Senthilkumar Vs The State of Tamil Nadu

PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, to issue a Writ of Certiorari, to call for the impugned Notification published by the

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second respondent for the year 2021-2022 in their official website in respect of the portion of construction of Marriage halls and Commercial shops, Educational Institution and quash the same as illegal and unconstitutional.

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For Petitioner : Mr.RM.Arun Swaminathan For R1 & R2 : Mr.R.Shanmugasundaram Senior Counsel for Mr.P.Subbaraj Special Government Pleader

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W.P(MD)No.22395 of 2025

D.Pandidurai

... Petitioner

Vs.

1.The State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by its Principal Secretary Department of Tourism, Culture and Endowments, Chennai-9.

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2.The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Charitable and Endowments Department,

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Nungambakkam, Chennai. ....Respondents

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PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, to issue a Writ of Certiorari, to call for the impugned Notification published by the second respondent for the year 2023-2024 in their official website in respect of the portion of construction of Marriage halls, Educational Institution, Commercial shops, Colleges and quash the same as illegal and unconstitutional.

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For Petitioner : Mr.RM.Arun Swaminathan For R1 & R2 : Mr.R.Shanmugasundaram Senior Counsel for

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Mr.P.Subbaraj Special Government Pleader

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W.P(MD)No.22510 of 2025

Kanagaraj

... Petitioner

Vs.

1.The State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by its Principal Secretary Department of Tourism, Culture and Endowments, Chennai-9.

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2.The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Charitable and Endowments Department,

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Nungambakkam, Chennai.

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....Respondents

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PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, to issue a Writ of Certiorari, to call for the impugned Notification published by the second respondent for the year 2025-2026 in their official website in respect of the portion of construction of Marriage halls, Educational Institutions and Commercial shops and quash the same as illegal and unconstitutional.

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For Petitioner : Mr.N.Jeyaram Sidharth For R1 & R2 : Mr.R.Shanmugasundaram Senior Counsel for Mr.P.Subbaraj

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W.P(MD)No.22517 of 2025

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Nachiappan ... Petitioner

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Vs.

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1.The State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by its Principal Secretary Department of Tourism, Culture and Endowments,

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Chennai-9.

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2.The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Charitable and Endowments Department,

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Nungambakkam, Chennai.

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....Respondents

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PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, to issue a Writ of Certiorari, to call for the impugned Notification published by the second respondent for the year 2024-2025, dated Nil under proceedings No.Nil in the official website in respect of the second respondent herein in respect of the portion of construction of all Marriage halls and Commercial shops and quash the same as illegal and unconstitutional.

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For Petitioner : Mr.K.R.Laxman For R1 & R2 : Mr.R.Shanmugasundaram Senior Counsel for Mr.P.Subbaraj Special Government Pleader

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W.P(MD)No.22563 of 2025

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Rama. Ravikumar ... Petitioner

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Vs.

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1.The State of Tamil Nadu Rep. by its Principal Secretary Department of Tourism, Culture and Endowments,

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Chennai-9.

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2.The Commissioner,

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Hindu Religious Charitable and

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Endowments Department,

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Nungambakkam, Chennai.

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....Respondents

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PRAYER: Writ Petition filed under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, to issue a Writ of Certiorari, to call for the impugned Notification published by the second respondent for the year 2022-2023 in their official website in respect of the portion of construction of Marriage halls, Educational Institution and Commercial shops and quash the same as illegal and unconstitutional.

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For Petitioner : Mr.P.M.Vishnuvarthanan For R1 & R2 : Mr.R.Shanmugasundaram Senior Counsel for Mr.P.Subbaraj Special Government Pleader

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COMMON ORDER

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(Judgment of the Court was made by S.M.SUBRAMANIAM, J. )

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These batch of writ petitions have been instituted seeking quashment of

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the notification published by the Commissioner, Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department in their official website stating that from and out of the

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surplus funds of the temple, the Government have decided to construct the Marriage halls, Commercial shops, Educational Institutions and others. The notification reveals that the HR & CE Department has proposed to construct

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several Marriage Halls, Commercial complexes etc., from and out of the budget funds and surplus funds of the temples in some other places.

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At the outset, the notification reveals that a commercial venture has

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been undertaken by the HR & CE for construction of various buildings for commercial purposes.

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The issues regarding construction of marriage halls through surplus temple funds have been elaborately considered by this Court in a batch of writ petitions in W.P(MD)No.5893 of 2025 etc., and Judgment was delivered on 19.08.2025 . The issues raised in the present writ petitions are similar to that of the batch of writ petitions disposed of by this Court. Further, the issues raised in the present writ petitions are not res integra. Thus, the principles laid down already is to be followed by this Court. The relevant paragraphs of the judgment reads as under:-

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"12.The utilization of temple funds is provided under Section 35 of the Act, 1959. It deals with “the authority of trustee to incur expenditure for securing health, etc., of pilgrims and worshippers and training of archakas etc”, which reads as follows:

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“35. Authority of trustee to incur expenditure for

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securing health etc., of pilgrims and worshippers and for training of archakas, etc., —

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(1) The trustee of a religious institution may, out of the funds in his charge, after making adequate provision for the purposes referred to in sub-section (2) of section 86, incur expenditure—

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(a) on arrangements for securing the health, safety or convenience of disciples, pilgrims or worshippers resorting to the institution ; and

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(b) for the training of archakas, Adhyapakas, vedaparayanikas and othuvars.

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(2) In incurring such expenditure, the trustee of the religious institution other than a math or a specific endowment attached to a math shall be guided by such general or special instructions as may be given by the Commissioner.”

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13.Section 35(1) of the Act, 1959 contemplates that the trustee of a religious institution may, out of funds in his charge, after making adequate provision for the purposes referred to in sub-Section (2) of Section 86 incur expenditure.

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14.Section 35 of the Act, 1959 in clear terms indicates that the expenditure must be in connection with the arrangements for securing the health, safety or convenience of disciples, pilgrims

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or worshippers resorting to the institution. It does not speak about construction of a marriage hall for commercial purposes. Section 35 cannot be read in isolation. Section 36-A of the Act, 1959, speaks regarding utilization of surplus funds for Hindu marriages. The proposed construction of marriage halls are for renting it out to the Hindus for celebrating marriage functions.

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15.Section 36 of the Act, 1959, deals with the “Utilization of surplus funds”, which reads as follows:

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“36. Utilisation of surplus funds.— With

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the previous sanction of 1[the Commissioner], and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, the trustee of a religious institutions may appropriate for any of the purposes specified in subsection (1) of section 66—

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(i) any portion of the accumulated surplus of such institution, and

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(ii) if, after making adequate provision for the purposes referred to in subsection (2) of section 86 and also for the arrangements and the training referred to in sub-section (1) of section 35, there is a surplus in the income of the institution for any year or any portion of such surplus :

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Provided that the trustee shall, in

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appropriating the surplus under this section, give preference to the purposes specified in items (a) to (g) of subsection (1) of section 66:

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Provided further that, before according the sanction under this section, 1[the Commissioner] shall publish the particulars relating to the proposal of the trustee in such manner as may be prescribed, invite objections and suggestions with respect thereto and consider all objections and suggestions received from persons having interest.

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Provided also that, the sanction aforesaid shall be published in such manner as may be prescribed:

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Provided also that, nothing in this section shall prevent the trustee of a math or of a specific endowment attached to a math from utilizing the surplus referred to in this section in such manner as he deems fit.”

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16.Section 36-A of the Act, 1959, speaks about “Utilization of surplus funds for Hindu marriages”, which reads as follows:

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“36-A. Utilisation of surplus funds for Hindu marriages.— Notwithstanding anything contained in section 36 and subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed, the trustee of a religious institution may, in addition to the purposes mentioned in that section, appropriate any portion of the surplus fund referred to in section 36 for the performance of Hindu marriages among Hindus who are poor or in needy circumstances.”

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17.Section 36-A of the Act, 1959, speaks about “Hindu marriages”. Utilization of surplus funds for Hindu marriages must be upon such conditions and restrictions in consonance with Section 36 of the Act, 1959. The provision stipulates that the funds referred to under Section 36 are meant for the performance of Hindu marriages among Hindus, who are poor or in needy circumstances. It only speaks about Hindu marriages among the Hindus who are poor or in needy circumstances in order to provide financial assistance to the poor and persons in needy circumstances for performance of marriages. There is no express provision under this Section for construction of marriage halls for commercial purposes.

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18.Section 66 (b) of the Act, 1959, specifically mentions about grant of aid to any religious purpose connected with Hindu religion.

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19.The term religious purpose as mentioned under

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section 66 of the Act, 1959, is not clearly defined. Hence it is imperative to rely on Hindu law authorities to deduce the meaning accorded to religious purposes under Hindu law.

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20.It is important to place reliance on Mayne’s Hindu law¹ , which states that “what are purely religious purposes and what religious purposes will be charitable must be entirely decided according to Hindu law and Hindu notions. ”

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21.Also in Mayne's Hindu Law and Usage, there is an illuminating passage on this aspect:

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"Gifts for religious and charitable purposes were impelled by the desire to acquire religious merit. They fall into two divisions, ishta and purta; the former meant sacrifices and sacrificial gifts and the latter meant charities. The former led to heaven and the latter to moksha or emancipation; charity was thus placed on a higher footing than religious ceremonies and sacrifices. Manu says: 'Let him, without tiring always after sacrifices (ishta) and performworks of charity (purta) with faith; for offerings and charitable works made with faith and with lawfully earned money procure endless regards. Let him always practise, according to his ability with a cheerful heart, the duty of liberality (danadharma) both by sacrifices (ishta) and charitable

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1 Mayne’s Hindu law, 11^th Ed at page 192

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works (purta) if he finds a worthy recipient for his gifts”² .

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22.Religious and charitable purposes have nowhere been defined by Hindu lawyers. It was said by Sir Subramanya Iyer, J. In Parthasarathi Pillai vs Thiruvengada³ , that the expression “dharma” when applied to gifts means and includes, according to Hindu text writers, what are known as Istha and Purtta works. Also, no exhaustive list of such works has been drawn up by the Hindu lawgivers, and they include all acts of piety and benevolence whether sanctioned by Vedas or by the popular religion, the nature of the acts differing at different periods of Hindu religion history.”⁴

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23.Hence what constitutes as a religious purpose is a wide area with no definitive acts mentioned in Hindu law texts. But a general understanding makes it clear that Istha and Purtta works are said to constitute religious and charitable purposes according to Hindu commentators.

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24.To understand this concept better, the following passages are extracted from the collection of Tagore law lectures delivered by Dr.B.K.Mukherjea , published under the caption “ The Hindu Law of Religious and Charitable Trusts”⁵ , :

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‘1.11. Hindu concepts of religious and

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2 V.K.Varadachari's, Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments 235-236, Fourth edition with suppl. 2018, EBC

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3 ILR 30 Mad 340 4 B.K.Mukherjea, the Hindu Law of Religious and Charitable Trusts, (Fifth ed, Eastern Law House) 5 Cited supra

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charitable gifts-Istha and Purtta.—

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Hindu religious and charitable acts have been from the earliest time classified under two heads, viz., Istha and Purtta. The two words are often used conjointly, and they are as old as the Rigveda. The compound word Istha-Purtta has been retained in the writings of all Brahminical sages and commentators down to modern days, and although the connotation of these two expressions was extended to some extent in course of time, the fundamental ideas involved in them remain practically the same. By "Istha" is meant Vedic sacrifices, and rites and gifts in connection with the same; "Purtta", on the other hand, means and signifies other pious and charitable acts which are unconnected with any Srauta or Vedic sacrifice. The meaning of the two expressions has been discussed elaborately by Pandit Pran Nath Saraswati, in his Tagore Law Lectures on the Hindu Law of Endowments, and for my purposes I will cull a few texts to which reference has been made by the learned author in this connection.

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In the Rigveda, which is the earliest record of Aryun culture, Istha and Purtta are described as the means of going to heaven. There is a verse in the 10th

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Mandala of the Rigveda⁶ where the seer describes the dead man as going to the highest heaven, along with the pitris, as a result of the Istha and Purtta works done by him in this world. The celebrated commentator Sayana in commenting on this passage says that by Istha-Purtta are meant gifts bestowed in Srauta and Smarta rites. The same commentator in explaining these very words which occur in Taittiriya Aranyaka⁷ observes that the word Istha denotes Vedic rites like Darsa, Purnamash etc. and Purtta means Smarta works like tanks, wells etc. The two texts of Manu, where the merit of Istha and Purtta is extolled and which have been referred to by subsequent commentators, stand as follows:

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“Let each wealthy man continually and sedulously perform sacred rites (Istha) and consecrate pools and gardens (Purtta) with faith since thesetwo acts accomplished with faith and with riches honestly gained, procure an unperishable reward".

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“If he meets with fit objects of benevolence, let him constantly bestow gifts on them, both at sacrifices and consecrations (Istha & Purtta), to the best of his power and with a cheerful heart.⁸

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6 Rigveda, 10^th Mandala 14, 8

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7 Taittiriya Aranyaka Pro. X. Anu. 1, 6.

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8 Manu IV 226 & 227

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1.12. Following a text of Sankha quoted by Hemadri, Pandit Pran Nath Saraswati makes the following enumeration of Istha works: viz.,

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(1) Vedic sacrifices etc.,

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(2) gifts offered to priests at the same,

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(3) preserving the Vedas,

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(4) religious austerity,

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(5) rectitude,

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(6) Vaiswadev sacrifice and

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(7) hospitality.⁹

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The Purtta works not only signified such works of public utility as excavation of tank, wells, etc., but included all acts which either conferred some kind of benefit on those who were in need of it, or were regarded as meritorious from the spiritual or religious point of view. From the numerous Smriti texts bearing on the point, Pandit Pran Nath Saraswati has compiled a list of Purtta works which are generally recognised as such by Brahminical writers. These are:

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(1) Gifts offered outside the sacrificial ground,

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(2) gifts on the occasion of an eclipse, solstice and

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other special occasions,

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9 P.N.Saraswati, Tagore Law Lectures on Endowment, p.21

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(3) the construction of works for the storage of water, as wells, tanks, etc.,

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(4) the construction of temples for the gods,

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(5) the establishment of procession for the honour

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of the gods,

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(6) the gift of food and

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(7) the relief of the sick.¹⁰

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The list is by no means exhaustive; dharmasalas, rest houses, mutts for the residence of ascetics, planting of trees and dedication of groves are also Purtta works mentioned by the commentators. From the list of Istha and Purtta works given above it will be noticed that construction of a temple for the worship of an idol is an instance of Purtta work, whereas hospitality is regarded as one of the Istha acts. The reason is that the construction of temple has no connection with a Vedic sacrifice; it is a thing of later origin and hence is regarded as a Smartha act of piety. Worship of guests on the other hand is one of the sacrifices which is enjoined on every householder by the Vedas. Hospitality therefore is associated with Srauta or Vedic rites and comes under the category of Ishta works”.

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10 P.N.Saraswati, cited supra

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25.The scope of " religious purpose " under Hindu law has been judicially clarified in Saraswathi Ammal and another v. Rajagopal Ammal¹¹ . The Supreme Court held that what constitutes a “ religious purpose ” must be determined according to Hindu notions, with acquisition of religious merit (punya) as a key criterion. Even private religious acts, such as perpetual endowments for family idol worship orannual sraddha ceremonies, have been upheld as valid religious purposes, despite not conferring a direct public benefit. The Court, however, cautioned that the heads of religious purposes cannot be endlessly enlarged merely on the belief of individuals; the purpose must have a Shastraic basis or wide recognition among Hindus.

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26.In paragraph 7 of this judgment, the Hon'ble Apex Court also referred to earlier Madras High Court decisions in the case of Kunhamutty Vs. Thondikkodan Ahmad Musaliar [ILR (1935) 58 Mad 204 at p. 211]; A.Draivaisundaram Pillai Vs. N.Subramania Pillai, [ILR 1945 Mad 854] and Veluswami Goundan Vs. Dandapani [AIR 1946 Mad 485] , which held that the building of a samadhi or a tomb over the remains of a person and making of provision for the purpose of Gurupooja and other ceremonies in connection with the same cannot be recognized as charitable or religious purpose according to Hindu law.

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27.This judicial understanding ensures that the concept of religious purpose remains rooted in tradition, while also

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11 (AIR 1953 SC 491 : 1954 SCR 277)

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constrained by public policy and modern needs.

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28.Thus, the statutory scheme and the vires of section 66 of the Act, 1959 mirrors the Hindu law principle that surplus funds cannot be diverted for commercial or profit making ventures, but must remain confined to religious or charitable purposes. Therefore what conduces to religious merit in Hindu law is primarily a matter of Shastraic injunction.

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29.It is also noteworthy that though Hindu marriages are primarily considered as a sacrament it also carries with it elements of contract. So the principles of Hindu marriage as recognised under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has within its ambit elements of a sacred union, which is bound by contractual terms. Hence Marriage being a sacred union of two individuals cannot in itself constitute a “religious purpose”. Therefore marriage per se cannot be attached to religious purposes.

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30.A reading of the Hindu law commentaries makes it clear that the aspect of charity in religious purpose is essential. It nowhere prescribes commercial benefit or financial returns for the acts of ‘religious purposes’ carried out.

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31.In the present case on hand, the G.O was issued for creation of marriage halls out of the surplus temple funds. The submissions of the respondent clarified that the renting of such marriage halls is not free of charge but is rented out on payment of a fee. So the essence of charity is nowhere present in the heart of this G.O. This Court views that, the G.O loses its footing on this

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very point itself. Hence in the absence of any element of charity (charity being an important facet of hindu religion) involved in this scheme, it cannot be termed as a religious purpose under the tenets of section 66 of the Act.

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32.The Division Bench of the Madras High Court recently decided the similar issue in the case of P.Bhaskar Vs. The District Collector, Chengalpattu and others¹² . In the said case, the HR & CE Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu had taken a decision to construct a shopping complex. The Division Bench of this Court considered the scope of Sections 36 and 66(1) of the Act, 1959 and held that construction of a shopping complex is not permissible under the provisions of the Act.

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33.The Judgment of the Division Bench of this Court in P.Bhaskar's case (cited supra) has been confirmed by the Honourable Supreme Court of India in SLP(C) Nos.12843-12844 of 2025 dated 26.05.2025 .

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34.Section 36-A of the Act, 1959, intends to provide assistance for the performance of Hindu marriages among Hindus who are poor or in needy circumstances. Thus, the provision does not intends for construction of marriage halls for commercial purposes. The scope of the provision cannot be expanded, since the very objective of the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act is to ensure that the movable and immovable properties, ornaments, jewels etc., donated by devotees/donors to the temple,

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12 W.P(MD)No.19084 of 2024, dated 09.01.2025

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must be used by the temple only for religious purposes and not for any other common purposes. The donors/devotees are donating their valuables to the deity in a temple with an intention that their donations are to be utilized only for the benefit of the temple and for religious purposes.

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35.The Government, therefore, has no powers to utilize the funds for any other purpose other than the purpose for which the valuables are donated by the devotees/donors to the temple. The Government under the Act is bound to utilize the temple funds only for the maintenance and development of the temple and for connected religious purposes. They have no authority or powers to divert the funds for any other purposes under the name of the religion which would certainly defeat the very objectives of the Act and Rules and also the wishes of the donors/devotees, who are all donating movable, immovable properties in favour of the deity out of their emotional and spiritual attachment with temples.

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36.Section 36-B of the Act, 1959, states “Utilization of surplus funds for making contribution towards any funds for the purposes of feeding the poor etc”. It stipulates that Section 36 for making any contribution towards any fund constituted for the purpose of-

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(i) feeding the poor; or

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(ii) Constructing any building, shade or centre for feeding the

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poor.

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These two clauses stipulated under Section 36-B of the Act, 1959, is

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to be read together in a holistic manner to understand the purpose and intention of the provision.

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37.For example, construction of a hall adjacent to a temple in the temple land for providing Annadanam (distribution of free food), prasadam to devotees etc., is permissible under this Section. Providing Annadanam and prasadam are attached to the religious purposes. Thus, construction of a hall for religious purposes adjacent to the temple is permissible under the said provision. However, there is no provision for construction of the marriage halls for commercial purposes or renting it to Hindus for conducting marriage functions. In the event of permitting such marriage halls it will pave way in future for the administrators to misutilize or use the halls for some other purposes other than the religious purposes. This exactly is the reason why lawmakers made in specific that the funds of the temple cannot be utilized for any other purposes other than the religious purposes.

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38.Section 36 of the Act, 1959, speaks about “Utilization of surplus funds” and stipulates that the trustee of a religious institution may appropriate for any of the purposes specified in sub-Section (1) of Section 66. Therefore, utilization of surplus funds under Section 36 of the Act, 1959 must be in accordance with the terms contemplated under Section 66(1) of the Act, 1959.

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39.Section 66 of the Act, 1959 enumerates “Appropriation of endowments”, which reads as follows:

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“66. Appropriation of endowments.—(1) The Joint Commissioner or the Deputy Commissioner, as the case may be, may, on being satisfied that the purpose of a religious institution has from the beginning been, or has subsequently become, impossible of realisation, by order, direct that the endowments of the institution be appropriated to all or any of the following purposes, namely:—

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(a) the grant of aid to any other religious institution which is poor or in needy circumstances;

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(b) the grant of aid to any religious purpose connected with the Hindu religion;

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(c) the propagation of the religious tenets of the institution;

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(d) the recitation of Divya Prabhandam and Thevaram and the like;

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(e) the establishment and maintenance of schools for the training of archakas, adyapakas, vedaparayanikas and othuvars and for the study of Divya Prabandhams, Thevarams and the like, including the study of Indian languages for that purposes;

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(f) the establishment and maintenance of a University or college or other institution in which the main features shall be the provision for the study of

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Hindu religion, philosophy or sastras or for imparting instructions in Hindu temple architecture;

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(g) the establishment and maintenance of educational institution where instruction in the Hindu religion is also provided;

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(h) promotion of fine arts and architecture;

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(i) the establishment and maintenance of orphanages for Hindu children;

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(j) the establishment and maintenance of asylums for persons suffering from leprosy;

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(k) the establishment and maintenance of poor homes for destitute, helpless and physically disabled persons ; and

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(l) the establishment and maintenance of hospitals and dispensaries for the benefit of pilgrims:

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Provided that in the case of a religious institutions founded and maintained by a religious denomination or any section thereof, the endowment shall, as far as possible, be utilized for the benefit of the denomination or section concerned for the purposes mentioned above.

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(2) The Joint Commissioner or the Deputy

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Commissioner, as the case may be, may, at any time by order, modify or cancel any order passed under subsection (1).

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(3) The order of 1[the Joint Commissioner or the Deputy Commissioner, as the case may be], under the section shall be published in the prescribed manner and on such publication shall, subject to the provisions of section 69, be binding on the trustee, the executive officer and all persons having interest.”

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40.A plain reading of Section 66(1) of the Act, 1959, indicates that the utilization of temple funds must be only for religious purposes. Circumstances under which utilization of funds to be considered also have been elaborately provided under subSection (1) to Section 66. Establishment and maintenance of Schools or University, educational institutions, promotion of fine Arts and architecture, maintenance of orphanages for Hindu children, asylums for persons suffering from leprosy, poor homes for destitute, helpless and physically disabled persons and hospitals and dispensaries for the benefit of pilgrims, all must be established only in terms of the “religious purposes”, and to assist the poors and persons in needy circumstances.

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41.Temple funds are collected from and out of the donations offered by the devotees, donors and from immovable properties gifted in favour of the deity/Temple only for religious purposes or to celebrate temple festivals in temples or to utilize the

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funds for maintenance and development of temple or group of temples as the case may be. Thus, temple funds cannot be treated as public funds or the Government funds. Temple funds are exclusive contribution of the Hindu religious people on account of their emotional or spiritual attachment with the temples or with the deities or with the Hindu religious customs, practices or ideologies etc.

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42.Therefore, temple funds cannot be utilized as public fund or the Government fund for common purposes. Trustees have an important role in maintenance of temples and temple funds. Deity being a minor, the trustees responsibility is onerous and any misutilization or abuse of temple funds for any other purposes would attract prosecution and recovery from the persons, who have committed such irregularities or illegalities. If the authorities of the HR & CE Department has misused or misutilized the temple funds, they must be held responsible and accountable and such funds misused, misappropriated or abused or misutilized must be recovered from the concerned authorities or from the Government as the case may be by initiating appropriate actions.

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43.The money offered and properties donated to the temple belongs to “ deity ”. Deity became the owner of the funds, properties etc. Deity in a temple is a minor. Thus, the High Court as parens patriae, is duty bound to protect the interests of the deity and funds of the temple and properties belong to the deity in a temple. Therefore, utilization of temple funds or surplus temple

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funds for implementing public schemes/projects or construction of marriage halls for commercial purposes by the Government is impermissible under law. Such funds are to be utilized exclusively for religious purposes. “Religious purposes” are well defined under the Hindu Law.

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44.The Government is secular under the Constitution of India. The Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act, 1959 empowers the Government to have control over the affairs of the Hindu religious Institutions across the State of Tamil Nadu. But exercise of control under the HR & CE Act by the Government must be within the ambit and four corners of the “religious purposes” and in consonance with the provisions of the Act and Rules. Expanding the scope of interpretation of the Act or Rules other than the religious purposes is null and void. Any such interpretation will lead to misuse, abuse or misutilization of temple funds, and would infringe the religious rights of the Hindu devotees / donors, who have contributed their hard-earned money for the development, maintenance and welfare of the temple, its devotees and deity.

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45.The State of Tamil Nadu is known for architecturally designed temples across the State. Few great souls, constructed such architecturally designed temples during ancient times, have donated their valuable properties, jewels and funds etc., for the maintenance of such huge temples and to protect the interest of the deity in temples. Undoubtedly intention of those great souls was to maintain the temple property, conduct poojas, temple

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festivals, feed the devotees and poor people visiting the temple and for religious purposes. Thus, any attempt by the Government to misutilize the temple funds by way of expanding the interpretation is unacceptable and would result in infringement of the fundamental right of the Hindus to profess their choice of religion.

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46.It is unambiguous that the role of the Government in controlling the affairs of the Hindu temples across the State of Tamil Nadu under the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Act is limited only to prevent, abuse, misutilization or misappropriation of temple funds and its properties. It is the duty of the Government to ensure that temple funds are utilized only for religious purposes as intended by the donors/devotees and under the provisions of the Act and Rules framed thereunder.

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47.The key principles with reference to the Act, 1959 to be followed are that surplus temple funds cannot be diverted for commercial or non-religious purposes, such as building revenuegenerating marriage halls or unrelated infrastructure. Courts have consistently emphasized that temples are not profit-making bodies and that their funds must remain within the statutory purposes outlined in Sections 36, 36-A, 36-B and 66 of the Act, 1959.

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48.The procedures to be followed for utilization of surplus temple funds is also well enumerated under the Utilization of Surplus Funds Rules, 1960.

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49.Rule 2 of the Utilization of Surplus Funds Rules, 1960 stipulates the “Submission of proposals”, which reads as

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follows:

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“The trustee (or Chairman of the Board of Trustees) of a religious institution must submit a proposal to the commissioner along with:

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(1) receipts during the fasli year

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(2) expenditure during the fasli year,

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including:

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(a) provision under Section 35(1) (training/arrangements for services)

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(b) provision under Section 86(2) (repairs, maintenance etc.)

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(3) The surplus remaining after making provisions under Sections 35(1) and 86(2).

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(4) Details of total accumulated surplus, including investments and maturity dates

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(5) Particulars of proposed diversion,

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including purposes and amounts.”

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50.The procedure to be adopted for “Scrutiny and Provisional Decision” is contemplated under Rule 3 of the Utilization of Surplus Funds Rules, 1960, which reads as follows:

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“The Commissioner shall:

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(a) scrutinize the proposal carefully;

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(b) provisionally decide the amount of

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surplus to be diverted;

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(c) publish a notice in a leading daily

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containing:

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(i) name of the religious institution;

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(ii) purpose for which the surplus fund is proposed;

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(iii) amount proposed.

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(d) Invite objections and suggestions and

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(e) Fix an inquiry date to consider objections/suggestions.”

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51.Rules 4 and 6 of the Utilization of Surplus Funds Rules, 1960, speaks about “Objections and Inquiry”, which reads as under:

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“(i) Objections/suggestions must be

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submitted within 30 days from publication.

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(ii) Inquiry will be conducted on the notified date.

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(iii) After considering objections, the Commissioner may confirm, modify, or set aside the provisional decision.”

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52.Rule 5 of the Utilization of Surplus Funds Rules, 1960, speaks about “Publication of Notice”, which reads as under:

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“The notice must be published:

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By affixture on

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(i) the religious institution's notice board/front door;

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(ii) notice boards of the

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Assistant/Deputy/Joint Commissioner and Commissioner;

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(iii) notice board of the Panchayat Union, Municipal Council or Corporation of Chennai;

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(iv) Village chavadi or another conspicuous place in the locality;

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(v) by tom-tom announcement in the village where the institution is located and

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(vi) in case of a specific endowment, notice must also be published in places where the endowments properties are situated.”

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53.Rule 7 of the Utilization of Surplus Funds Rules, 1960, speaks about “Restrictions on Appropriation”, which reads as under:

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“(a) Surplus may be appropriated only for:

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(i) Section 66(i) purposes

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(religious/charitable/educational);

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(ii) Section 36-A purposes (Hindu marriages of poor Hindus);

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(iii) Section 36-B purposes (feeding the

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poor, buildings/sheds/centres for feeding the poor).

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(b) Limits: Appropriation cannot exceed

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(i) 50% of the surplus income, or

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(ii) 10% of the assessable income, whichever is

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lower.

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(c) Expenditure must strictly follow the Commissioner’s order.

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(d) Trustees must submit monthly progress reports by the 5th of every month until the sanctioned surplus is fully spent.”

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54.Rule 8 of the Utilization of Surplus Funds Rules, 1960, speaks about “Communication and Publication of Order”, which reads as under:

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“(a) A copy of the Commissioner’s final

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order shall be communicated to:

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(i) The trustee/Chairman of the Board of

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Trustees;

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(ii) The Executive Officer/other

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concerned officers;

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(iii) Persons who appeared in the inquiry, if necessary.

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(b) The order shall also be published in the same manner as the notice under Rule 5.

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(c) Publication is deemed sufficient

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intimation to all persons having interest.”

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55.A holistic reading of the provisions of the Act and the Rules framed thereunder makes it clear that surplus funds cannot be appropriated arbitrarily; a transparent process involving proposals, objections and enquiry is mandatory. Appropriation is restricted to statutory purposes under Sections 36, 36-A, 36-B and 66 of the Act, 1959. A ceiling limit (50% of surplus or 10% of accessible income, whichever is less) prevents excessive diversion. Public notice and participation are built-in safeguards to protect devotees' interests.

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56.In the present case, the Government orders impugned have been passed pursuant to the announcement made by the Hon'ble Minister in the Floor of the Assembly. However, none of the procedures as contemplated under the Act and the Rules framed thereunder had been followed for establishing marriage halls in the lands belonging to the Hindu temples. As per the statement of the learned Additional Advocate General, building plan permissions are yet to be obtained. Without building permission, no building can be constructed under the relevant building rules. If at all any construction activities commenced, such activities are illegal and unauthorised.

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57.Since the learned Additional Advocate General appearing for the State submitted that the temple funds are not yet released so far, the question of refund of the released funds in favour of the temple accounts may not arise.

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58.In view of the discussions made in the aforementioned paragraphs, this Court has no hesitation in arriving a conclusion that the Government decision for construction of marriage halls for the purpose of renting it out for marriage functions is in violation of the provisions of the Act, 1959 and the Rules and does not fall within the definition of “religious purposes”.

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59.For all these reasons, the impugned Government Orders are quashed and the Writ Petitions are allowed. There shall be no order as to costs. Consequently, connected Miscellaneous Petitions are closed."

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In view of the principles laid down in the judgment cited supra, all these writ petitions are allowed and the impugned notification and the consequential orders of the Government and the HR & CE Department are quashed. No costs. Consequently, connected miscellaneous petitions are closed.

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(S.M.S., J.) & (G.A.M., J.) 28.08.2025

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NCC : Yes / No Index : Yes / No am

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To