Dispute over demurrage after partial loading of an export cargo under an alleged charter party agreement providing London arbitration. The Supreme Court held that correspondence, fixture note and bill of lading evidenced a valid arbitration agreement, upheld referral to arbitration under Section 45, and dismissed the appeal.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
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[2008] 13 S. C.R. 925
M/S. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED-,
A
v.
KOLA SHIPPING LIMITED
(Civil Appeal No. 5796 of 2008)
SEPTEMBER 23, 2008
B
[TARUN CHATTERJEE AND DALVEER BHANDARI, JJ.]
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Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 - ss. 45 and 7 - Export of sorghum to State of Niger by appellant - Negotia- c tions for export order-Appellant agreeing to load and respondent agreeing to carry 13, 500 tons cargo from Kakinada to port of Cotonou - However, only 1100 MT cargo loaded as appellant could not get export order from Niger - Offer of demurrage by appellant - Dispute between parties over quan- D tum of demurrage - Several litigations before Indian Courts - Application uls. 45 by respondent to refer the dispute between parties to arbitration in London under provisions of English Arbitration Act, 1996 and stay all further proceedings in suit pending arbitration - Allowed by courts below - Justification E of- Held: Justified - Correspondence between the parties as also fixture note and bill of lading signed by parties lead to a conclusion that Charter Party Agre{!ment existed between parties~ Agreement provided that disputes arising out of charter party to be referre(j to arbitration in London under the En- ·F glish Act - Said agreement was not null and void or inoperafive or incapable of being performed - More so, appellant admitted that he had signed on the front page of Charter Party Agreement.
Appellant-manufacturer and exporter of food products was to export sorghum-cargo to the State of Niger. It negotiated with the head of the State for the export order. Appellant and the respondent entered into an agreement through Brisk Marine Services. Appellant promised to load
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[2008] 13 S.C.R.
A 13,500 MT of the cargo at Kakinada Port for transportation to Cotonou within the stated period. The respondent issued bill of lading. As per the terms and conditions of the Charter Party Agreement, the appellant had to load the said cargo within nine days on or before 6.08.2005 s and in case it failed to get the export order , it had to load maize to Colombo from Kakinada Port. The vessel arrived at the Port. However, the appellant could not get the export order from the State. It loaded 1100 MT of cargo as against 13,500 MT of the agreed cargo and agreed to pay C compensation of US $ 90,000 to the respondent for the loss suffered by it. Respondent was not satisfied with the quantum of demurrage offered by the appellant and dispute arose between the parties. Thereafter, the appellant requested the respondent to unload the cargo from the 0vessel but the same was not done. Respondent filed ap- plication for discharge of 1, 100 MT of cargo before the High Court of Delhi. The application was allowed. Appellant then filed appeal and subsequently withdrew the matter. Meanwhile, the appellant filed suit claiming damages as by that time the cargo unloaded from the ship E had become unworthy of consumption. It also filed application for interim injunction directing the Port Officer, Kakinada Port, to detain the vessel at Kakinada harbour till the disposal of the suit. The application was dismissed. Appellant filed an appeal before High Court of Andhra F Pradesh which was also dismissed. The respondents then filed application u/s. 45 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 to refer the dispute between the parties to arbitration in London under the provisions of the English Arbitration Act, 1996 and stay all further proceedG ings in the suit pending arbitration. Trial court allowed the application. High Court also upheld the order holding that the Gharter Party Agreement was in existence and the appellant could not deny the same. Hence the present appeal.
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MIS. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA 927 SHIPPING LIMITED
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
A
HELD: 1.1 In the instant case, there existed a charter party agreement between the parties to the suitwhich can be identified from the correspondence between the parties to that effect as also from the fixture note and the bill of lading signed by the parties. As-per the provisions <?f s. 45 of the Act, the High Court as well as the trial court were fully justified in allowing the application preferred by the respondent. [Paras 23 and 25] [943, H; 944,A; 944,F]
B
1.2 All the facts regarding the existence of the Char- c ter.Party Agreement have been extensively deliberated in the courts below and the said courts have unilaterally accepted that there exists a Charter Party Agreement between the parties. No grounds have been raised in this appeal by the appellant satisfying this Court also that from D the recprds, it could be said that there was no existence of any Charter Party Agreement between the parties. Therefore, there is no reason to interfere with the concurrent orders of the courts below. [Para 9] [936,C-D]
· 1.3 By the Charter Party Agreement dated 18th of July, E 2005 the appellant agreed to load and the respondent agreed to carry 13,500 tons of the cargo from Kakinada to the port of Cotonou. The said Charter Party Agreement provided for arbitration in Box 25 and Clause 19 and that the disputes pertaining to the same were to be referred to F arbitration in London under the English Arbitration Act. It is clear from the clause 19 that the venue of the arbitration chosen by both the parties is London in the United Kingdom and the Jaw chosen by both the parties is the English Law. In view of the mandatory provision of s. 45 G of the Act, the Court is duty bound to stay all further proceedings in the suit and refer the matter to Arbitration as per Clause 19 of the Charter Party Agreement. [Paras 10 and 13] [936, E-F; 938, G-H; 939,A]
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A 1.4 It is clear from the provision made u/s. 7 of the Act, that the existence of an arbitration agreement can be inferred from a document signed by the parties, or an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of telecommunicati on, which provide a record of the agreement. It is clear that Ba Charter Party Agreement neednot bein writing signed by both parties and this could as well be made out from the acts of the parties to the agreement by way of their exchange of letters and information through fax, e-mails etc. It cannot be said that u/s. 7 of the Act the letter/faxes or mails or any cother communications will have to contain the arbitration clause in the absence of any agreement. The expressions of s. 7 do not specify any requirement to this effect. [Paras 11 and 14] [937,F-G; 939,D, 938,A]
1.5 The appellant had vehemently contended that D there was no Charter Party Agreement between them. Even if it is assumed that there was no such agreement between the parties, it is the responsibility of the appellant to provide a reasoning as to how the vessel was responsible for carrying the said cargo arrived at the port Eof Kakinada without any agreement present between the appellant and the respondent. The appellant also needs to explain as to what was the agreement entered into upon it for which it loaded the ship with 1100 MT of the cargo instead of the promised 13500 MT. Moreover the appelFlant had agreed to pay compensation to the tune of US$. ~ 90,000 to the respondent on its own initiative due to the fact that it was unable to load the requisite amount of cargo of 13,500MT on board. The appellant needs to explain as to what were the circumstances under which it Gwantedtopay such compensationtothe respondent. According to the explanations provided by the appellant,
it had not committed any breach. Therefore, the question to be asked is why did the appellant want to pay such a huge sum of compensation for no fault of it, if there was no Charter Party Agreement to that effect between the par-
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M/S. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA 929 SHIPPING LIMITED
ties. If the loading of the cargo by the appellant which comA menced on 6th· of August, 2005 is not under any Charter Party Agreement as contended by the appellant, but under a different agreement, then the appellant has to show the terms of the other agreement under which the loading of the cargo was done by the appellant, since the stock loaded B is not of a small quantity but worth one crore and odd in terms of Indian r.upees. For the loading and unloading of cargo as well as to carry it from one port to another, an agreement is certainly required and if the said agreement is not a Charter Party Agreement, then there has to be some c other agreement to that effect. The appellant is supposed to provide the details of. that agreement in the alternative, which it had not done. [Para 14] [939,E-H; 940,A-D]
1.6 Appellant had not denied the fact that it had signed the first page of the Charter Party Agreement. The D claim that such a signature would not amount to a valid arbitration agree.ment cannot be entertained. [Paras 10 and 11] [937,G; 936,G]
1.7 As regards the submission of the appellant that loading of the sorghum was done pursuant to a fixture note, a careful perusal of the fixture note reveals that the place of arbitration has been mentioned as London. Moreover, with regard to Clause 14-19, it has been mentioned in the said fixture note that it is re-established as per the Charter Party. Thus, it is clear that even the fixture note as pointed out by the appellant contains a provision as to the place of arbitration and a reference has been made to the charter party agreement. Therefore, the appellant cannot escape its liability from complying with the provisions of the Charter Party Agreement. [Paras 17 and 21] [943,C0941, C]
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We/ex A.G. vs. Rosa Maritime Ltd. (The "Elipson Rosa Case'/ 2002 EWHC 762 (Comm) - referred to.
1.8 From the judgment arid order passed by Delhi
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1.9 It cannot be said that u/s. 8 of the Act it is necessary for the party making an application to refer the matB ter to arbitrati9n, to provide the original arbitration agreement or a duly certified copy of the same. The instant appeal has been filed against the impugned judgment of the Andhra Pradesh High Court affirming the order of the trial court allowing the application filed by the respondent u/ C s. 45 of the Act. Section 45 of the Act deals with matters relating to international commercial arbitrations and s. 8 of the same does not have any relevance in the instant appeal. Section 45 of the Act does not require the respondent to file the original of the Charter Party Agreement. In D any event, the appellant had not questioned the authenticity of the Charter Party Agreement filed by the respondent and had in fact admitted the signature appearing on the first page of the same to have been made on its behalf. The courts below had thoroughly examined the said Charter E Party Agreement and had passed their orders after considering the clauses thereof. [Para 19] [941,H; 942,A-D]
1.10 As per the provisions of the s. 45 of the Act, it is clear that at the request of one of the parties or any person claiming through or under him the court shall refer F the parties to arbitration unless it finds that the said agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed. In the instant case, there appears to be no such thing to say that the so called agreement entered into by the~ parties is in any way to be termed as null and void or G inoperative or incapable of being performed. The claims raised by the appellant before this Court about the nonexistence of the charter party agreement can also be raised by the same before the arbitral tribunal at London. Under the English Arbitration Act 1996, as per ss. 30 and H 31 of the said Act, the arbitral tribunal may rule on its own
· . M/S. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA 931 SHIPPING LIMITED
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jurisdiction and.also can decide on the existence of a valid A arbitration agreement. This is similar to the provisions u/ s. 16 of the Act, whereby the arbitral tribunal can decide on its jurisdiction _as also on the existence or validity of 'the arbitration agreement. [Para 24] [944,A-D]
B
Case Law Reference
2002 EWHC 762 (Comm) Referred to Para 22
CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5796 of 2008
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From the Judgment/Order dated 15/6/2007 of the High Court of Judicature, Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in C.R.P. No. 6618 of 2006 ·
L.N. Rao, Jayanth Muth Raj and C.K. Sasi for the Appellant.
D
Dushyant Dave, Ravindra Srivastava, Amitava Mujumdar, Siddharth Dave, Vibha Datta Makhija, Kunal Verma, R. Srivastava, Supriya Jain, Anup Jain, K. Krishna Kumar and . Jemtiben Ao for the Respondents.
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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
TARUN CHATTERJEE, J. 1. Leave granted.
1A. This is an appeal by special leave against the judgment and order dated 151 h of June, 2007 of the High Court of F Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in CRP No. 6618 of 2006, whereby the High Court had affirmed the order dated 301 h November, 2006 of the Ill Additional District Judge, Kakinada in IA No. 3861 of 2005 arising out of OS No. 34 of 2005 allowing an application filed by the respondent under Section 45 of the ArG bitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (in short, i§the Act(').
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A 3. The appellant is a company dealing in the business of manufacturing and exporting food products and cereals/grains etc. The appellant was to export sorghum (hereinafter referred to as the j§cargoj'') to the State of Niger. The appellant thereafter negotiated with the head of the State of Niger through a lady B Principal Officer for an export order. In that process, the appellant herein obtained an irrevocable letter of credit from the State Bank of India, Overseas Branch, New Delhi, on 12th of July, 2005. On 26th of July, 2005, the appellant addressed an e-mail to the respondent through its broker Brisk Marine Services. As per c the Gontents of the mail the appellant promised to load 13,500 , MT of the cargo at Kakinada Port for transportation to Cotonou. The respondent herein, issued a bill of lading. As per the terms and conditions of the Charter Party Agreement, the appellant had to load the said cargo within nine days on or before 5th of 0August,2005.ThevesselM.V.Kapitan Nazarev arrivedat Kakinada Port on 24th of July, 2005. The surveyor of the appellant inspected the vessel on 25th of July, 2005. For some reason or the other, the proposal of the appellant did not fortify. On gth of August, 2005, the appellant informed the respondent that he could not get the export order from the State of Niger due to E some unreasonable conditions imposed by it. As per the Charter Party Agreement, existence of which was alleged by the respol']<;ient and denied by the appellant, the appellant had to load maize to Colombo from. Kakinada Port, in case he failed to get the export order from Niger. On 19th of August, 2005, the appelF lant addressed an e-mail to the respondent stating that he was ready to compensate the respondent for the loss suffered by it. On 24th of August, 2005, the respondent addressed an email back to the appellant stating that it was not satisfied with the demurrage amount offered to be paid by the appellant. A peG rusal of the facts clearly reveal that the dispute started between the appellant and the respondent with regard to the quantum of demurrage. The appellant herein loaded 1100 MT of the cargo in the vessel from 6th of August, 2005 to gth of August, 2005 as against 13,500 MT of the agreed cargo. On 5th of September, H 2005, the appellant sent an email to the respondent requesting
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M/S. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA 933 SHIPPING LIMITED [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]
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it to unload the cargo from the vessel. But the cargo was not A unloaded from the vessel due to the ongoing disputes between the parties. The respondent initiated proceedings in the High Court of Delhi seeking interim orders in the matter of discharge of 1, 100 MT of the cargo under Section 9 of the Act. The said application came to be allowed by the High Court on 28th of B September, 2005. The appellant carried the matter in appeal and subsequently withdrew the same on 22nd of January, 2007. In the meantime the appellant had also filed a suit claiming damages as by the time the cargo unloaded from the ship had become unworthy of consumption. The appellant also filed an ap- c plication for injunction under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 of the Civil Procedure Code, seeking interim injunction directing the Port Officer, Kakinada Port, to detain the vessel of M.V. Kapitan Nazarev at Kakinada harbour till the disposal of the suit. The application came to be dismissed by the Ill Additional District D Judge, Kakinada, by an order dated 11th of November, 2005. The appellant thereafter unsuccessfully challenged the said orderby filing an appeal before the High Court of Andhra Pradesh. The respondents then entered into appearance in O.S. No. 44 of 2005 and moved an application under Section 45 of the Act E to refer the dispute between the parties to arbitration in London under the provisiohs ofthe English Arbitration Act, 1996 and stay all further proceedings in the suit pending arbitration. The Learned Ill Additi6nal District Judge, Kakinada, allowed the application by an order dated 30th of November, 2006. Feeling aggrieved, the appellant filed a Civil Revision Petition before F t.he High Court of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad which was dismissed on a finding that there was a Charter Party Agreement in existence and the appellant could not deny the existence of the same .
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[2008] 13S.C.R.
934
A after examining the impugned judgment of the High Court and also the order of the trial court, we do not find any reason to interfere with the concurrent orders of the High Court as well as of the trial court in the exercise of our discretionary power under Article 136 of the Constitution.
B
B 6. The learned counsel appeari[lg on behalf of the appellant has contended that the trial court has not given any finding with regard to the existence of the Arbitration Agreement and without there being any positive finding with regard to the same, .. invocation of the provisions of Section 45 of the Act was unjusC tified. He has further contended that even if there is any Charter Party Agreement, it does not cover the shipment of 1, 100 MT of bagged cargo and, therefore, the order passed by the trial court as well as of the High Court was not proper and legal and therefore, the same is liable to be set aside. He further contended D that the respondent had not placed any record, prima facie, as to the existence of the arbitration clause and therefore, the decision of the High Court to allow the application fiied by the respondent under Section 45 of the Act cannot be sustained.
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"In the written reply field by the respondent, respondent has admitt~d loading of 1, 100 MT of Sorghum on board the petitioner's vessel. According to the respondent, they have been persistently requesting the petitioner to allow them to discharge the goods and even offered a sum of US$ 90,000 but the petitioner, in order to blackmail the
MIS. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA SHIPPING LIMITED [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J]
935
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respondent, came out with an unfounded, unrealistic, A and illegal claim of over4.56 lac of US $ as a precondition for the release of the goods to which the respondent did not agree. Not only that, the petitioner has sent emails to all shipping lines warning them not to . deal with the respondent without first contracting the B petitioner This, according to the respondent, amounts to defamation for which the respondent claims damages to the tune of US$ 3,00,000. As regards the agreement namely Charter Par, respondent's versions is that they have signed only fixture note and not any charter party c agreement. Respondent has further taken a preliminary objection regarding territorial jurisdiction of this Court to entertain this petition.
When a corporation/company has its subordinate office at the place where cause of action arose, only local courts D will have jurisdiction to try the suit notwithstanding the fact that the corporation/company has its registered office somewhere else, where no part of cause of action arose. In the present case, petitioner's contention that Delhi Courts have jurisdiction to try the suit is based on sub- E clause 'c' and not sub-clause 'a' of section 20 of CPC. According to the petitioner Charter Party was signed at Delhi. Respondent did not deny their signatures on the first page of Charter Party, whicr .:hows that the agreement was signed at New Delhi and place of arbitration as F London. Thus, a part of cause of action arose in Delhi where the principal office of the respondent is also situated. In this case there is no agreement between the parties excluding the jurisdiction of Delhi Courts. Therefore, Delhi Courts have jurisdiction to entertain the G present petition."
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936
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[2008] 13 S.C.R.
A an appeal but subsequently withdrew the same. Therefore, the appellant cannot be permitted to contend that there is no arbitration clause in the Charter Party Agreement. Once there is an arbitration clause in the agreement, the matter is required to be referred to an Arbitrator. The trial court considered the materi8 als brought on record and allowed the application filed by the respondent under Section 45 of the Act. The Andhra Pradesh High Court finding no infirmity in the order of the trial court had affirmed the same.
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"Arbitration Agreement:
H 1) In this part "Arbitration Agreement" means an
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MIS. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA SHIPPING LIMITED [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]
agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all A or certain disputes which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined legal relationship, whether contractual or not
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[2008] 13 S.C.R.
938
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A contention of the appellant that under Section 7 of the Act the letter/faxes or mails or any other communications will have to contain the arbitration clause in the absence of any agreement. The expressions of Section 7 do not specify any requirement to this effect.
B
"Clause 19- LAW AND ARBITRATION
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M/S. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED .v. KOLA 939 SHIPPING LIMITED [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]
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ings in the suit and refer the matter to Arbitration as per Clause 19 of the Charter Party Agreement.
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[2008] 13 S.C.R.
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A cargo of 13,500MT on board. The appellant needs to explain as to what were the circumstances under which it wanted to pay such compensation to the respondent. According to the explanations provided by the appellant, it had not committed any breach. Therefore, the question to be asked is why did the ap8 pellant want to pay such a huge sum of compensation for no fault of it, if there was no Charter Party Agreement to that effect between the parties. If the loading of the cargo by the appellant which commenced on 6th of August, 2005 is not under any Charter Party Agreement as contended by the appellant, but under a c different agreement, then the appellant has to show the terms of the other agreement under which the loading of the cargo was done by the appellant, since the stock loaded is not of a small quantity but worth one crore and odd in terms of Indian rupees. For the loading and unloading of cargo as well as to carry it from one port to another, an agreement is certainly re0 quired and if the said agreement is not a Charter Party Agreement, then there has to be some other agreement to that effect. The appellant is supposed to provide the details of that agreement in the alternative, which it had not done. We are afraid that the appellant has not provided any satisfactory explanations to E the above-mentioned questions.
M/S. SHAKTI BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA B41 SHIPPING LIMITED [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]
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produced to the tune of 13,500 MT as the deal with the Government of Niger was not yet finalized. But then in such a situation, if the so called Charter Party Agreement, relied upon by the respondent, is absent, then there has to be some other agreement to that effect under which, the appellant herein agreed to load the vessel with a cargo of 1, 100 MT of sorghum. But such an agreement has not come'to our notice.
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A tion agreement or a duly certified copy of the same. But this contention has no legs to stand upon in the context of the present appeal. The present appeal has been filed against the impugned judgment of the Andhra Pradesh High Court affirming the order of the trial court allowing the application filed by the respondent Bherein under Section 45 of the Act.Wemaynote that Section 45 of the Act deals with matters relating to international commercial arbitrations and Section 8 of the same does not have any relevance in the present appeal. Section 45 of the Act does not require the respondent to file the original of the Charter Party cAgreement.Inany event, the appellant had not questioned the authenticity of the Charter Party Agreement filed by the respondent and had in fact admitted the signature appearing on the first pa~1e of the same to have been made on its behalf. The Courts below had thoroughly examined the said Charter Party Agreement and had passed their orders after considering the D clauses thereof.
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"I am in receipt of GP and Fixture Note for Cotonou but nothing for Colombo therefore, not signed so far."
To this effect it can be said that the appellant had not signed Gthe said charter party.But if we proceed towards the end of the said email sent by the appellant, we may say that there is a clear disparity as to the contention of the appellant that there was no agreement between the parties regarding the loading of the cargo. We feel it necessary to refer to the relevant portion Hof the email pointing out to this disparity:
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M/S. SHAKT! BHOG FOODS LIMITED v. KOLA 943 SHIPPING LIMITED [TARUN CHATTERJEE, J.]
"Above for your info. And action pis. Am trying my best A to engage your vessel just to honour the negotiations. Let's hope for best."
It is clear from a perusal of the above-mentioned statement that there was on going negotiations between the parties regarding the loading of the cargo and pursuant to such negotiations, 1100 MT of the cargo had been loaded. It is difficult to believe that such cargo was loaded without any agreement to the parties to that effect.
B
- Further the said email clearly shows that the appellant c had asked for a fixture note for the delivery of the cargo to Colornbo. The appellant had subsequently accepted that he had sent the said cargo to Colombo pursuant to a fixture note. As has already been observed before, the said fixture note reveals that the place of arbitration has been mentioned as London. D Moreover, with regard to Clause 14-19 it has been mentioned in the s.aid fixture note that it is re-established as per the Charter Party. Therefore the appellant cannot escape its liability from complying with the provisions of the CharterParty Agreement.
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[2008] 13 S.C.R.
A that effect as also from the fixture note and the bill of lading signed by the parties.
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Appeal dismissed.
2 issues framed by the court
Whether a charter party agreement with an arbitration clause existed between the parties despite the absence of a fully signed formal agreement.
Whether the courts below were justified in referring the dispute to arbitration in London under Section 45 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Welex A.G. vs. Rosa Maritime Ltd. (The "Elipson Rosa Case")Referred¶22
2002 EWHC 762 (Comm)
6 provisions across 2 enactments
M/s. Shakti Bhog Foods Limited
Kola Shipping Limited
Tarun Chatterjee
Dalveer Bhandari
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
