Dismissed¶116

Harjas Ral Makhija (D) Thr. Lrs. v. Pushparani Jain & Anr.

Supreme Court2 Jan 20172017 INSC 7 · [2017] 1 S.C.R. 12017 INSC 7

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

Supreme Court of India (Madan B. Lokur & Adarsh Kumar Goel, JJ.), Civil Appeal No. 11491 of 2016, decided 02.01.2017: Harjas Rai Makhija (D) thr. LRS. v. Pushparani Jain — appeal against dismissal of suit declaring decree dated 04.10.1999 fraudulent dismissed; fraud must be proved with intent to deceive, not merely alleged; no specific fraud allegation in plaint; Order XLI Rule 27 CPC opportunity missed; costs Rs. 50,000/-.

What did the court decide?

The plaint in Suit No. 471-A of 2008 nowhere made any specific allegation that Pushparani played a fraud on the Trial Court while obtaining the decree dated 4th October, 1999; no fraud was alleged in the plaint or found, and the appeal deserved to be dismissed. ¶93

Harjas Ral Makhija (D) Thr. Lrs. versus Pushparani Jain & Anr. — Supreme Court (2017) — LawSathi Research

What the court decided

AI extract

Outcome

Dismissed

¶116

Issue for consideration

Whether the decree dated 4th October, 1999 passed in favour of Pushparani Jain was obtained by fraud — by concealment of the Power of Attorney executed on 30th April, 1983 — and is therefore void and not worthy of execution, via a collateral attack in Suit No. 471-A of 2008. +1 more

¶88

Court's answer

¶93

Ratio / Principle

Fraud has a definite meaning in law and must be proved, not merely alleged and inferred; a conclusion of fraud can be arrived at only after evidence is led coupled with intent to deceive; to conclude in a blanket manner that every decree where relevant facts are not disclosed is fraudulent stretches the principle to a vanishing point.

¶111

Key takeaways

The appellant had an opportunity to prove the allegation of fraud through his application under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC in the previous suit but missed it right up to this Court; taking a second shot by filing another suit, the evidence he relied upon was very thin and could not even be considered secondary evidence, and both the Trial Court and the High Court rejected the allegation of fraud.ratio¶112
The decree dismissing the appellant's suit for specific performance of the agreement dated 16th October, 1988 became final (upheld by the High Court and this Court, with SLPs and review petitions dismissed), and the appellant cannot collaterally pray for a decree of specific performance in respect of that agreement.ratio¶87

Detailed headnote1 paragraphs

Fraud — suit alleging decree obtained by concealment of material facts (non-disclosure of Power of Attorney dated 30.04.1983) — Held: a mere concealment or non-disclosure without intent to deceive, or a bald allegation of fraud without proof and intent to deceive, does not render a decree fraudulent; a conclusion of fraud can be arrived at only after evidence is led coupled with intent to deceive; fraud must be proved and not merely alleged or inferred. The appellant had an opportunity to prove the allegation of fraud through an application under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC in the previous suit but missed it right up to the Supreme Court; the plaint in the present suit made no specific allegation of fraud in obtaining the decree dated 04.10.1999, and the evidence relied on was very thin and not even secondary evidence. The decree dismissing the appellant's suit for specific performance having attained finality, it could not be collaterally attacked to seek specific performance. Appeal dismissed with costs of Rs. 50,000/-. A. V. Papayya Sastry v. Government of A.P. and Union of India v. Ramesh Gandhi referred to; Meghmala v. G Narasimha Reddy, Bhaurao Dagdu Paralkar v. State of Maharashtra and State of Orissa v. Harapriya Bisoi relied on.

¶1

[2017] l S.C.R. 1

¶2

HARJAS RAl MAKHIJA (D) THR. LRS. A

¶3

¶4

PUSHPARANI JAIN & ANR.

¶5

(Civil Appeal No. 11491 of2016) ' JANUARY 02, 2017

¶6

¶7

[MADAN B. LOKUR AND AD,\RSH KUMAR GOEL, JJ.]

¶8

Fraud - Suit alleging that the defendant had obtained decree in her favour fraudulently by non-disclosure of necessary and relevant facts or concealment of material facts - Held: A mere concealment or non-disclosure without intent to deceive or a bald allegation of fraud without proof and intent to deceive would not render a decree as fraudulent - It is only after evidence is led, coupled with intent to deceive, that a conclusion of fraud could be arrived at - Fraud must be proved and not merely alleged or inferred - The plaintiff had an opportunity to prove allegation of fraud in the previous suit, which he failed right upto Supreme Court - Even in the plaint of the present suit, the plaintiff has not made any specific a/legation of fraud having been played by the defendant while obtaining the decree - In the present case, fraud has only been alleged and not provej - Suit liable to be dismissed - Cost of Rs.50, 0001- imposed. .~

Dismissing the appeal, the Court

¶13

HELD: 1. There is no doubt tht a decree was passed in favour of respondent No.1 by the Distfict Judge on 4" October, 1999 after a full-fledged trial and thllt decree was upheld not only by the High Court but also by this Court. In that suit, the appellant had made an application before the High Court to produce additional evidence to suggest that the agreement for sale entered into by him with respondent No.1 through her attorney on 16" October, 1988 was genuine and based on the Power of Attorney given by her on 30'' April, 1983. Not only was the application for bringing on record addilional evidence dismissed by the High Court but the decree dismissing the suit for specific performance of the agreement for sale filed by the appellant was also dismissed by the High Court. That dismissal attaind finality when the petitions for special leave to appeal filed by the appellant were

.---

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶21

(2017) 1 S.C.R.

¶22

A dismissed by this Court. [Para IS) [6-G-H; 7-A)

¶23

Through a collateral attack, the appellant has now sought to deprive respondent No.I of her allotment of the suit property by alleging in the present suit that she had concealed the Power of Attorney executed by her on 30" April, I983 and had thereby B committed a fraud on the courts. [Para I7] [7-C-D]

¶24

When there is an allegation of fraud by non-disclosure of necessary and relevant facts or concealment ,,; ::nateri;rl, facts, it must be inquired into. It is only after evidence is led, coupled with intent to deceive, that a conclusion of fraud could be ar.rived c at. A mere concealment or non-disclosure without intent to deceive or a bald allegation of fraud without proof and intent to deceive would not render a decree obtained by a party as fraudulent. To conclude in a blanket manner that in every case where relevant facts are not disclosed, the decree obtained would be fraudulent, is stretching the principle to a vanishing point. D [Para 21] [8-B-D] ·

¶25

A. V. Papayya Sastry v. Government of A.P. [2007) 3 SCR 603 : (2007) 4 SCC 22I; Union of India v. Ramesh Gandhi [2011] I6 SCR I26 : (2012) .I SCC 476 :- referred to.

¶26

¶27

Fraud has a definite meaning'in'law and it must be proved and not merely alleged and inferred. The appellant had an opportunity to prove the allegation of fraud when he had filed an application under Order XLI Rnle 27 of the CPC in the previous suit. However, he missed that opportunity right up t>o this court. F He took a second shot at alleging fraud and filing another suit. In the plaint of the present suit, the appellant has nowhere made ·any specific allegation of a fraud having been played by respondent No.I on the trial court while obtaining the decree dated 4" October, I999. However, the evidence that he relied upon was G very thin and could not even be considered as secondary evidence. Accordingly both the trial court as well as the High Court rejected the allegation of fraud by not accepting the evidence put forward by the appellant to allege that fraud had been committed by respondent No.I when she obtained the decree dated 4'' October, I999. Fraud was not proved but merely alleged. [Paras I8, 22, H 23 and 24) [7-D; 8-E, F-G; 9-A-B)

¶28

¶29

HARJAS RA! MAKHIJA (D) THR. LRS. v. PUSHPARANI JAIN &ANR.

¶30

Meghmala & Ors. v. G Narasimha Reddy & Ors. [2010] 10 SCR 47 : (2010) 8 SCC 383; Bhaurao Dagdu Paralkar v. State of Maharashtra & Ors. [2005] 2 Suppl. SCR 774 : (2005) 7 SCC 605; State of Orissa & Ors. v. Harapriya Bisoi (2009] 7 SCR 34 : (2009) 12 sec 378 - relied on.

¶31

¶32

¶33

Case	LawReference
[21)0713SCR603	referred to	para19
[2011116SCR126	referred to	para20
[21)10110SCR47	relied on	para22
(200512 Suppl.SCR774	reliedon	para22	c
[2009] 7SCR34	reliedon	para22

¶34

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 11491 of2016 .

¶35

. From the Order dated 03.04.2012 by the High Court of Madhya o Pradesh at Jabalpur in First Appeal No. 961 of2010.

¶36

¶37

Dr. Rajeev Dhavan, Sr. Adv., Ms. Pragati Neekhra, Kabira S. Ghosh, Advs. for the Appellants.

¶38

Niraj Sharma, Sum it Kr. Sharma, Advs. for the Respondents.

¶39

¶40

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

¶41

MADAN B. LOKUR, J. 1. The appellant (Harjas Rai Makhija represented by his legal representatives) is aggrieved by the judgment and order dated 3'' April, 2012 passed by the High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur in FA No.961 of2010 whereby his appeal has been dismissed with costs ofRs.25,000/-.

¶42

Respondent No. I, Pushparani Jain (Pushparani) was allotted Plot No.251 in Major Shopping Centre Zone - II, Habibganj, Bhopal under Scheme No.13 of the Bhopal Development Authority (for short BDA). Since she was a resident of the United States of America and had some difficulty in completing the formalities with regard to the allotment, she appointed her brother Jinendra Jain as her attorney on or about 28'" August, 1981. This was communicated by her to the Chairman of the BDA by a letter of the same date.

¶43

On the basis of the communication sent by Pushparani to the

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶49

[2017] I S.C.R.

¶50

A BOA, and on the basis of the Powerof Attorney given by her to Jinendra Jain, she was able to obtain possession of the plot allotted to her and complete the necessary formalities ..

¶51

According to the appellant Harjas Rai Makhija (Makhija), another Power of Attorney had been executed by Pushparani on 30"' B April, 1983 in favour ofJinendra Jain. The original of this document has not been produced by anybody. Be that as it may, on the basis of the alleged Power of Attorney dated 30'h April, 1983, an agreement was entered into between Jinendra Jain and Makhija on : o·'· October, 1988 to sell the plot allotted to Pushparani in favour of Makhija. In terms of the agreement, the sale deed was to be executed on or before 30'h April, c 1989.

¶52

When Pushparani came to know about the agreement for sale in respect of the plot allotte11 to her, she filed a civil suit before the District Judge, Bhopal and that suit subsequently came to be numbered as Suit No. 51 ·A of 1999. The prayer made by Pushparani in the plaint D was for a declaration that the agreement for sale dated I 6'h October, 1988 was without any authority given to Jinendra Jain. She also made a prayer for recovery of possession and grant of mesne profits since possession of the plot had been given by Jinendra Jain to Makhija.

¶53

Makhija also filed a civil suit before the District Judge which E subsequently came to be numbered as Suit No.52-A of 1999. The prayer made by Makhija was for specific performance of the agreement dated I 6'h October, 1988 entered into by him with Pushparani through her attorney Jinendra Jain.

¶54

Both the suits one filed by Pushparani irnd the other by Makhija F were taken up and heard together. By a judgment-and decree dated 4'h October, 1999 the suit filed by Pushparani was decreed with the result that the agreement for sale dated I 6'h October, 1988 was declared to be illegal. It was also decreed that Makhija shall handover possession of the suit property to Pushparani and pay monthly compensation of G Rs.5,000/- per month. The suit filed by Makhija was dismissed.

¶55

¶56

Feeling aggrieved by the result of the two suits mentioned above, Makhija preferred two appeals before t!ie High Court being F.A; No. 607of1999 and F.A. No.638 of 1999 challenging the decree granted in favour of Pushparani and the dismissal of his suit.

¶57

¶58

¶59

HARJAS RAJ MAKHIJA (DJ THR. LRS. v. PUSHPARANl JAIN & ANR. [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

¶60

During the pendency of the aforesaid appeals, Makhija filed an application before the High Court under Order XU Rule 27 of the Code of Civil Procedure' (for short the CPC) for adducing additional evidence. By virtue of this application; Makhija sought to bring on record an application said to have been filed by Jinendra Jain with the BDA on behalf of Pushparani as her attorney for the grant of a No Objection Certificate in respect of the suit property. According to the averment made in the application, Jinendra Jain had moved the application before the BDA on I" June, 1983.

¶61

I 0. By a judgment and order dated 13'h September, 2002 the High Court dismissed both the appeals filed by Makhija as well as the application under Order XL! Rule 27 of the CPC. While dismissing the appeals and the application, the High Court held that no document was produced before the Trial Court to establish that Pushparani had executed a Power of Attorney in favour of J inendra Jain on 30'" April, 1983. The High Court also noted that according to Makhija what was produced before the BDA as the Power of Attorney dated 30'h April. 1983 was in fact a photocopy of the alleged Power of Attorney. Therefore, the High Court took the view that a photocopy produced before it was a photocopy of another photocopy (filed before the BDA) and as such it could not even be considered as secondary evidence. Even otherwise, the "High Comt concluded that there was no material to indicate that J inendra Jain was authorized to enter into an agreement for sale the suit property on behalf of Pushparani.

Feeling aggrieved by the dismissal of the appeals as well as

¶68

1OrderXLIRule27.- ProductionofadditionalevidenceinAppellateCourt.- (I)The partiestoanappealshallnotbeentitledtoproduceadditionalevidence,\Vhetheroral ordocumentary,intheAppellateCourt.Butif-
(a)theCourtfrom\vhosedecreetheappealispreferredhasrefusedtoad1nitevidence \Vhichoughttohavebeenad111illed.or
(aa)thepartyseekingtoproduceadditionalevidence,estabui:ihcsthatnot\vithstanding
theexercise ofduediligence,suchevidence\Vasnot\Vithinhiskno\vledgeorcould not,aftertheexerciseofduediligence,beproducedbyhi1natthetin1e\Vhcnthe decreeappealedagainst\Vaspassed.or
(b)theAppellateCourtrequiresanydocu1ncnttobeproducedoranywitnesstobe exan1incdtoenableittopronouncejudg1nent,ortbranyothersubstantial'cause,
theAppellateCourtn1ayallO\Vsuchevidenceordocumenttobeproduced,or\vitncss tobeexamined.
(2)Whereveradditional evidenceisallo\edtobeproducedbyanAppellate Courl.theCourtshallrecordthereasonforitsadmission.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶74

[2017] 1 S.C.R.

¶75

A the application, Makhija preferred S.L.P.(C) Nos.524-525 of2003 which came to be dismissed by this Court on 25" July, 2003. The review petitions filed by Makhija also came to be dismissed by this Court on 9'h September, 2003.

¶76

Notwithstanding the dismissal of Makhija's case, he was

¶77

B unrelenting and filed yet another suit before the Additional District Judge, Bhopal which came to be numbered as Suit No.471-A of2008. In this suit, he produced a certified copy of the Power of Attorney dated 30'h April, 1983 allegedly filed by Jinendra Jain before the BOA. The prayer made in the plaint filed by Makhija was for a declaration that the decree dated 4'" October, I 99<fpassed in favour of Pushparani was obtained in

¶78

c a fraudulent manner and is void ;md not worthy of being executed. This suit came to be dismissed by the Additional DistrictJudge by the judgment and decree dated 28'" September, 20 I 0.

¶79

Feeling aggrieved by the dismissal of the suit filed by him, Makhija preferred FA No. 961 of 2010 in the High Court of Madhya D Pradesh. The appeal was taken up for consideration by the High Court and by judgment and order dated 3'' April, 2012 (impugned) the appeal was dismissed. The High Court took the view that the alleged Power of Attorney dated 30'" April, 1983 could not be accepted as a valid piece of documentary evidence being a certified copy of a photocopie<;l-document. E It was also held that Makhija had an opportunity to raise the same issue when the application for leading additional evidence was filed but did not do so and cannot have a second shot for the same purpose. The allegation of fraud leveled by Makhija was not accepted by the High Court.

¶80

Leariied counsel for Makhija raised quite a few submissions F before us but in our opinion, the present appeal deserves to be dismissed on the ground that no fraud has been alleged in the plaint fil~d by Makhija or found in respect of the decree dated 4'" October, 1999.

¶81

There is no doubt that a decree was passed in favour of Pushparani by the District Judge on 4'" October, 1999 after a full-fledged trial and that decree was upheld not only by the High Court but also by G this Court. Makhija made an application before the High.Court to produce additional evidence to suggest that the agreement for sale entered into by him with Pushparani through her attorney Jinendra Jain on 16'" October, 1988 was genuine and based on the.Power of Attorney given by her to JinendraJain on 30'" April, 1983. Not only was the application

HARJAS RAI MAKHIJA (D) THR. LRS. v. PUSHPARANI JAIN & ANR. (MADAN B. LOKUR, J.]

¶86

for bringing on record additional evidence dismissed by the High Court but the decree dismissing the suit for specific performance of the agreement for sale filed by Makhija was dismissed by the High Court. That dismissal attained finality when the petitions for special leave to appeal filed by Makhija were dismissed by this Court.

¶87

It is significant to note that Makhija has not sought (and indeed could not seek) to reopen the proceedings pertaining to the dismissal of his suit for specific perfonnance. As such, as mentioned above, the decree dismissing his suit for specific performance of the agreement dated l 6'h . October, 1988 has become final. Therefore, under no circumstances can Makhija now collaterally pray for a decree of specific performance in respect of that agreement.

¶88

Through a collateral attack, Makhija has now sought to deprive Pushparani of her allotment of the suit property by alleging that she had concealed the Power of Attorney executed by her in favour of Jinendra Jain on 30'h April, 1983 and had thereby committed a fraud on the courts.

We have been taken through the plaint filed by Makhija.in Suit No. 471-A of 2008 and find that he has nowhere made a)ly specific allegation ofa fraud having been played by Pushparani on the Trial Court whife obtaining the decree dated 4'h October, 1999.

¶94

During the course of submissions, it was contended on behalf of Makhija that it is a settled proposition of law that a decree obtained by playing fraud on the court is a nullity and that such a decree could be challenged at any time in any proceedings. Reliance was placed on A. V. Papayya Sastry v. Govemme11t of A.P.' This proposition is ce11ainly not in dispute.

¶95

¶96

¶97

Learned counsel also placed reliance on U11io11 of llldfrt v. Ramesh Ga11dhP which reads as under:-

¶98

"27. If a judgment obtained by playing fraud on the court is a nullity and is to be treated as 11011 est by every cou11, superior or inferior, it would be strange logic to hear that an enquiry into the question whether a judgment was secured by playing fraud on the court by not disclosing the necessary facts relevant for the adjudication of the controversy before the court is

¶99

¶100

2 (2007) 4 sec 221

¶101

'(2012) 1 sec 416

¶102

¶103

¶104

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

(2017] I S.C.R.

impermissible. From the above judgments, it is clear that such an examination is permissible. Such a principle is required to be applied ·with greater emphasis in the realm of public law jurisdiction as the mischief resulting from such fraud has larger dimensionaffeciing the larger public interest." (Emphasis supplied by us).

¶109

We agree that when there is an allegation of fraud by nondisclosure of necessary and relevant facts or concealment of material • facts, it must be inquired into. It is only after evidence is led coupled with intent to deceive that a conclusion of fraud could be arrived at. A mere concealment or non-disclosure without intent to deceive or a bald c allegation of fraud without proofand intent to deceive would not render a decree obtained by a party as fraudulent. To conclude in a blanket manner that in every case where relevant facts are not disclosed, the decree obtained would be fraudulent, is stretching the principle to a vanishiQg point.

¶110

¶111

What is fraud has been adequately discussed in Meghmalt~ & Ors. v. G Narasimha Reddy & Ors.' Unfortunately, this decision does not refer to earlier decisions where also there is an equally elaborate discussion on fraud. These two decisions are Blwurao Dagtlu Paralkar v. State of Maharashtra & Ors . .< and State of Orissa & Ors. v. E Harapriya Bisoi.⁶ In view of the elaborate discussion in these and several other cases which have been referred to in these decisions, it is clear that fraud has a definiie IJ1eaning in law and it must be prpved and not merely alleged and inferred.

¶112

In so far as the present appeal is concerned, there is no doubt F that Makhija had an opportunity to prove the allegation of fraud when he filed an application under Order XLI Rule 27 of the CPC. However, he missed that opportunity right up-to this court. Makhija took a second shot at alleging fraud.and filingancither suit against Pushparani. However, the evidence that he relied upon was very thin and could not even be considered as secondary evidence. Accordingly both the Trial Court as G well as the High Court rejected the allegation of fraud by not accepting the evidence put forward by Makhija to allege that fraud had been

¶113

'(2010) 8 sec 383 (paragraphs 28 to 36)

¶114

'(2005) 7 SCC605

¶115

H '· (2009) 12 sec 378

¶116

HARJAS RA! MAKHIJA (D) THR. LRS. v. PUSHPARANl JAlN 9 & ANR. [MADAN B. LOKUR, J.] committed by Pushparani when she obtained the decree dated 4'" October, A 1999. 24. Fraud not having been proved but merely alleged, we do not find any reason to differ with the judgment and order passed by the High Court and the Trial Court. B 25. The appeal is dismissed with costs quantified at Rs.50,000/-. Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal dismissed.

Procedural history

How this case reached the court

AI extract

Order under challenge
Judgment and order dated 03.04.2012 dismissing the appellant's First Appeal No. 961 of 2010 (against dismissal of Suit No. 471-A of 2008 alleging the decree dated 04.10.1999 was fraudulent), with costs of Rs. 25,000/-.¶41
High Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur · 03.04.2012
Prior proceeding
Pushparani Jain filed Suit No. 51-A of 1999 before the District Judge, Bhopal seeking declaration that the agreement for sale dated 16.10.1988 was without authority, recovery of possession and mesne profits.¶52
Prior proceeding
Makhija filed Suit No. 52-A of 1999 before the District Judge for specific performance of the agreement dated 16.10.1988.¶53
Prior proceeding
By judgment and decree dated 04.10.1999 Pushparani's suit was decreed (agreement declared illegal; Makhija to hand over possession and pay Rs. 5,000/- per month) and Makhija's suit for specific performance was dismissed.¶54
Prior proceeding
Makhija preferred F.A. No. 607 of 1999 and F.A. No. 638 of 1999 before the High Court challenging the decree in favour of Pushparani and the dismissal of his suit.¶56
Prior proceeding
During pendency of the appeals, Makhija applied under Order XLI Rule 27 CPC to adduce additional evidence (Jinendra Jain's alleged application to BDA dated 01.06.1983 for a No Objection Certificate).¶60
Prior proceeding
By judgment and order dated 13.09.2002 the High Court dismissed both appeals and the Order XLI Rule 27 application, holding the photocopied Power of Attorney dated 30.04.1983 was not even secondary evidence and there was no material showing Jinendra Jain was authorised.¶61
Prior proceeding
Makhija's S.L.P.(C) Nos. 524-525 of 2003 were dismissed by this Court on 25.07.2003.¶75
Prior proceeding
Makhija's review petitions were dismissed by this Court on 09.09.2003.¶75
Prior proceeding
Makhija filed Suit No. 471-A of 2008 before the Additional District Judge, Bhopal producing a certified copy of the alleged Power of Attorney dated 30.04.1983, praying declaration that the decree dated 04.10.1999 was obtained fraudulently and is void and not worthy of execution.¶77
Prior proceeding
Suit No. 471-A of 2008 was dismissed by the Additional District Judge by judgment and decree dated 28.09.2010.¶78

Harjas Ral Makhija (D) Thr. Lrs. v. Pushparani Jain & Anr.

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

Harjas Ral Makhija (D) Thr. Lrs. v. Pushparani Jain & Anr.

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

What the court decided

Issues for consideration

Cases cited

Statutes considered

Procedural history

Parties & counsel

Coram

Case details

Similar cases

M/S Centrotrade Minerals & Metal Inc. versus Hindustan Copper Ltd.

Union of India & Ors. versus M/S. Cipla Ltd. & Anr.

Re- Inhuman Conditions in 1382 Prisons (Ji) versus .

Common Cause & Ors. versus Union of India & Ors.

Rishabh Choudhary versus Union of India & Ors.

State of Gujarat versus Maliben Nathubhai (D) through Lrs &Ors.