Krishna Chaturvedi Vs State Of Chhattisgarh

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CRA No. 128 of 2016

2025:CGHC:46266

NAFR

Digitally signed by JYOTI JYOTI SHARMA SHARMA Date: 2025.09.12 17:56:25 +0530

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HIGH COURT OF CHHATTISGARH AT BILASPUR

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CRA No. 128 of 2016

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Krishna Chaturvedi S/o Shyamlal Chaturvedi Aged About 21 Years R/o Risda, Imlipara, Police Station Masturi, District Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh., Chhattisgarh

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... Appellant(s)

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versus

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State Of Chhattisgarh Through The Police Station Masturi, District Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh., Chhattisgarh

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... Respondent(s)

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(Cause-title taken from the Case Information System)

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For Appellant(s) : Ms. Priyanka Rai, Advocate For Respondent(s) : Mr. R.C.S. Deo, Panel Lawyer

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Hon'ble Shri Justice Bibhu Datta Guru Judgment on Board

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10/09/2025

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This criminal appeal preferred under Section 374(2) of the Cr.P.C is against impugned judgment of conviction and order of sentence dated 11.01.2016 passed in Special Sessions Case No. 166/2015 by the learned Additional Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court, Bilaspur C.G., whereby the appellant has been convicted and sentenced as under:-

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Conviction	Sentence
U/s 354 of Indian Penal Code	R.I. for 01 year and fine of Rs.
	1000/- with default stipulation.
U/s 12 of the POCSO Act	Rigorous imprisonment for 01
	year and fine of Rs. 500/- with
	default stipulation.
Both the sentences were	directed to run concurrently.

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Case of the prosecution, in brief, is that the victim (PW-7) aged 14 years appeared at the Masturi police station and lodged a report to the effect that on 31/03/15 at 3.00 am, while she along with her siblings were sleeping in the house, the appellant/ accused pelted stones on the window and after hearing the sound she went and asked who was pelting the stone, then accused/ appellant with the intention of insulting her caught her hand and pulled her waist and hands & legs. When she screamed, her brothers woke up and seeing them, the accused left her and ran away from there. On the basis of the victim's report, a case was registered against the accused under Section 354, 354-A of the Indian Penal Code and Section 8 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012, Crime No. 97/15 and investigation was taken up.

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During investigation, Spot Map (Ex.P/9) was prepared. With regard to date of birth of the Victim, Dakhil Kharij register (ExP/3), marksheet of Class- 5^th (Article A1) were seized. Statement of the Victim and the Statements of witnesses were recorded.

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Subsequently after completing the investigation, a charge-sheet was submitted before the Court.

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After framing the charges against the accused/appellant, the charges were read out and explained to the appellant, he denied committing the crime and demanded trial.

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In order to bring home the offence, the prosecution has examined 9 witnesses in its support. Statement of the accused/appellant under Section 313 Cr.P.C was recorded, wherein he has pleaded his innocence and false implication in the matter.

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The trial Court after appreciating oral and documentary evidence available on record, by its judgment dated 11.01.2016 convicted and sentenced the appellant as mentioned in paragraph one of this judgment. Hence, this appeal.

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Learned counsel for the appellant submits that the appellant has been falsely implicated in the present case. He would submit that the conviction against the appellant is bad in law and it is not supported by the evidence of the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. He would submit that while passing the impugned judgment, the trial Court failed to appreciate the fact that there are material contradictions and omissions in the statements of the prosecution witnesses. Learned counsel would submit that the prosecution has failed to prove the fact that the prosecutrix/Victim was below 18 years of age at the time of incident and without there being any evidence with regard to the age of the Victim, the

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conviction of the appellant is bad in the eyes of law.

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Learned counsel appearing for the State opposes the submissions made by the counsel for the appellant and submits that the conviction of the appellant is well merited which does not call for any interference. There is clear evidence regarding age of the prosecutrix, therefore, this appeal deserves to be dismissed.

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I have heard learned counsel for the parties and considered their rival submissions made herein-above and also went through the record with utmost circumspection.

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The first question arises before this Court whether the victim was minor on the date of incident or not?.

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The Victim (PW/7) in her deposition has stated that on the date of incident, she was aged about 14 years and in her crossexamination, she categorically stated that she told her age on the basis of date of birth mentioned in her mark-sheet. Also her grand-mother (PW/2) in her statement stated that the victim was aged 14 years at the time of incident.

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PW/3- Smt. Vrindavasi Raj posted as Head Master in the Janpad Primary School, Risda stated in her statement that in the admission register, the date of birth of the victim is mentioned as 09.01.2002. In the cross-examination, she categorically stated that she has not certified the admission register nor the entry was made by her and there is no documentary evidence attested with

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the Register. Further, the date of birth mentioned in the marksheet of Class-5th has also not been proved by any one. Hence, the age of the victim cannot be determined on the basis of the evidence adduced by the prosecution.

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Perusal of the aforesaid statements of the witnesses would show that though there is entry regarding date of birth of the victim in the Dakhil Kharij register, but the basis on which the entry was made has not been placed and proved. There is no medical evidence with regard to actual age of the victim.

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The Hon’ble Supreme Court in paragraphs 40,42,43,44 and 48 of its judgment in Alamelu and Another Vs. State, represented by Inspector of Police, 2011(2) SCC 385 , the Supreme Court has observed as under:

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"40.Undoubtedly, the transfer certificate, Ex.P16 indicates that the girl's date of birth was 15th June, 1977. Therefore, even according to the aforesaid certificate, she would be above 16 years of age (16 years 1 month and 16 days) on the date of the alleged incident, i.e., 31st July, 1993. The transfer certificate has been issued by a Government School and has been duly signed by the Headmaster. Therefore, it would be admissible in evidence under Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act. However, the admissibility of such a document would be of not much evidentiary value to prove the age of the girl in the absence of the material on the basis of which the age was recorded. The date of birth mentioned in the transfer certificate would have no evidentiary value unless the person, who made the entry or who gave the date of birth is examined.

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Considering the manner in which the facts recorded in a document may be proved, this Court in the case of Birad Mal Singhvi Vs. Anand Purohit1 , observed as follows:-

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"The date of birth mentioned in the scholars' register has no evidentiary value unless the person who made the entry or who gave the date of birth is examined....Merely because the documents Exs. 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 were proved, it does not mean that the contents of documents were also proved. Mere proof of the documents Exs. 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 would not tantamount to proof of all the contents or the correctness of date of birth stated in the documents. Since the truth of the fact, namely, the date of birth of Hukmi Chand and Suraj Prakash Joshi was in issue, mere proof of the documents as produced by the aforesaid two witnesses does not furnish evidence of the truth of the facts or contents of the documents. The truth or otherwise of the facts in issue, namely, the date of birth of the two candidates as mentioned in the documents could be proved by admissible evidence i.e. by the evidence of those persons who could vouchsafe for the truth of the facts in issue. No evidence of any such kind was produced by the respondent to prove the truth of the facts, namely, the date of birth of Hukmi Chand and of Suraj Prakash Joshi. In the circumstances the dates of birth as mentioned in the aforesaid documents 1988 (Supp) SCC 604 have no probative value and the dates of birth as mentioned therein could not be accepted."

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The same proposition of law is reiterated by this Court in the case of Narbada Devi Gupta Vs. Birendra Kumar Jaiswal2, where this Court observed as follows:-

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"The legal position is not in dispute that mere production and marking of a document as exhibit by the court cannot be held to be a due proof of

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its contents. Its execution has to be proved by admissible evidence, that is, by the "evidence of those persons who can vouchsafe for the truth of the facts in issue"."

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In our opinion, the aforesaid burden of proof has not been discharged by the prosecution. The father says nothing about the transfer certificate in his evidence. The Headmaster has not been examined at all. Therefore, the entry in the transfer certificate can not be relied upon to definitely fix the age of the girl.

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We may further notice that even with reference to Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act, a public document has to be tested by applying the same standard in civil as well as criminal proceedings. In this context, it would be appropriate to notice the observations made by this Court in the case of Ravinder Singh Gorkhi Vs. State of U.P.4 held as follows:-

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"The age of a person as recorded in the school register or otherwise may be used for various purposes, namely, for obtaining admission; for obtaining an appointment; for contesting election; registration of marriage; obtaining a separate unit under the ceiling laws; and even for the purpose of litigating before a civil forum e.g. necessity of being represented in a court of law by a guardian or where a suit is filed on the ground that the plaintiff being a minor he was not appropriately represented therein or any transaction made on his behalf was void as he was a minor. A court of law for the purpose of determining the age of a (2006) 5 SCC 584 party to the lis, having regard to the provisions of Section 35 of the Evidence Act will have to apply the same standard. No different standard can be applied in case of an accused as in a case of abduction or rape, or similar offence where the victim or the prosecutrix although might have consented with the accused, if on the basis of the entries made in the register maintained by the school, a judgment of conviction is recorded, the accused would be deprived of his constitutional

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right under Article 21 of the Constitution, as in that case the accused may unjustly be convicted."

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15. In case of Rishipal Singh Solanki Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh &

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Others, 2022 (8) SCC 602 , while considering various judgments,

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the Hon'ble Supreme Court has observed in para 33 as under:

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"33. What emerges on a cumulative consideration of the aforesaid catena of judgments is as follows:

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33.2. If an application is filed before the Court claiming juvenility, the provision of sub-section (2) of section 94 of the JJ Act, 2015 would have to be applied or read along with sub-section (2) of section 9 so as to seek evidence for the purpose of recording a finding stating the age of the person as nearly as may be.

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33.3. That when a claim for juvenility is raised, the burden is on the person raising the claim to satisfy the Court to discharge the initial burden. However, the documents mentioned in Rule 12(3)(a)(i), (ii), and (iii) of the JJ Rules 2007 made under the JJ Act, 2000 or sub- section (2) of section 94 of JJ Act, 2015, shall be sufficient for prima facie satisfaction of the Court. On the basis of the aforesaid documents a presumption of juvenility may be raised.

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33.4. The said presumption is however not conclusive proof of the age of juvenility and the same may be rebutted by contra evidence let in by the opposite side.

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33.5. That the procedure of an inquiry by a Court is not the same thing as declaring the age of the person as a juvenile sought

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before the JJ Board when the case is pending for trial before the concerned criminal court. In case of an inquiry, the Court records a prima facie conclusion but when there is a determination of age as per sub-section (2) of section 94 of 2015 Act, a declaration is made on the basis of evidence. Also the age recorded by the JJ Board shall be deemed to be the true age of the person brought before it. Thus, the standard of proof in an inquiry is different from that required in a proceeding where the determination and declaration of the age of a person has to be made on the basis of evidence scrutinized and accepted only if worthy of such acceptance.

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33.6. That it is neither feasible nor desirable to lay down an abstract formula to determine the age of a person. It has to be on the basis of the material on record and on appreciation of evidence adduced by the parties in each case.

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33.7 This Court has observed that a hypertechnical approach should not be adopted when evidence is adduced on behalf of the accused in support of the plea that he was a juvenile.

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33.8. If two views are possible on the same evidence, the court should lean in favour of holding the accused to be a juvenile in borderline cases. This is in order to ensure that the benefit of the JJ Act, 2015 is made applicable to the juvenile in conflict with law. At the same time, the Court should ensure that the JJ Act, 2015 is not misused by persons to escape punishment after having committed serious offences.

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33.9. That when the determination of age is on the basis of evidence such as school records, it is necessary that the same would have to be considered as per Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act, inasmuch as any public or official document maintained in the discharge of official duty would have greater credibility than private documents.

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33.10. Any document which is in consonance with public documents, such as matriculation certificate, could be accepted by the Court or the JJ Board provided such public document is credible and authentic as per the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act viz., section 35 and other provisions.

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33.11. Ossification Test cannot be the sole criterion for age determination and a mechanical view regarding the age of a person cannot be adopted solely on the basis of medical opinion by radiological examination. Such evidence is not conclusive evidence but only a very useful guiding factor to be considered in the absence of documents mentioned in Section 94(2) of the JJ Act, 2015."

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16. Recently, in case of P. Yuvaprakash Vs. State represented by

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Inspector of Police, 2023 (SCC Online) SC 846 , Hon'ble Supreme Court has held in para 14 to 17 as under :

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"14. Section 94 (2)(iii) of the JJ Act clearly indicates that the date of birth certificate from the school or matriculation or equivalent certificate by the concerned examination board has to be firstly preferred in the absence of which the birth certificate issued by the Corporation or Municipal Authority or Panchayat and it is only thereafter in the absence of these such documents the age is

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to be determined through "an ossification test" or "any other latest medical age determination test" conducted on the orders of the concerned authority, i.e. Committee or Board or Court. In the present case, concededly, only a transfer certificate and not the date of birth certificate or matriculation or equivalent certificate was considered. Ex. C1, i.e., the school transfer certificate showed the date of birth of the victim as 11.07.1997. Significantly, the transfer certificate was produced not by the prosecution but instead by the court summoned witness, i.e., CW-1. The burden is always upon the prosecution to establish what it alleges; therefore, the prosecution could not have been fallen back upon a document which it had never relied upon. Furthermore, DW-3, the concerned Revenue Official (Deputy Tahsildar) had stated on oath that the records for the year 1997 in respect to the births and deaths were missing. Since it did not answer to the description of any class of documents mentioned in Section 94(2)(i) as it was a mere transfer certificate, Ex C-1 could not have been relied upon to hold that M was below 18 years at the time of commission of the offence.

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In a recent decision, in Rishipal Singh Solanki vs. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. this court outlined the procedure to be followed in cases where age determination is required. The court was dealing with Rule 12 of the erstwhile Juvenile Justice Rules (which is in pari materia) with Section 94 of the JJ Act, and held as follows:

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"20. Rule 12 of the JJ Rules, 2007 deals with the procedure to be followed in determination of age. The juvenility of a person in conflict with law had to be decided prima facie on the basis of physical appearance, or documents, if available. But an inquiry into the determination of age by the Court or the JJ Board was by seeking

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evidence by obtaining: (i) the matriculation or equivalent certificates, if available and in the absence whereof; (ii) the date of birth certificate from the school (other than a play school) first attended; and in the absence whereof; (iii) the birth certificate given by a corporation or a municipal authority or a panchayat. Only in the absence of either (i), (ii) and (iii) above, the medical opinion could be sought from a duly constituted Medical Board to declare the age of the juvenile or child. It was also provided that while determination was being made, benefit could be given to the child or juvenile by considering the age on lower side within the margin of one year."

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Speaking about provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act, especially the various options in Section 94 (2) of the JJ Act, this court held in Sanjeev Kumar Gupta vs. The State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors that:

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"Clause (i) of Section 94 (2) places the date of birth certificate from the school and the matriculation or equivalent certificate from the 2021 (12) SCR 502 [2019] 9 SCR 735 concerned examination board in the same category (namely (i) above). In the absence thereof category (ii) provides for obtaining the birth certificate of the corporation, municipal authority or panchayat. It is only in the absence of (i) and (ii) that age determination by means of medical analysis is provided. Section 94(2) (a)(i) indicates a significant change over the provisions which were contained in Rule 12(3)(a) of the Rules of 2007 made under the Act of 2000. Under Rule 12(3)(a) (i) the matriculation or equivalent certificate was given precedence and it was only in the event of the certificate not being available

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that the date of birth certificate from the school first attended, could be obtained. In Section 94(2)(i) both the date of birth certificate from the school as well as the matriculation or equivalent certificate are placed in the same category.

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In Abuzar Hossain @ Gulam Hossain Vs. State of West Bengal, this court, through a threejudge bench, held that the burden of proving that someone is a juvenile (or below the prescribed age) is upon the person claiming it. Further, in that decision, the court indicated the hierarchy of documents that would be accepted in order of preference."

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Thus, the evidence brought on record by the prosecution with regard to the age of the victim cannot be held reliable in absence of the proposition laid down by the Supreme Court in the above judgment.

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18. The next question for consideration is that whether the accused sexually assaulted or molested the victim or not.

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PW-7 victim stated that the accused was pelting stones in the school in the afternoon and she told the Peon about it. She further stated that the accused had pelted stones at her home also the same night due to which she had sustained injury on her head. She further stated that when she opened the door while abusing, the accused was standing there and the accused started pulling her waist, hands and legs. She further stated that when she shouted her brothers came there. The accused fled when her brothers tried to caught him. Thereafter, they told this incident to her grandparents and Sarpanch

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and on the second day of the incident, she filed a named report against the accused.

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Whereas, in her statement recorded under Section 164 of the Cr.P.C, this witness has stated that she along with her sister were sleeping when someone pelted stones from the window. The stone hit her head thereafter she opened the door of the house while cursing and saw that the accused was standing and thereafter he caught her hand and also put his hands on her waist. She further stated that when she called her brother, the accused ran away from there. Her brother chased him but he ran away. She further stated that when the accused was pulling her, she also got hurt in her leg and then she told her grandparents about this incident. After that her grandfather went to call the village head and other people.

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Bare perusal of the above statements of the Victim, it is quite vivid that there are material contradictions and omissions in the 164 statement and in her Court statement because in her deposition before the Court (PW-7), she stated that in the afternoon the accused was throwing stones in the school and again at night he threw stones at her house, due to which she sustained injuries on her head; and that when she opened the door, the accused caught her hands, waist and legs, upon which her brothers arrived and the accused fled. However, in her statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., she has not mentioned about any stone-throwing incident in the school. Instead, she has stated that while she and her sister

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were sleeping, the accused threw a stone from the window which hit her head, and upon opening the door, the accused caught her hand and waist. She also added that she sustained an injury on her leg during the pulling, whereas in the court statement there is no mention about the leg injury. These material variations regarding the manner of incident, the persons present, and the sequence of events cast serious doubt on the reliability of the prosecution story.

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Such type of act of the Victim does not inspire confidence over the credibility of the statement of the Victim. The victim has offered contradictory Court statements than of 164 of the Cr.P.C.

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PW-4 brother of the victim deposed in his statement that on 31st March 2015 at 3.30 am while they were sleeping, the accused pelted stones from the window. He further stated that the accused pelted the stone two-three times and it hit her sister/ victim and when she opened the door, the accused tried to catch her. On hearing the screaming of his sister, he got up and went to catch him. Then the accused pushed him and he fell down. Due to this, his right hand got hurt. Even then he chased him but the accused ran away. However in his cross examination, he has stated that only his sister woke up when the accused was pelting stones.

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PW-6 Dr. P.K. Ghosh deposed that victim and her brother were brought before him for examination. He further stated that one scratch 2 cm x 2 cm on the right elbow, one scratch half cm x half cm on the third finger of the right foot and a scratch measuring half cm

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on the fourth toe of the right foot were found on the body of brother of victim. He further stated that scratch mark on the thumb of her left foot was found on the victim. He further stated that all the injuries were ordinary in nature and not stated anything about the head injury.

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Upon considering the entire evidence available on record, this Court found that there are major contradictions and omissions in the statement of the Victim, which does not inspire confidence over the credibility of her statement because she had given statement under Section 164 Cr.P.C contradictory to her statement given before the trial Court, which in the opinion of this Court, seems unreliable. Further, the doctor has not found any injury marks on the head of the victim which again creates doubt on the credibility of the statement of the victim and the injury which was found on the body of the brother of the victim was not mentioned in the statement of the victim.

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It is the trite law that a statement recorded under Section 164 of the Cr.P.C can be relied upon for the purpose of corroborating statements made by witnesses in the committal court or even to contradict the same. The Supreme Court in the matter of R. Shaji v. State of Kerala¹ has held as under:-

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“27. So far as the statement of witnesses recorded under Section 164 is concerned, the object is twofold; in the first place, to deter the witness from changing his stand by denying the contents of his previously recorded statement; and secondly, to tide over immunity from prosecution by the witness under Section 164. A proposition to the effect that if a

1 (2013) 14 SCC 266

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statement of a witness is recorded under Section 164, his evidence in court should be discarded, is not at all warranted.

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Section 157 of the Evidence Act makes it clear that a statement recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C can be relied upon for the purpose of corroborating statements made by witnesses in the committal Court or even to contradict the same. As the defence had no opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses whose statements are recorded under Section 164 Cr.P.C., such statements cannot be treated as substantive evidence. ”

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After perusing the entire evidence and considering the law laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court, it is clear that the trial Court while passing the impugned judgment, has committed grave error and not justified in convicting the appellant as the prosecution has failed to establish the essential ingredients of the offence under Section 354 IPC as well as Section 12 of the POCSO Act and even the age of the victim. The testimonies of the prosecution witnesses suffer from material contradictions and inconsistencies, and there is no reliable corroboration to support the allegations of assault or use of criminal force with intent to outrage modesty, or sexual harassment as defined under the POCSO Act. In absence of clear, cogent and trustworthy evidence, the benefit of doubt necessarily goes to the accused, and therefore, the accused deserves to be acquitted of the charges under Section 354 IPC and Section 12 of the POCSO Act.

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For the foregoing reasons, the prosecution has not proved its case beyond reasonable doubt that the appellant had sexually assaulted the Victim, and from the evidence of the victim the

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same creates doubt, therefore, I am of the view that the appellant is entitled to be acquitted.

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The accused is acquitted of the charges for which he was tried. The impugned judgment of conviction and sentence is set aside. The appellant is reported to be on bail. His bail bonds are not discharged at this stage and the bonds shall remain operative for a period of six months in view of Section 481 of the BNSS. Accordingly, the Criminal appeal is allowed.

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The trial court record along with a copy of this judgment be sent back immediately to the trial court concerned for compliance and necessary action.

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Sd/- (Bibhu Datta Guru) Judge

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Jyoti

Krishna Chaturvedi v. State Of Chhattisgarh

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Krishna Chaturvedi v. State Of Chhattisgarh

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