Partly allowed

Vishwanath Singh v. State of Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh HC11 Oct 2023CRA/139/2022

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

The High Court allowed the appeal in part, setting aside the conviction for murder (Section 302 IPC). The Court applied Exception 4, finding a sudden fight without premeditation or cruelty, and convicted/appointed the appellant for culpable homicide not amounting to murder (Section 304 Part-I IPC), sentencing him to life imprisonment.

What did the court decide?

The conviction under Section 302 IPC is set aside; the appellant is convicted under Section 304 Part-I IPC and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for 10 years.

Vishwanath Singh Vs State of Chhattisgarh — Murder and Culpable Homicide | Chhattisgarh HC (2023)

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NAFR

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HIGH COURT OF CHHATTISGARH, BILASPUR

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Judgment reserved on: 04-10-2023

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Judgment delivered on: 11-10-2023

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CRA No. 139 of 2022

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Vishwanath Singh S/o Shri Hari Singh Aged About 26 Years R/o Barkela, Patelpara, P. S. Manendragarh, District Korea Chhattisgarh

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---- Appellant (In Jail)

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Versus

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State of Chhattisgarh Through Station House Officer, Police Station Manendragarh, District Korea Chhattisgarh

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---- Respondent

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(Cause Title taken from Case Information System)

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For Appellant : Ms. Itu Rani Mukherjee, Advocate For Respondent/State : Mr. Pawan Kesharwani, Panel Laywer

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Hon'ble Shri Ramesh Sinha, Chief Justice

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Hon'ble Shri N.K. Chandravanshi, Judge

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CAV JUDGMENT

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Per Ramesh Sinha, Chief Justice

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This criminal appeal filed by the appellant/accused under Section 374(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short, ‘Cr.P.C.’) is directed against the impugned judgment of conviction and order of sentence dated 15.12.2021 passed by the learned Second Upper Sessions Judge, Manendragarh, District Korea (C.G.) in Sessions Trial No. 50 of 2016, whereby the appellant/accused has been convicted for the offence punishable under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and sentenced to undergo life

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imprisonment and fine of Rs. 1,000/-, in default of payment of fine additional rigorous imprisonment for 04 months.

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Case of the prosecution, in brief, is that the informant Ramcharitra lodged a report in Manendragarh Police Station that he lives in village Barkela Patelpara. They have five brothers and two sisters, Sonsingh, Ramdev, Rameshwar and Badhlal, all four lived together in the old house and he lives by building a new house next to his old house. On 24.01.2016 at 8 p.m., he along with his brother deceased Ramdev and other villagers Vishwanath Singh, Bahadur Singh, Vijay Singh, Raghunath Singh, Rameshwar had gone to village Lalpur Duggad Rice Mill and from there sitting in Truck 709, they all went to the society of village Rajauli, Police Station Sonhat to collect paddy. They reach Rajauli at night and slept there. On 25.01.2016, at 12 O’clock in the day, after loading paddy in the truck from the society, all of them came back to the Rice Mill of Duggad in Lakhanpur. All of them took their wages from the Rice Mill and left for their home on foot at around 5 in the evening. At around 6.30 in the evening, when they reached near the house of brother Panika at village Barkela, Vijay Singh, Vishwanath and his brother Ramdev all three went to Vijay Gond’s house for consuming liquor and rest of them went to their respective homes. He went to his home and after eating he slept. On 26.01.2016, at around 6.30 a.m., he had gone to his filed to plough the filed and at around 8 in the morning, his son Sonu came running to the field and told him that someone had killed his elder father Ramdev and thrown him in the field. On being told by the boy, he went with Buddha Singh of

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the village and looked near Ram Singh’s farm, his brother Ramdev was lying dead in an unconscious state. There was blood on the nose, there is no clothes on the body below the chest, a shirt was worn on the chest, there is a mark of dragging at a short distance from his brother’s dead body, his brother was beaten with hand and fist by some unknown persons and was murdered. On the said report, Crime No. 20/2016, under Section 302 of Indian Penal Code, First Information Report (Ex.P-2) was registered against unknown persons in Manendragarh Police Station. On the oral report made by the applicant Ramcharitra as above, Merg Intimation No. 04/2016 under Section 174 Cr.P.C. has been recorded in Police Station, Manendragarh.

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Investigating Officer left for scene of occurrence and prepared visual map of the incident site vide Ex.P-4, gave notice (Ex.P-5A) to the Panchas and prepared inquest (Ex.P-5) on the dead body of the deceased. Dead body of the deceased was sent for postmortem to Community Health Centre, Manendragarh vide (Ex.P-16), where Dr. Archana Kumhare (PW-18) conducted postmortem over the body of the deceased vide Ex.P-21 and found following injuries:-

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(i) Abrasion 3 cm x 1 cm over right wrist region. (ii) Lacerated wound vertical 2 cm x 0.5 cm x skin deep behind occipital region.

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(iii) Abrasion 2½ x 2 cm over the right side of neck below 4 cm from the mandible right side.

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The autopsy surgeon opined that all the injuries are

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antemortem in nature. Duration was 12-24 hrs of PM examination. Injury No. 1 & 3 were caused by hard and rough object whereas injury No.2 was caused by hard and blunt object and the mode of death is due to head injury causing hemorrhage in the extradural membrane and death was homicidal in nature.

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Bloodstained soil, plain soil and a solid stone weighing about 2 kg., the pink check shirt worn by the deceased which has blood on it, the undergarments worn by the deceased, a broken bracelet worn on the right hand of the deceased, some beads and broken shirt button and a pair of slipper were sealed and seized vide Ex.P-9.

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During the course of investigation, accused was taken into custody and memorandum statement of the accused was recorded before witnesses Rajkumar Yadav and Nageshwar Yadav vide Ex.P-10 and one of Nokia Company with Idea Company SIM having its No. 8462896883 and clothes of the accused worn at the time of incident were seized vide Ex.P-11 and one mobile set of Intex Company with two SIM cards bearing Nos. 9753849525 (Idea) & 8234032282 (Reliance) were also seized vide Ex.P-12. To obtain call details of the aforesaid mobile sets application was given vide Ex.P-25 and call details were obtained vide Ex.P-26. Spot map was prepared vide Ex.P-1. Seized articles were sent for chemical examination to Forensic Science Laboratory vide Ex.P-28, wherefrom report was received vide Ex.P-29.

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Statements of the witnesses were recorded. After due investigation, the police filed charge-sheet in the Court of 11^th Additional Sessions

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Judge, Raipur, District Raipur (C.G.) for trial. The appellant/accused abjured his guilt and entered into defence that he is not committed any offence and he has been falsely implicated in crime in question.

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In order to bring home the offence, the prosecution examined as many as 26 witnesses and exhibited 29 documents. The appellantaccused examined none in his defence.

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The trial Court upon appreciation of oral and documentary evidence available on record, by its judgment dated 15.12.2021, convicted the appellant for offence under Section 302 of the IPC sentenced him as aforementioned, against which, this criminal appeal has been filed.

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Ms. Itu Rani Mukherjee, learned counsel for the appellant submits that the learned trial Court is absolutely unjustified in convicting the appellant for offence under Section 302 of the IPC, as the prosecution has failed to prove the offence beyond reasonable doubt. She further submits that if the case of the prosecution is accepted as it is, then also the appellant is said to has caused injuries to deceased in spur of moment, as they both were in drunken condition and fighting to each other; though no injury was caused to the appellant herein. There was no motive or intention on the part of the appellant to cause death of the deceased and only on account of sudden quarrel, under heat of passion and in anger, the appellant caused injuries to the deceased, which caused his death. Therefore, the case of the present appellant fall within the purview of Exception 4 to Section 300 of the IPC and the act of the appellant is culpable homicide not amounting to murder, and

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therefore, it is a fit case where the conviction of the appellant for the offence under Section 302 of the IPC can be converted/altered to an offence under Section 304 (Part-I or Part-II) of the IPC. Further, as appellant is in jail since 27.01.2016 and he has completed near about 07 years 08 months and 07 days, and therefore, considering the period he had already undergone, he be awarded the sentence of the period already undergone by him. Hence, the present appeal deserves to be allowed in full or in part.

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On the other hand, Mr. Pawan Kesharwani, learned Panel Lawyer, appearing for the respondent/State supports the impugned judgment and submits that it is not a case where the appellant’s conviction under Section 302 of the IPC can be altered/converted under Section 304 Part-I or Part-II of the IPC and as such, the instant criminal appeal deserves to be dismissed.

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We have heard learned counsel appearing for the parties, considered their rival submissions made hereinabove and also went through the records with utmost circumspection.

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The first question for consideration would be, whether death of deceased Ramdev was homicidal in nature ?

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The trial Court after appreciating oral and documentary evidence available on record particularly relying upon the statement of Dr. Archana Kumhare (PW-18), who conducted postmortem, has come to the conclusion that cause of death was due to head injury causing hemorrhage in the extradural membrane and death was homicidal in nature. After hearing learned counsel for the parties

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and after considering the submissions, we are of the considered opinion that the finding recorded by the trial Court that death of deceased Ramdev was homicidal in nature is the finding of fact based on evidence available on record. It is neither perverse nor contrary to record. We hereby affirm that finding.

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Now, the next question for consideration would be whether the accused-appellant herein is the perpetrator of the crime in question, which the learned trial Court has recorded in affirmative by relying upon the testimonies of last seen witnesses Rajaram (PW-4) and Vinod Kumar (PW-6) who have stated that at around 7.00-7.30 to 8.00-8.30 pm they had seen the deceased Ramdev and accused Vishwanath in their shop when they came to their shop in drunken condition and asked for chicken, they did not give it because there was no chicken. They further stated that both deceased Ramdev and accused Vishwanath were arguing at some distance from the shop and on the next morning, Ramdev's body was found in a naked state. In this situation, based on the principle of last seen together, according to Section 106 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, the burden of proof is on the accused Vishwanath as to what happend after around 7.00-7.30 to 8.00-8.30 in the night, but the accused Vishwanath has not given any explanation in this regard. Therefore, on the basis of last seen theory, it is proved that Ramdev was murdered by accused Vishwanath. As such, the learned trial Court has rightly held that it is the appellant-accused who has caused injuries over the body of the deceased and caused his death. Accordingly, we hereby affirm the said finding.

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The aforesaid finding brings us to the next question for consideration, whether the case of the appellant is covered within Exception 4 to Section 300 of the IPC vis-a-vis culpable homicide not amounting to murder and their conviction can be converted to Section 304 Part-I or Part-II of the IPC, as contended by learned counsel for the appellant ?

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The Supreme Court in the matter of Sukhbir Singh v. State of Haryana¹ has observed as under:-

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“21. Keeping in view the facts and circumstances of the case, we are of the opinion that in the absence of the existence of common object Sukhbir Singh is proved to have committed the offence of culpable homicide without premeditation in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and did not act in a cruel or unusual manner and his case is covered by Exception 4 of Section 300 IPC which is punishable under Section 304 (Part I) IPC. The finding of the courts below holding the aforesaid appellant guilty of offence of murder punishable under Section 302 IPC is set aside and he is held guilty for the commission of offence of culpable homicide not amounting to murder punishable under Section 304 (Part I) IPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 10 years and to pay a fine of Rs.5000. In default of payment of fine, he shall undergo further rigorous imprisonment for one year.”

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The Supreme Court in the matter of Gurmukh Singh v. State of Haryana² has laid down certain factors which are to be taken into consideration before awarding appropriate sentence to the accused

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2 (2009) 15 SCC 635

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1 (2002) 3 SCC 327

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with reference to Section 302 or Section 304 Part II of the IPC, which state as under :-

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“23. These are some factors which are required to be taken into consideration before awarding appropriate sentence to the accused. These factors are only illustrative in character and not exhaustive. Each case has to be seen fro its special perspective. The relevant factors are as under :

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(a) Motive or previous enmity;

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(b) Whether the incident had taken place on the spur of the moment;

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(d) Whether the death ensued instantaneously or the victim died after several days;

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(e) The gravity, dimension and nature of injury;

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(f) The age and general health condition of the accused;

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(g) Whether the injury was caused without premeditation in a sudden fight;

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(h) The nature and size of weapon used for inflicting the injury and the force with which the blow was inflicted;

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(i) The criminal background and adverse history of the accused;

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(j) Whether the injury inflicted was not sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death but the death was because of shock;

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(k) Number of other criminal cases pending against the accused;

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(l) Incident occurred within the family members or close relations;

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(m) The conduct and behaviour of the accused after the incident.

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Whether the accused had taken the injured/the deceased to the hospital immediately to ensure that he/she gets proper medical treatment ?

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These are some of the factors which can be taken into consideration while granting an appropriate sentence to the accused.

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The list of circumstances enumerated above is only illustrative and not exhaustive. In our considered view, proper and appropriate sentence to the accused is the bounded obligation and duty of the court. The endeavour of the court must be to ensure that the accused receives appropriate sentence, in other words, sentence should be according to the gravity of the offence. These are some of the relevant factors which are required to be kept in view while convicting and sentencing the accused.”

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Likewise, in the matter of State v. Sanjeev Nanda³ , their Lordships of the Supreme Court have held that once knowledge that it is likely to cause death is established but without any intention to cause death, then jail sentence may be for a term which may extend to 10 years or with fine or with both. It has further been held that to make out an offence punishable under Section 304 Part II of the IPC, the prosecution has to prove the death of the person in question and such death was caused by the act of the accused and that he knew that such act of his is likely to cause death.

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Further, the Supreme Court in the matter of Arjun v. State of Chhattisgarh⁴ has elaborately dealt with the issue and observed in paragraphs 20 and 21, which reads as under :-

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3 (2012) 8 SCC 450

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4 (2017) 3 SCC 247

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“20. To invoke this Exception 4, the requirements that are to be fulfilled have been laid down by this Court in Surinder Kumar v. UT, Chandigarh [(1989) 2 SCC 217 : 1989 SCC (Cri) 348], it has been explained as under :(SCC p. 220, para 7)

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“7. To invoke this exception four requirements must be satisfied, namely, (I) it was a sudden fight; (ii) there was no premeditation; (iii) the act was done in a heat of passion; and (iv) the assailant had not taken any undue advantage or acted in a cruel manner. The cause of the quarrel is not relevant nor its I relevant who offered the provocation or started the assault. The number of wounds caused during the occurrence is not a decisive factor but what is important is that the occurrence must have been sudden and unpremeditated and the offender must have acted in a fit of anger. Of course, the offender must not have taken any undue advantage or acted in a cruel manner. Where, on a sudden quarrel, a person in the heat of the moment picks up a weapon which is handy and causes injuries, one of which proves fatal, he would be entitled to the benefit of this exception provided he has not acted cruelly.”

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Further in Arumugam v. State [(2008) 15 SCC 590 : (2009) 3 SCC (Cri) 1130], in support of the proposition of law that under what circumstances Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC can be invoked if death is caused, it has been explained as under : (SCC p. 596, para 9)

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“9. …. The help of exception 4 can be invoked if death is caused (a) without premeditation; (b) in a sudden fight; (c) without the offender's having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner; and (d) the fight must have been with the person killed. To bring a case within Exception 4 all the ingredients mentioned in it must be found. It is to be noted that the “fight” occurring in Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC is not defined in the Penal Code, 1860. It takes two to make a fight. Heat of passion requires that there must be no time for the passions to cool down and in this case, the parties had worked themselves into a fury on account of the verbal altercation in the beginning. A fight is a combat between two or more persons whether with or without weapons. It is not possible to enunciate any general rule as to what shall be deemed to be a sudden quarrel. It is a question of fact and whether a quarrel is sudden or not must necessarily depend upon the proved facts of each case. For the application of Exception 4, it is not sufficient to show that there was a sudden quarrel and there was no premeditation. It must further be shown that the offender has not taken undue advantage or acted in cruel or unusual manner. The expression “undue advantage” as used in the provisions means “unfair advantage”.

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In the matter of Arjun (supra), the Supreme Court has held that if there is intent and knowledge, the same would be case of Section

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304 Part-I of the IPC and if it is only a case of knowledge and not the intention to cause murder and bodily injury, then same would be a case of Section 304 Part-II of the IPC.

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Further, the Supreme Court in the matter of Rambir v. State (NCT of Delhi)⁵ has laid down four ingredients which should be tested to bring a case within the purview of Exception 4 to Section 300 of IPC, which reads as under:

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“ 16. A plain reading of Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC shows that the following four ingredients are required:

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(i) There must be a sudden fight;

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(ii) There was no premeditation;

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(iii) The act was committed in a heat of passion; and

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(iv)The offender had not taken any undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner.”

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In the present case, Vijay Gond (PW-1) has stated in para-2 of his examination-in-chief that at around 6.00-6.15 p.m. when he was at home then Vishwanath, Vijay and Akbar (deceased Ramdev) came to his house, sat at his house, drank alcohol and they went away from there. He has denied the suggestion given to him in his crossexamination that Vijay had first gone to his home, after which both accused Vishwanath and deceased Ramdev had gone together. The witness himself said that Vijay, Vishwanath and Ramdev all three had left by house together.

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Raghunath Gond (PW-2) has stated in para-2 of his examination-inchief that one day prior to the incident he along with his elder

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5 (2019) 6 SCC 122

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brother-in-law deceased Ramdev, accused Vishwanath and some other villagers had gone to Baikunthpur to work as laourers. On 25 January, 2016, he, deceased Ramdev, Ramcharitra, Bahadur, Vishwanath, Jai Singh all returned and went back to their home in Barketa in the evening. All three persons deceased Ramdev, accused Vishwanath and Vijay went towards Vishwanath's house. Ramdev did not return to his house that night and in para-3 he has stated that in the morning it was found out by Jokhan Sarpach that a boy was lying on the footpath in fron of Vishwanath's house. Then this witness along with Ramcharitra, his mother-in-law and Ramdev's wife went to see, they found that Ramdev was lying dead without clothes. In his cross-examination, he has denied the suggestion that when they went home from Lalpur, everyone had gone to their respective homes, automatically saying that Vishwanath and Ramdev had not gone.

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Ramcharitra (PW-3), who is the younger brother of deceased Ramdev and informant of the incident has stated in his examination-in-chief that before the incident, he along with Bahadur, Vijay, Vishwanath, Ramdev, Rameshwar, Raghunath hd gone to Lalpur to work. From there they went to collect paddy from village Rajauli Society and from there came to Lalpur on the next day. After unloading the paddy they went back to their village Barkela in the evening. Vishwanath and Vijay took his brother Ramdev (deceased) with them towards village and Ramdev did not return to his home at night. On the next morning he came to know from the Sarpanch that his brother was lying in a dead state near

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the field adjacent to the footpath in front of Vishwanath's house, then after receiving the news, he along with Patel Buddu, Maheep etc. went there and saw that his brother was dead. He was lying at the scene of the incident. He had suffered a head injury. Light bleeding was coming out from the nose. There was no clothes on his body. At some there was marks of dragging and fighting were visible. In his cross-examination he has denied the suggestion that Vijay had taken his brother Ramdev with him, the witness himself said that the accused Vishwanath had taken his brothe Ramdev with him towards Basti .

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Last scene witness Rajaram (PW-4) has stated in his examinationin-chief that on the last night at around 8-9 pm, before the dead body of Ramdev was found near the footpath, accused Vishwanath and Ramdev had come near my son's shop. When Vishwanath and Ramdev came near the shop, he was also in the shop. He also stated that when Vishwanath and Ramdev came near his shop, both were drunk, they came into the shop asking for chicken, we did not give it to them, after that both the persons went towards their homes. Thereafter, he and his son closed the shop and came to came to their home. In his cross-examination, he has denied the suggestion that when Raghunath, Ramsarif and others came back from work, they also came to the grocery shop, the witness himself said that apart from Ramdev and Vishwanath no one had come.

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Another last seen witness Vinod Kumar (PW-6) has stated in his evidence that a day before the incident i.e. 26th January, when he was at his shop around 7.00 - 7.30 p.m. both Ramdev and

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Vishwanath came to his shop together and bought mixture and mobile recharge card and left from his shop. There was no dispute between Ramdev and Vishwanath near his shop. At this he was declared hostile and on asking leading questions, he has stated that it is true that Vishwanath and Ramdev were drunk when they came to his shop and they started arguing amongst themselves near his shop, his father left both of them at some distance from the shop and came back saying that you guys should go home. In his cross-examination, he has accepted that Vishwanath and Ramdev did not dispute among themselves at his shop. This witness himself said that at some distance from his shop, Vishwanath and Ramdev were arguing among themselves, then his father leave them for some and distance and asked to go home. He also denied the suggestion that Ramdev and Vishwanath were having a normal conversation with each other. This witness himself said that they were arguing among themselves and not pulling or pushing.

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Investigating Officer Anand Ram (PW-17) has stated that he was posted as Station House Incharge in Police Station Manendragarh, from January, 2016 to October, 2016. On 26.01.2016, on the basis of the information of informant Ramcharitra (PW-3), the FIR No. 20/2016 (Ex.P/2) was registered against unknown person under Section 302 of the IPC. Thereafter, on the basis of which Merg Intimation No. 4/2016 under Section 174 of the Cr.P.C. was registered vide Ex.P-3. He left for scene of occurrence and prepared visual map of the incident site vide Ex.P-4, gave notice (Ex.P-5A) to the Panchas and prepared inquest (Ex.P-5) on the

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dead body of the deceased. Dead body of the deceased was sent for postmortem to Community Health Centre, Manendragarh vide (Ex.P-16).

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Reverting to the facts of the present case in light of principles of law laid down by their Lordships of the Supreme Court in the abovestated judgments (supra), it is quite vivid that as per evidences of last seen witnesses Rajaram (PW-4) and Vinod Kumar (PW-6) one day prior to the date of incident at about 7.00-7.30 to 8.00-8.30 p.m., the appellant and the deceased were present at the shop of these witnesses in drunken condition, at that time, some quarrel took place between them, then after some they left towards accused house and thereafter, in a heat of passion and on sudden provocation, the appellant assaulted deceased Ramdev by hitting on his head and strangulating him causing his death. There was no premeditation on the part of the appellant to cause death of deceased Ramdev. The appellant did not has any intention to cause death of deceased Ramdev, but by causing such injuries, he must has had the knowledge that such injuries inflicted by him would likely to cause death of Ramdev, as such, his case would fall within the purview of Exception 4 of Section 300 of IPC, as the act of the appellant herein completely satisfies the four necessary ingredients of Exception 4 to Section 300 IPC i.e. (i) there must be a sudden fight; (ii) there was no premeditation; (iii) the act was committed in a heat of passion and (iv) the appellant had not taken any undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner.

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Considering the above-stated facts, also considering the evidence

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of Rajaram (PW-4) and Vinod Kumar (PW-6) and taking into consideration that at present appellant- Vishwanath is aged about 33 years, and he is in jail since 27.01.2016 and he has completed near about 07 years 08 months, the conviction of the appellant under Section 302 of the IPC can be altered/converted to Section 304 Part-I of the IPC.

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Accordingly, conviction of the appellant under Section 302 of the IPC is set aside, however, he is convicted under Section 304 Part-I of the IPC and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 10 years.

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The criminal appeal is partly allowed to the extent indicated hereinabove. It is stated that the appellant is in jail, he shall serve out the remaining sentence as modified by this Court.

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Let a copy of this judgment and the original record be transmitted to the trial court concerned forthwith for necessary information and compliance.

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Sd/- Sd/- (N.K. Chandravanshi) (Ramesh Sinha) Judge Chief Justice

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Judgment Date : 11^th October, 2023

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Chandra

Vishwanath Singh v. State of Chhattisgarh

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

Vishwanath Singh v. State of Chhattisgarh

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

What the court decided

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Issues for consideration

Cases cited

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