The Supreme Court considered whether dividends deemed distributed under s. 23A after the registered shareholder's death could be taxed in the hands of his administrator. Holding s. 24B's scope limited to the year of death, the Court agreed with the High Court that the assessment was invalid and dismissed the appeal.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
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1963 argument, in our opinion, is not well-conceived. The whole object of the Act is to save ignorant people Dr. Yash Pal from being duped to purchase medicines just because Sahi their effect is advertised in eloquent terms. That v · is why the Act provides that lists of medicines describ- Delhi ing the qualities and attributes of different medicines Administration should be sent only to registered medical practitioners -- or hospitals. That being so, it would not be a fair Gqjendragadkar argument to urge that even though the appellant J. might have sent the list to a person who was not a registered medical practitioner, the recipient of the list should have been out on his guard and should not have looked into the list. We are, therefore, satisfied that the ·High Court was right in holding that the offence charged against the appellant has been duly proved. In regard to the sentence, the learned Additional Sessions Judge has reduced the sentence of Rs. 1,000 fine imposed on the appellant by the learned trial Magistrate to Rs. 500 and that we think is a fair order to make.
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In the result, the appeal fails, and is dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.
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1963
December 2
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, BOMBAY v.
JAMES ANDERSON
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(A.K. SARKAR, M. HJDAYATULLAH AND J.C. SHAH, JJ.) Income tax Act (XI of 1922), s. 24B-Scope of-Death of Shareholder-Liability of legal representative-Extent of.
G, a holder of certain shares of a private limited company made a will disposing of his estate and died on May 13, 1945. The respondent obtained Letters of Administration "durante absentia" to the estate, and in pursuance of an agreement between himself, the company and one M to sell the shares to M, handed over the share certificates to M against payment of the price. M failed to present the share certificates for registration and the name
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of G remained on the register of shareholders of the Company. 1963 The Income-tax Officer made an order under s. 23Aofthe Income-tax Act <:is it then stood) that certaL..'.··_ distributed part of the as_ses~- Commissioner of able income of the company sha•r.' deemed to have been distn- Income-tax buted as dividend amongst the ·,.c-.• , holders as at the dates of the Bo b ' general meetings, vi.:., May :.. 1947 and December 22, 1947. m ay The Income-tax Officer then .: .. ~ed a notice under s. 34(1) (b) to v. the respondent proposing to re-assess his income and calling upon James Anderson him to file a return for the relevant year. The respondent sub' milted a return, but did not include the dividend deemed to have been distributed by the order passed under s. 23A The Income-tax Officer included the dividends in the total income of the respondent and levied tax. The respondent's appeals to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal were unsuccessful. On reference, the High Court held that the assessment made on the respondent Administrator to the estate of G (deceased) was not valid in law. In appeal by special leave:
Held (i) The legal representative does ;;ot. acquire in all · cases, the right of a share-holder in respect of shares of which the deceased was registered as holder. But ifthe estate of a share-holder of a company is by. virtue. of the Articles of the Company liable in respect of calls whether made during the life-time of the holder or after his death,· the legal representative is obliged to satisfy the calls in his representative character.
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(ii) There is no special machinery devised by the Income-tax Act enabling assessment and levy of tax in respect of such deemed income from the estate of the share-holder, in the hands of his legal representative when . the order of the Income-tax Officer pursuant to which the income was to be deemed to be distributed becomes effective was made after the death· of the share-holder. The provision ins. 24B for enforcement of liability against the legal representative of a deceased person to pay tax which would have been payable if such person had not died, has a limited appli- cation.
The expression "tax which would have been payable under this Act, if he had not died," ins. 24B is intended to impose liability for tax on income · actually received or deemed fictionally to be received in the year of account in the course of which the taxpayer died. This expression does not supply machinery for taxation of income receive1:1 by a legal representative after the expiry of the year in the course of which such person died.
Commissioner of Income-tax Bombay v. 'Amarchand Shroff, [1963] Supp. I S.C.R. 699 and Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay . . v: Ellis C. Reid. I.LR. 55 Born. 312, referred to.
(iii) To assess tax on such receipts after the expiry of the year in the course of which the original owner died on the footing that it is the personal income of the .. legal representative is to charge tax not in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
[1964]
592 SUPREME COURT REPORTS
1963 CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No; · 128 of 1963.
Commissioner of Income-tax . Appeal by special Jeifte from the judgment· and Bombay . order ?ated September 21,"-~961 of the Bombay High v. Court m Income-Tax Reference No. 32 of.1959. James Anderson . N.D. Karkhanis, R.N. Sachthey and B.R.G.K. · Achar, - for ·the appellant. · - . Shah J. , R.J. Kolah, J.B. Dadachanji, · 0.C. Mathur and Ravinder Narain, for the respondent. · · __ December 2, 1963. The Judgment of the Court - was delivered by
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· · SHAH, J.-Henry Gannon who was a registered holder of 2674 shares of Gannon Dunkerley & Company-a private Limited Company with its registered office in Bombay-died on May 13, 1945, having made and published a will disposing of his extensive · estate in the United Kingdom and in British India. The .National Bank of India Ltd. obtained probate of Gannon's will in the United Kingdom and appointed the respondent James Anderson its attorney to administer the estate in British India. · Anderson applied for and obtained in India on August 14, 1946, Letters of Administration "durante absentia" to the estate of Gannon in British India. 450 out of the shares were· specifically·· bequeathed by Gannon to ·certain legatees, and in the course of administration, share certificates with transfer forms duly executed were · delivered to the legatees in respect of those shares and no question arises in this appeal in regard to those shares. · · · · By ·agreement dated August 14, 1946, between the executor to -the estate, the Company and one Morarka, the executor agreed to ·sell -the remaining 2224 shares of the Company to Morarka and pursuant thereto the relevant share certificates with transfer deeds were handed over to Morarka on October 12, 1946, against payment of the price at the rate of Rs. 140 per share. Morarka, for some reason which is not ·clear from the record, failed to present the transfer deeds and the share certificates for registration at
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the office of the Company and the name of Gannon remained at all material times on the register of shareholders in respect of those 2224 shares.
1963
Commissioner of Income-tax Bombay v.
In the assessment of the Company for the assess- Bombay ment years 1946-47 and 1947-48 the Income-tax v. Officer, Bombay, made an order on March 26, 1953, James Anderson under s. 23A of the Income-tax Act, 1922 (as it then stood) that certain undistributed parts of the assess- Shah J, able income of the Company shall be deemed to have been distributed as dividends .amongst the shareholders as at the dates,. viz., May 26, 1947, and December 22, 1947, of the General Meetings of the Company. The net dividends so deemed to be distributed m respect of the shares were Rs. 61,051 and Rs. 3,73,099. The Income-tax Officer then issued on March 28, 1953, a notice under s. 34(1)(b) of the Income-tax Act addressed to "James Anderson, Administrator to the Estate of late Mr. Henry Gannon" reciting that he had reason to believe that Anderson's "income assessable to income-tax for the year ending 31st of March 1949" had escaped assessment and that he proposed to re-assess the escaped income and for that purpose called upon Anderson to make a return of his total income and the total world income assessable for the year ending March 31, 1949. In compliance with the requisition Anderson submitted a return, but did not include therein the dividend deemed to have been distributed under the order dated March 26, 1953. The Income-tax Officer in his order of assessment included dividends deemed to be distributed and after processing the amount under s. 18(5) included it in the total income of Anderson and levied tax thereon at the appropriate rate. Anderson's appeals against the order of the Income-tax Officer to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner and to the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal, Bombay, were unsuccessful.
At the instance of Anderson the following questions were referred by the Tribunal to the High Court of Bombay . under s. 66(1) of the Income-tax Act:-
1/SCI/64-38
594 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964]
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1963 "(l)Whether in the facts and in the circumstances of the case the assessment made on Mr. James Commissioner Anderson, Administrator to the estate in India of Income-tax of Mr. Henry Gannon (deceased) is valid in law? Bombay If the above question is answered in the affirv. mative (2) whether in the facts and in the circum- James Anderson stances of the case the dividends of Rs. 61,051 and Sarkar J. "Rs. 3,73,099 deemed to have been distributed on 26th Mav 1947 and 22nd December 1947 respectively under s. 23A of the Income-tax Act were assessable in the hands of the applicant?"
The High Court answered the first question in the negative and declined to answer the second question.
With special leave, the Commissioner of Incometax, Bombay, has appealed to this Court.
The estate of Gannon to which the Letters of Administration relate, vested by virtue of s. 211 of the Indian Succession Act, in Anderson, but he did not take steps to get his name entered in the register of shareholders maintained by the Company,· and the Income-tax Officer sought to tax the dividends deemed to have been distributed in the hands of Anderson as administrator of the estate of Gannon. The order made by the Income-tax Officer under s. 23A gives rise to a notional income: it merely creates a fiction about distribution and consequential receipt of dividend. The order by its own force however does not charge the income to tax: it has to be followed by an order of assessment to make tax on such income exigible.
The sole question in this appeal is whether the Act contains machinery for assessing dividends deemed to have been distributed by virtue of an order under s. 23A in respect of the shares held by a shareholdef, when before the date on which the fiction of distribution becomes effective-viz., the date of the relevant General Meeting of the Company -the registered shareholder has died and his representatives have not been substituted in the register of the Company.
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It was held by this Court in Commissioner of 1963 Income-tax, Bombay City II v. Shakzmtala and others(1 l following Howrah Trading Company Ltd. v. Commissioner Commissioner of Income-tax, Central Calcutta(2) of Income-tax that the expression "shareholder" in s. 23A of the Bombay Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, means a shareholder v. registered in the books of the company, and such James Anderson shareholder alone is liable to be taxed in respect of the dividend deemed to be distributed. Counsel for Shah J. the Commissioner submits that the principle of those cases applies only when the registered share-holder is alive and the beneficial ownership in the shares is vested as a result of some transaction inter vivos in a person in whose name the shares do not stand in the Company's register, but not where by the grant of representation to the estate of a registered shareholder who has died, the representative is invested, without his name being entered in the register, with the rights of the shareholder.
Whether on the death of a shareholder his executor or administrator may enforce the rights of the shareholder or incur liability in respect of the shares to the Company, depends upon the nature of the right and the obligation, and terms of the statute and the articles of the Company which create those rights and obligations. The legal representative of a deceased person cannot vote on behalf of the shareholder and may not become a director of the Company on the strength of the representation alone. Again by the express provision contained in s. 35 of the Indian Companies Act, 1913, a transfer of the share or other interest of a deceased member by his legal representative although he is himself not a member is as valid as if he were a member at the time of the execution of the transfer. This implies that the legal representative does not acquire in all cases the rights of a shareholder of a company in respect of shares of which the name of the deceased was registered as holder. But if the estate of a shareholder of a com(I} 43 I.T.R. 352. (2) 36 I.T.R. 215.
596 SUPREME COURT REPORTS ' [1964]
1963 pany is by virtue of the Articles of the Company liable in respect of calls upon shares whether made Commissioner during the life-time of the holder or after his death,, of Income-tax the legal representative is obliged to satisfy the calls Bombay in his representative character. This obligation arises v. not because the legal representative becomes, by James Anderson virtue of probate or Letters of Administration, a shareholder in place of the person whose estate is ShahJ. vested in him, but because as a representative it is his duty to ·discharge the obligations enforceable against the estate.
Under an order made by the Income-tax Officer under s. 23A of the Indian Income-tax, 1922, dividend is deemed to be distributed among the shareholders and by the express provision contained in the statute the proportionate share of the dividend of each shareholder has to be included in the total income of such shareholder for the purpose of assessing his total income. The statute therefore in terms applies to the shareholder and makes the dividend taxable as his income. The obligation to pay the tax on the dividend so deemed to be distributed is of the shareholder, and may be enforced against him or his legal representative in the manner and to the extent the statute permits. There is no special machinery devised by the Income-tax Act enabling assessment and levy of tax in respect of such deemed income from the estate of the shareholder in the hands of his legal representative when the order of the Inco:riJ.etax Ofucer pursuant to which the income was to be deemed to be distributed becomes effective was made after the death of the shareholder, and the general provision in s. 24B for enforcement of liability against the legal representative of a deceased person to pay tax which would have been payable if such person had not died, has a limited application.
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Jn Commissioner of Income-tax Bombay v. Ellis C. Reidel> it was observed by the Bombay High Court in rejecting the claim made by the Incometax Department to assess a deceased person's estate (I) l.L.R. 55 Born. 312: 5 I.T.C. 100.
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in the hands of his legal representative to tax, that 1963 the definition of "assessee" in s. 2(2) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (as it stood at the material date) Commissioner in terms only applied to a living person, the words of Income-tax being "a person by whom income-tax is payable" Bombay and not "a person by whom or by whose estate incomev. tax is payable", and in the absence of appropriate James Anderson provisions for collecting tax from the estate of a · deceased person in the Act, the claim of the Income- Shah J. tax Officer to make an assessment under s. 23(4) must fail. The Court also observed that throughout the Income-tax Act there is no reference to the decease of a person on whom the tax had been originally charged, and it was difficult to suppose that the omis· sion was unintentional. In Reid's casell> the tax payer had died after the commencement of the financial year but before the income of the previous year was assessed, and it was held that the executors under the will of the tax-payer were not liable to pay tax on receipt of income due to the deceased, notwithstanding that he died while assessment proceedings were pending, because the proceedings could not be continued and the assessment could not be made after the tax-payer's death.
To rectify the lacuna in the machinery of assessment the Legislature enacted s. 24B, by the Indian Income-tax (Second Amendment) Act, 18 of 1933. The first sub-section of s. 24B provided:
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"Where a person dies, his executor, administrator or other legal representative shall be liable to pay out of the estate of the deceased person to the extent to which the estate is capable of meeting the charge the tax assessed as payable by such person, or any tax which would have been payable by him under this Act ifhe had not died."
In interpreting that enactment this Court held in a recent case: Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City I v. Amarchand Shroff<•> that by the incorporation of s. 24B the Legislature has extended the legal personality of a deceased person for the duration (1) 1.L.R. 55 Born. 312: 5 I.T.C. 100. (2) 48 I. T. R. 59.
[1964]
598 SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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1963 of the entire previous year in the course of which he died, and therefore the income either received Commissioner by him before his death or by his heirs and of Income-tax representatives after his death in that previous year Bombay becomes assessable to tax in the relevant assessment v. year, but not the income received in the year subsequent James Anderson to the previous or account year. In Amarchand "= Shrojf's case<lJ, 'A' who was a partner in a firm of Shah1 · solicitors which maintained accounts "on cash basis" died on July 7, 1949. Outstandings of the firm in respect of professional services rendered prior to the death of 'A' were realized during five years subsequent to 'A's death and were divided between the partners of the firm and certain sums were paid to the heirs and legal representatives of 'A' as his share. The Income-tax Department sought to assess the amounts received by the legal representative of 'A' as his share to tax under s. 34(1)(b) read with s. 24B. It was held that s. 24B did not authorise the levy of tax on receipts by the legal representative of a deceased person in the years of assessment succeeding the year of account in which such person died and accordingly the income received by him before his death and that received by his heirs and legal representatives after his death in that previous year became assessable to income-tax in the relevant assessment year, but not receipts by the legal representatives after the expiry of the account year in which 'A' died.
In the case before us Gannon died in May 1945, and the dividend in respect of which orders under s. 23A were passed was deemed to be distributed in the year of account ending March 31, 1949. The legal personality of Gannon as held in Amarchand Shroff's case(lJ came to an end for the purpose of s. 24B at the end of the account year in which Gannon died and no tax could be levied under s. 24B on the dividends deemed to have been received by him or his legal representatives after the end of that year. Counsel for the Commissioner sought to rely on the following observations made by Kapur, J, who spoke for the Court in Amarchand Shroff's case<n (at p. 67): (I) 48 I.T.R. 59.
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"In the present case the amounts which are 1963 sought to be taxed and which have b~en held -. -. not to be liable to tax are those which were Commisswner0 1 not received in the previous year and are there- Income-tax fore not liable to tax in the several years of assess- Bombay ment. It cannot be said that they were income . v. which may be deemed by fiction to have been James Anderson received by the dead person and therefore they are Shah J. not liable to be taxed as income of the deceased, Amarchand, and are not liable to be taxed in the hands of the heirs and legal representatives who cannot be deemed to be assessees for the purpose of assessment in regard to those years",
and on the latter part of the opinion sought to raise two arguments (1) that even if after the expiry of the year of account receipts which if the person earning had not died would have been treated as his income, ceased to be liable to assessment as income of the deceased, they could still be taxed as his income in the hands of the legal representatives and (2) that where the income was notional as under s. 23A the legal personality of the deceased must be regarded as extended to the end of the year in which such notional income must be deemed to have been received by the legal representatives of the deceased. The first argument is plainly inconsistent with what was decided in Amarchand Shroff's case<1 l. In that case the Court held that the receipts by the heir or legal representative for professional services rendered by the deceased solicitor were liable to be brought to tax in the hands of the legal representatives only to the limited extent permitted bys. 24B. The second argument involves the importation into the expression "deemed by fiction to have been received" a concept which was wholly alien to what was decided by the Court, for in Amarchand Shroff's caseC1 ) the Court was dealing not with a fiction of distribution by an order under s. 23A of dividends which never reached the shareholder or his legal representative, but to a fiction of receipt by a deceased person of income by extending (1) 48 I.T.R. 59.
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600 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1964)
1963 his legal personality. Section 24B does not warrant -- the application of two different interpretations in Commissioner of the matter of extension of the legal personality of Income-tax the deceased according as the income is actual or Bombay notional. Section 24B in terms refers to the liability v. of the legal representative to pay tax assessed as Jc mes Ar.derson payable by such deceased person, or any tax which - would have been payable by him under the Act if Shah J. he had not died, and ifthe expression "tax which would have been payable under this Act, if he had not died" is intended to impose liability for tax on income received in the year of account in the course of which the tax-payer died, a different interpretation of the . same expression in the context of notional· income would be impermissible. The Legislature not having . made any provision generally for assessment of income receivable by the estate of the deceased person, the expression . "any tax which would have been payable by him under this Act if he had not died" cannot be deemed to have supplied the machinery for taxation of income received by a legal representative to the estate after the expiry of the year in the course of which such person died.
It was then urged that apart from s. 24B, the legal representatives of a deceased person also represent his estate in the matter of taxation of income and it is competent to the ·taxing authorities to assess them on income received on behalf of the estate. Counsel did not rely upon any specific provision of the Act in support of the contention, and merely asserted that the Act seeks to tax all assessable incomes, and income received by a legal representative. of the estate of a deceased person should not be permitted to escape tax to the detriment of public revenue. But if the Legislature has failed to set up the procedure to assess such income, the Courts cannot supply it. The expression "assessee" in s. 2(2) as substituted by the Indian Income-tax (Amendment) Act, 25of1953, with effect from April 1, 1952, means a person by whom income-tax or any other sum of money is payable under the Act, and includes
601
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5 S.C.R.
1963
every person in respect of whom any proceeding under 1963 this Act has been taken for the assessment of his income or of the loss sustained by him or of the amount Commissioner of of refund due to him. By s. 3 where income-tax Income-tax is chargeable for any year at any rate or rates pres- Bombay cribed by the Act of the Central Legislature, tax v. at that rate shall be charged for that year in accordance James Anderson with and subject to the provisions of the Act in respect Shah J. of the total income of the previous year of every individual, Hindu undivided family, company and local authority, and of every firm and other association of persons or the partners of the firm or the members of the association individually. The charge to income-tax has therefore to be in accordance with and subject to the provisions of the Act, and the Legislature has not provided that the income received by a legal representative which would, but for the death of the deceased, have been received by such deceased person, is to be regarded for the purpose of assessment as the personal income of the legal representative. To assess tax on such receipts on the footing that it is the personal income of the legal representative is to charge tax not in accordance with the provisions of the Act.
We therefore agree with the High Court, though for somewhat different reasons. The appeal therefore fails and is dismissed with costs.
Appeal dismissed.
2 issues framed by the court
Whether an assessment on the legal representative for dividends deemed distributed under s. 23A after the shareholder's death is valid under the Income-tax Act, 1922?
Whether s. 24B permits taxation of notional income received by a legal representative after expiry of the account year in which the deceased died?
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City II v. Shakuntala and othersReferred¶58
43 I.T.R. 352
Howrah Trading Company Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Central CalcuttaReferred¶58
36 I.T.R. 215
Commissioner of Income-tax Bombay v. Ellis C. ReidRelied on¶68
I.L.R. 55 Born. 312: 5 I.T.C. 100
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City I v. Amarchand ShroffRelied on¶77
48 I.T.R. 59
7 provisions across 4 enactments
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay
James Anderson
A.K. Sarkar
M. Hidayatullah
J.C. Shah
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
