no occasion to issue a fresh notice to the respondent or to make a fresh assessment .
1963
Commissioner of Income-tax v.
Sri R«iareddy Mallaram
At the instance of the respondent, the Tribunal referred to the High Court two questions whether the order of assessment made by the Income-tax Officer under s. 23(4) on September 30, 1953 was bad in law or not and whether the respondent was or was not liable for the amount of tax payable as determined in that order of assessment by reason of the terms of s. 44 of the Incon1e~ tax Act. The High Court held that the order of assessment under s. 23 (4) was bad in law and the respondent was not liable. In appeal to this Court.
Held: The order of assessment made by the Income-tax Officer under s. 23(4) on September 30, 1953 was not bad in law and the respondent was liable for the amount of tax payable under the order of assessment.
..
Under Chapter IV of the Income-tax Act, an association of persons can be assessed as a unit of assessment or the individual members can be assessed separately in respect of their respective shares of income. The Act does not contain any machinery for assessing the income received by an association, in the hands of its members collectively. The unit of assessment in respect of the income earned by the association is either the association or each individual member in respect of his share in the income. This is so when the association is existing and the same is true after its dissolution. There can be no partial assessment of the income of an association, limited to the share of the member who is served with notice of assessment. The theory of assessment binding only those members who were served with the notice of assessment, is not valid. .The ~se. of the expression "tax payable" in s. 44 m the context m which It occurs can only mean tax which the association but for its dissolution or discontinuance of its business, would have been assessed to pay.
[1964]
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
510
,
1963 By virtue of s. 44, the personality of the association is con-tinued for the purposes of assessment. What can be assessed Commissioner of is the income of the association recieved prior to its dissolution Income-tax and the members of t~e association would be jointly a_nd. severally assessed thereto m their capacity as members of assocrnt10n. For v. the purpose of such assessment, the procedure is that applicable Sri Rajnreddy for the assessment of the income of association as if it had continued. Mallaram A notice to the appropriate person under s. 63(2) would, therefore, be sufficient to enable the authority to assess to tax the association. The plea that the respondent was not served personally with the notice of assessment and was therefore not liable to pay the tax assessed, cannot be sustained. C.A. Abraham, Uppoottil, Kottayam v. Income-tax Officer, Kottayam, [1961] 2 S.C.R. 765, referred to. CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 290of1963. Appeal from the judgment and order dated January 19, 1960, of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in case referred No. 7 of 1958.
,
K. N. Rajagopal Sastri and R.N. Sachthey, for the appellant. K. Bhimasankaram and K.R. Sharma, for the respondent. November 20, 1963. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Shah J. SHAH, J.-Baba Gowd, P.V. Rajareddy and Rajareddy Mallaram formed an association of persons called "Nizamabad Group Liquor Shops"-called for the sake of brevity 'the Group'. For the Fasli year 1358 i.e. October 1, 1948 to September 30, 1949 the Group carried on business in liquor contracts obtained from the former State of Hyderabad. With the end of Fasli year 1358 the contracts came to an end. The business was then discontinued, and the Group was dissolved. The Group did not make a return of its income pursuant to the general notice under s. 22(1 )of the Indian Income-tax Act.The Incometax Ofhcer, Nizamabad Circle, issued a notice under s. 34 of the Income-tax Act calling upon Baba Gowdone of the members of the Group-to file a return of the income of the Group, but Baba Gowd failed to file the return on the due date. The Incometax Officer then assessed the taxable income of the
511
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
5 S.C.R.
I '
..
Group under s. 23(4) at Rs. 51,000, and determined 1963 -- Rs. 8,826-14-0 as the tax payable. Attempts made by the Income-tax Department to recover the tax Commissioner of from Baba Gowd having proved unsuccessful, on Income-tax March 13, 1954, the Income-tax Officer issued a notice v. of demand addressed to Rajareddy Mallaram- Sri RaJareddy another member of the Group. The latter then applied Mallaram under s. 27 of the Indian Income-tax Act for can- Shah J. cellation of the assessment. The application was rejected by the Income-tax Officer. In appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, the order was set aside and the Income-tax Ofhcer was directed to cancel the order of assessment under s. 23(4) and to make a fresh assessment after giving an opportunity to Rajareddy Mallaram to file a return and to produce the books of account of the dissolved Group. The Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Hyderabad Branch modified the order of the Appellate Assistant Commissioner. The Tribunal held that a valid order of assessment under s. 23( 4) having already been made in the case there could be no occasion to issue a fresh notice to Rajareddy Mallaram or to make a fresh assessment, but somewhat inconsistently with that opinion, the Tribunal directed that the Appellate Assistant Commissioner do consider whether Rajareddy Mallaram had been prevented by sufficient cause from making the return.
At the instance of Rajareddy Mallaram the following two questions were referred to the High Court of Andhra Pradesh by the Tribunal:
512
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1964]
t
1963 not fall to be determined. In arriving at its conclusion the High Court recorded the following findings:
Co7missioner of "(i) On the facts and in the circumstances of ncome-tax this case, the order of assessment made v. by the Income-tax officer under section 23(4) Sri Rajareddy on 30-9-1953 is bad in law, Mallaram
•
The sole question which fell to be determined before the taxing authorities was whether the order of assessment made by the Income-tax Officer, subsequent. to the dissolution of the Group, assessing its income, after serving a notice upon one and not all the members of the Group, could be enforced against members of the Group who were not served. The material part of s. 44 of the Indian. Income-tax Act (insofar as it dealt with the liability of discontinued associations) before it was amended by s. 11 of Finance Act XI of 1958 with effect from April 1, 1958, stood as follows:
"Where any business, profession or vocation carried on by a . . . association of persons has been discontinued, or where an
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 513
5 S.C.R.
,,
association of persons is dissolved, every person 1963 who was at the time of such discontinuance of dissolution . . a member of such association Commissioner of shall, in respect of the income, profits and gains Income-tax of the . . association, be jointly and severalv. ly liable to assessment under Chapter IV and Sri Ra}areddy for the amount of tax payable and all the pro- Mallaram visions of Chapter IV shall, so far as may be, apply to any such assessment." Shah J.
)
The section declares the liability for assessment under Ch. IV of the Act in case of discontinuance of the business of or dissolution of an association. The Group admittedly discontinued its business at the end of Fasli year 1358 and it was also dissolved. Every person who was at the time of such discontinuance or dissolution a member of the Group was by the express terms of ·s. 44 liable to be assessed jointly and severally in respect of the income, profits and gains of the Group and was also liable for the amount of tax payable. This Court in examining the scheme of s. 44 as it stood before its amendment in 1958 in its application to a firm which had discontinued its business observed: C.A. Abraham, Uppoottil, Kottayam v. The Income-tax Officer, Kottayam and another <1 > ·
"In effect, the Legislature has enacted by s. 44 that the assessment proceedings may be commenced and continued against a firm of which business is discontinued as if discontinuance has not taken place. It is enacted manifestly with a view to ensure continuity in the application of the machinery provided for assessment and imposition of tax liability notwithstanding discontinuance of the business of firms. ·By a fiction, the firm is deemed to continue after discontinuance for the purpose of assessment under Chapter IV."
In Abraham's case ui the Court was concerned with the assessment of a firm of which the business was discontinued because of the dissolution of the (I) [1961] 2 S.C.R. 765 at p. 770. I SCI/64-33
514 SUPREME COURT REPORTS
t
[1964]
1963 firm, by the death of one of the partners. But s. 44 as it stands amended by Act 7 of 1939 applies to Commissioner of discontinuance of the business of associations of Income-tax persons as well as of firms, and the question which v. directly fell to be determined in that case was whether Sri Rajareddy penalty for concealing the particulars of income Mallaram or for deliberately furnishing inaccurate particulars of income in the return could lawfully be imposed Shah1 · after discontinuance of the business. It is true that the validity of the order assessing the firm was not expressly challenged, though at the date of the order of assessment the firm stood dissolved, and its business was discontinued, but the Court could not adjudicate upon the validity of the order imposing penalty 'without deciding whether there was a valid assessment, for an order imposing penalty postulates a valid assessment.
Counsel for the respondent contended that even if the assessment after dissolution of the Group be regarded as valid, it is binding upon only those persons who were served with the notice calling for a return, and in support of this plea relied upon the clause "every person who was at the time of such . . dissolution, a member of such association shall in respect of the income . . of the association be jointly and severally liable to assessment". He urged that the exi::ression "every person" in s. 44 means all persons, and that by enacting that such persons ·shall be liable to assessment "jointly and severally" it was intended that after the association is dissolved only the members at the date of dissolution can be assessed in respect of the income of the association.. As a corollary to the argument it was submitted that all members who are sought to be assessed must be individually served with notice of assessment, and those not served will not be bound by the assessment. The argument is plainly inconsistent with what was observed by this Court in Abraham's case<1 >. If by s. 44 the continuity of the firm or association is for the purpose of assessment ensured • (!) [1961] 2 S.C.R. 766 at p. 770.
(
..
t 5 S.C.R.
515
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
no question of assessing the individual .. members 1963 of the association can arise. Under Ch. IV of the Income-tax Act an association of persons may be Commis3ioner of assessed as a unit of assessment, or the individual Income-tax members may be assessed separately in respect of v. their respective shares of the income, but the Act Sri Rajareddy contains no machinery for assessing the income Mal/aram received by an association, in the hands of its members collectively. The unit of assessment in respect of Shah J. the income earned by the. association is either the association or each individual member in respect ~ of his share in the.income. This is so when the association is existing, and after it is dissolved as well. There can. be no partial assessment of the income of an association, limited to the share of the member who • is served with notice of assessment. For .the purpose of assessment the Income-tax Act invests an association with a' personality. apart from the members constituting it, and if that personality is for the purposes of Ch. IV, insofar as it relates to assessment, continued, the theory of assessment binding only upon members who were served with the notice of assessment can have no validity. This view is supported by the use of the expression "tax payable" in s. 44 which in the \ context in which it occurs can only mean tax which the association but for dissolution, or discontinuance of its business would have been assessed to pay. Since the primary purpose of s. 44 is to bring to tax .... the income of the association after it is dissolved or its business is discontinued, assessment of an aliquot share of that income is not contemplated by s. 44 of the Income-tax Act.
The effect of s. 44. is as we have stated, merely to ensure continuity in the application of the machinery1 provided in Cb. JV of the Act for assessment and for imposition of tax liability notwithstanding discontinuance of the business of the association or its dissolution. By virtue of s. 44 the personality of the association is continued for the purpose of assessment and Ch. IV applies thereto. What can be assessed is the .. income of the association received prior to its dissolution and the members of the association would be
516 SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[1964] f.
1963 jointly and severally assessed thereto in their capacity as members of the association. For the purpose of Commissioner such assessment, the procedure is that applicable of Income-tax for assessment of the income of the association as v. if it had continued. A notice to the appropriate Sri Rajareddy person under s. 63(2) would, therefore, be sufficient Mallar am to enable the authority to assess to tax the association. The plea that the respondent not having been Shah l. served personally with the notice of assessment is not liable to pay the tax assessed cannot therefore be sustained.
~
Counsel· for the respondent then contended that ~ the original assessment made under s. 23(4) was invalid, because notice of assessment was not served upon the Group in the manner provided by s. 63(2) • - of the Indian Income-tax Act, Baba Gowd who was served with the notice not being the principalofficer who could be served with notice on behalf of the Group. But no such contention was raised before the Tribunal. It does not arise out of the order of the Tribunal and the question referred by the Tribunal to the High Court does not justify consideration of that plea. The respondent cannot be permitted to raise a question which did not arise out of the order of the Tribunal, and has not been referred. The case < must be decided on the footing that notice 9f assessment was properly served ·on Baba Gowd and that the assessment was properly made by the Income-tax Officer under s. 23( 4 ). "'
We hold that the answer to the first question will be in the negative. If the order of assessment is held to be valid, the application made by the ·respondent for setting aside the assessment on the ground that he was not served with the notice of assessment must· fail. The second question will be answered as follows :-
"The applicant was liable for the amount of tax payable under the order of assessment."
The appeal is allowed. The respondent will pay the costs of this appeal in this Court and in the High Court. . Appeal allowed.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
C.A. Abraham, Uppoottil, Kottayam v. Income-tax Officer, KottayamReferred¶65
[1961] 2 S.C.R. 765 · Who else cites this
4 provisions across 1 enactments
Commissioner of Income-tax, Hyderabad
Sri Rajareddy Mallaram
Shah
Sarkar
Hidayatullah
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
