Director ( Studies) & Ors. versus Vaibhav Singh Chauhan

rr. 8.1 and 9.2 -'.-- 'Malpractice' - Student while writing examination in 2005 found in possession of a slip containing material of the subject concerned - Disqualified for one D academic session snd allowed to take readmission in same class for academic session 2006-2007 - High Court by interim order directing the Institute to permit· the s,tudent to reappear in the forthcoming examination in th.e subject concerned and by final judgment directing the Institute to E · declare his result of the re-written examination in the subject concerned and results of all the subjects of 2005 Examination - Division Bench declining to interfere holding that the punishmentimposed by Institution was disproportionate - HELD: The student fs clearly guilty of malpractice - He has F been given the minimum punishment - No lesser punishment · could have been given except in exceptional circumstances and it was not a fit case for exercising discretion by waiving or reducing the minimum punishment- There·is no illegality in the order passed by the Institution - Nor are the Rules G^{invalid nor violativeof Article14of the Constitution.}

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Educational matters - Examinations - Student found guilty of unfair means/malpractice - HELD: High Courts should not ordinarily interfere with orders pass.ed in H^{educationalmattersbydomestictribunalssetupby}

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educational institutions, unless there is clear violation of A some statutory rule or legal principle - In academic matters, there should be strict discipline and malpractices should be severely punished.

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The respondent was pursuing the degree course in Hospitality and Hotel Administration. In the third and final year examination which was held in April 2005, while writing the answer scripts in the subject 'Front Office Management', he was caught with a slip containing material relevant to the subject. A 'malpractice' case was initiated against him. The respondent confessed t~at the slip was in his own handwriting. The Institute disqualified him for one academic session and permitted him to take readmission for the academic session 2006-07 in the same class and to appear in the annual examination in 2007. In the writ petition filed by the student, the single Judge of the High Court by an interim order dated 31.3.2006, directed the Institution to permit him "to appear in the forthcoming 'Front Office Management' Examination". Thereafter, in the final judgment, the single Judge directed the Institution to declare the student's result of the re-written examination in the subject 'Front Office Management' and also to declare his results in all other subjects in which he had appeared in 2005. The Institution having remained unsuccessful in the Letters Patent Appeal, filed th·e instant appeal.

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Allowing the appeal, the Court

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HELD: 1. The respondent is clearly guilty of malpractice as defined in sub-rule (1) of Rule 8.1 of the Examination Rules of the National. Council of Hotel G Management and Catering Technology, New Delhi. The plea that there was no evidence to show that the respondent had actually used the slip of paper found in his possession, is wholly irrelevant. All that is relevant is whether the slip of paper found in the possession of the H

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A examinee pertained to the examination paper in question. If itcioes, then itis a malpractice. In the instant case, the slip of paper, which contained the materfal pertaining to the paper in question, was brought into the examination hall a.nd was found to be in possession of the examinee s while .wrifing the examination. Whether the respondent actully used that slip or not is irrelevant. It is true that . seeing .a slip of paper before commencement of the examination is not a malprac,tice, but in the instant case the court is concerned with its use during th.e c examination and not'before the examination. In academic matters there should be strict discipline and malpractices should be severely punished iPara 8, 9, 18 and 20] [230E, F, G; 236-F; 237-B]

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C.B.S.E. v. Vineeta Mahajan & Anr., [1993] 3 Suppl .. D SCR 387 = [1994] 1 SCC 6; Regional Officer, C.B.S.E. v. Sheena Peethambaran & Ors., .[2003] 3 Suppl. S.CR 275 = [2003] 7 SCC 719; C.B. S.E. & Anr. v. P. Sunil Kumar & Ors., [1998] 3 SCR 327 = [1998] 5 SCC 377 ~nd Guru Nanak Dev University v. Parminder Kumar Bansal & Ors., [1993] 4 SCC E 401, relied on.

¶39

2.1: Rule 9.2 lays down that even if a candidate has used unfair means only in one paper, he will be deemed to have failed· in all the papers. In the instant case, the : res-pondent no doubt was found with a slip of paper in F the 'Front Office Examination' which was only one of the papers, but in view of Rule 9.2 he will have ~o reappear in the entire examination i.e. in all the papers, and not merely in the 'Front Office Examination'. [Para .21] .[237D-E]

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G 2.2. The respondent/examinee has been given the· minimum punishment under Rule 9.2 and no lesser punishment ·could have been imposed, except in exceptional circumstances. '1t is true that when a person confesses his guilt it is often treated as a mitigating H circumstance and calls for 'lesser punishment if that is

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DIRECTOR (STUDIES) & ORS. v. VAIBHAV SINGH CHAUHAN

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permissible. However, this is not an absolute rule and will not apply in all kinds of cases. In particular, in academic · matters, there should be no leniency at all. This is not that kind of exceptional case, and no sympathy was called for. [Para 25] [233-F]

¶51

2.3. The interim direction by single Judge of the High Court to the Institution to allow the writ petitioner to reappear in the forthcoming examination in the paper of 'Front Office Management' and the direction, while finally deciding the writ petition, that the writ petitioner's result in the subject 'Front Office Management' in which he appeared in April 2006 and other papers in which he appeared in 2005 be declared were illegal. The Division Bench of the High Court also was not right in holding that the punishment given was disproportionate to the offEmce committed. In view of Rule 9.2 the respondent has been given the minimum punishment, since he has been disqualified for one academic session allowing him to take re-admission for the session 2006-07. There is no illegality in the order passed by the Institution. This was not a fit case for exercising discretion by waiving or reducing the minimum punishment. Both the judgments of the single Judge and the Division Bench of the High Court are set aside. [Paras 12, 21-23, 25, 27 and 30] [231F-G; 237-D-E; G, H; 238-F; 239-B]

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2.4. There is no invalidity in the Examination Rules. There is rio violation of Article 14 nor of any other provision of the Constitution nor of any other statute. [Para 29] [239-D-E]

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This Court has repeatedly held that the High Courts should not ordinarily interfere with the orders passed in educational matters by domestic tribunals set up by educational institutions, unless there is clear violation of some statutory rule or legal principle. Also, there must be strict purity in the examinations of educational institutions and no sympathy or leniency

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A sho~ld be shown to candidates who resort to unfair , means in the examinations. [Para 32] (239-H; 240-A-C]

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Board of High School & lntrmediate Education, U.P. Allahabad & Anr. v. Bagleshwar Prasad & Anr., AIR (1963] SCR 767 = (1966) SC 875, Dr. J.P. Kulshresth·a & Ors. v B Chancellor, Allahabad University & Ors., [1980] 3 SCR 902 AIR 1980 SC 2141 and Rajendra Prasad Mathury.·Kamataka University & Anr., (1986] SCR 912 =AIR (1'986) SC 1448; relied on. ··

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c	Case Law Ref	erence :
	[1993] 3 Suppl.SCR387	relied on	para 9
	(2003] 3 Suppl.SCR275.	relied on	para15
D	(1998) 3SCR327	relied on	para 15
	(199314sec401	relied on	para15
	(1963]SCR767	relied on	para32
	(1980] 3SCR902	relied on	para32
E	(1986]SCR912	relied on	para32
	CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICT of2008. ·,	ION: Civil Ap	peal No. 34 · ·

¶69

F From the final Judgment and Order dated 24.5.2007 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in Letter Patent Appeal No. 22 of 2007.

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Kamini Jaiswal for the Appellants.

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G Lalit Bhasin, Nina Gupta; Swig in George and Bina Gupta for the Respondent..

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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

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MARKANDEY KAT JU, J. 1. This appeal by special leave H

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. DIRECTOR (STUDIES) & ORS. v. VAIBHAV SINGH CHAUHAN [MARKANDEY KAT JU, J.]

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has been filed against the impugned judgment & final order dated 24.5.2007 of the Division Bench of the Delhi High Court in Letter Patent Appeal No. 22 of 2007. The learned Division Bench of the High Court dismissed the LPA by the following order:

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"Heard. For the reasons that will follow separately, this appeal fails and is hereby dismissed with costs assessed at Rs. 5,000/-." '

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Subsequently, the reasons were given by the learned Division Bench which have been annexed to the counter affidavit^c filed in this appeal.

¶86

Heard Ms. Kamini Jaiswal, learned counsel for the appellant and Shri Lalit Bhasin, learned counsel for the respondent.

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· 4. The fact-s of the. case are that respondent Vaibhav Singh Chauhan (hereinafter referred to as the respondent) was admitted to Dr. Ambedekar Institute of Hotel Management, Nutrition & Catering Technology, Chandigarh in the academic session 2002-03 to undergo a degree course in Hospitality and Hotel Administration. He cleared all the subjects in the first and second year. Thereafter he appeared in the third and final year of the examination for the academic year 2004-05. On 19.4.2005 while he was writing his answer script in the subject of 'Front Office Management' a slip was found in his possession which contained material relevant to the examination. The invigilation staff took the slip into their possession and a fresh answer sheet was issued to the respondent.

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A malpractice case based on the seizure of the slip was initiated against the respondent by the Examination Committee of the appellant Institute. In his statement dated 19.4.2005 before the inquiry the respondent admitted that the slip which . was seized from his possession was in his own han~writing. Thus, he confessed the charge against him. However, he

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A pleaded that he was extremely sorry for the mis~eed and would not repeat it again.

¶102

By its order datea 7.7.2005 the Institute disqualified the respondent for one academic session as per Rule 9.2 of the Examination Rule of the Institute. The respondent was permitted B to take readmission for the academic session 2006-07 in the same class and he had to appear in the annual examination in 2007.

¶103

1. At this stage it may be relevant to quote some of the c relevant rules, being the Examination Rules of the National Council for Hotel management and Catering Technology, New Delhi (hereinafter referred to as the 'Examination Rules').

¶104

Rule 8.1 of the said Rules defines 'malpractice' in an

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D examination. Sub-rule (1) of th.e said Rule 8.1 defines the following as one of the malpractices in the examination:

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-"candidate who-is found in possession of any notebook(s) or notes or chits or any other unauthorized material concerning the subject pertaining to the examination E. paper."

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The respondent in our opinion .is clearly guilty of malpractice as defined in sub-rule ( 1) of Rule 8.1 of the Examination Rules.

¶109

F 9. In this connection learned counsel for the respondent submitted that there was no evidence to show that the respondent had actually used the said slip of paper found .in his possession. In our opinion, this is wholly irrelevant. All that is relevant is whether the slip of paper found in the possession ·of the examinee pertained to the examination paper in question. G If it does, then it is a malpractice. In this particular case, the said slip of paper was brought into the examination hall and - was found to be in the· possession of the examinee while the examination was going on. Whether the respondent actually used that slip or not is irrelevant. This view finds support from H the decision of this Court in C.B.S.E. v. Vineeta Mahajan &

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DIRECTOR (STUDIES) & ORS. v. VAIBHAV SINGH CHAUHAN [MARKANDEY KAT JU, J.]

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Anr., [1994] 1 SCC 6. Moreover, this is also borne out by sub rule (1) of the Examination Rules, quoted above.

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In the present case there is no doubt that the slip of paper contained material pertaining to the examination in question. Hence, we cannot accept the submission of .Shri Lalit Bhasin that the respondent was not guilty of malpractice since he was not found to have used that piece of paper.

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Rule 9.2 of the Examination Rules states as follows:

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"A candidate found exchanging answer book or question c paper with solution or copying or having in his/her possession or accessible to him/her papers, books, notes or material relating to the subject of the question paper shall be disqualified for a minimum period of one academic session following the examination in question 0 and is liable to be disqualified for a maximum period of three years following the examination in which he/she (deliberately) adopted unfair means. The candidate found to have thus indulged in unfair means shall be deemed to have failed in all subjects. After expiry of the period of E; disqualification such candidate shall have to reappear in the entire examination."

(emphasis supplied)

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It appears that in pursuance of Rule 9.2 the respondent has been given the minimum punishment, since he has been disqualified for one academic session allowing him to take readmission for the session 2006-07. Hence, we find no illegality in the order dated 7. 7 .2005, which is annexed as Annexure P- 3 to this appeal.

¶127

The respondent filed a writ petition before the learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court in which an interim order was passed by the learned Single Judge dated 31.3.2006, a copy of which is annexed as Annexure P-5 to this appeal.

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Since that interim order has relevance in this appeal we are quoting it in its entirety as under : '

"ORDER

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The charge against the petitioner is that he was found in possession of a chit/slip of paper on which some notings had been made. The records that are available at the present moment do not bear out whether this chit had actually been used in the examination. The petitioner immediately admitted to the possession of the slip and stated that it would not happen again. His contrition is, therefore, spontaneous.

¶147

The respondent has impqsed on the petitioner the punishment under Rule 9.2 of Examination Rules, 2001 of · National Council for Hotel Management Catering Technology for one Academi.C Session following the Examination in question. That provision also enables the imposition of a disqualification which may extend upto three years. Rule 10.6 preserves to the authorities the relaxation of even the minimum ,period of punishment, viz., one year.

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In the writ petition a challenge has been laid to the legality of the Rules and Regulations. Leaned counsel for the responc:fent states that these Rules are applicable to 24 ·institutes that are run by the respondents.

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Before any punishment is inflicted on a person, even in circumstances where he admits to the possession of a slip of paper containing information that is relevant to or pertains to the examination, the authority should carefully exercise its mind as to whether circumstances call for a particular punishment. It has been contended by learned

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DIRECTOR (STUDIES) & ORS. v. VAIBHAV SINGH 233 CHAUHAN [MARKANDEY KAT JU, J.]

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counsel for the petitioner that where students are involved, the commission of a fault should be viewed with some flexibility.

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However, if too much laxity is shown by th~ authorities, especially in the case of cheating or using of B unfair means in the examination, it would inexorably lead to a decline in academic standards. Learned counsel for the respondents also states that in academic matters the' Court should not exercise any discretion.

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So far as the last submission is concerned there is^c a difference in jural interference in academic standards and Judicial Review of the punishment, the Order should be a reasoned one. In the case in hand, all that is stated is that the petitioner is "disqualified for academic session as per Rule 9.2 of the Examination Rules of the National D Council." The petitioner was informed that he would have to take readmission in the same class and will have to · appear in the annual examination in 2007. Learned counsel for the respondents admits that while representations had been received from the petitioner he E is not in a position to state whether they were disposed of or not.

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The Court often encounters confessions or apologies that are calculated to get out of a delicate position. In the present case a confession/admission/apology has been spontaneous. One full academic as well as professional year has been lost. It is not a case where by furnishing a confession the petitioner claims complete exbneration. When the respondents' Rules themselves contain the power to relax the imposition of a minimum period of punishment, this course ought to have been transversed and considered by the respondents. If it had been so done, and plausible reasons had been given in the impugned decision, for declining to impose a punishment of two years [as it actually works out to be], this Court may have been

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.[20081-15 S.C.R.

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-\ A· .. ~ "-: jqath.e .to interfere in the matter. Eve11 on such. a, serious "'" .. , " ; .rnattr. the respond_ens haye not shown due-concern and have not reduce to writing the reasons why a tYJO year ban has been imposed. It is true that the Ruies explain that

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•:"a :punishment of one year· discretion employed by

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B. . .. ::, academic.authorities. In the first case; the Court would not .... ::· ·'·normally be equipped with necessary wherewithal to rule . · · · on academic criteria and therefore should be loathe to

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·' · 'exercise writ powers. So· far as judicial review of the decision taken by academic authorities is concerned if the

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,. c. . . Court can interfere in G0vernment/administrative '. '" • decisions, there is no reason why it cannot do so in the <··""J .. co.ntexf of academic decistons also. The decision to

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· ; .: ·impose a penalty, in any case, be described as an ... - a'cademic session .. In both cases what is expected of the ·court.ls to consider whether there was any arbitrariness

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0 " Jn the action, or whether rules of natural justice have be.en violated or ignored as the case may be, or the decision is

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. unreasonable in the Wednesbury sense. It is within these ·paramete~s that the present case has to be considered.

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E It cannot possibly be contradicted that the impugned ·order is of far-reaching consequences. In all such cases it is essential for the authority concerned to give a complete

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. and meaningful opportunity,to the delinquent to be heard. It has ?lready been noted that the petitioner had confessed

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: F to possession of the chit al~ost spontaneously. It is totally ... -.. . _left to speculation as to whether he was using the slip in the course of the examination. A student placed in such a predicam·ent would, with alacrity, submit his confession

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G:'. ?' · depending on by the authorities. However, where discretion is available what .assura~ces had been held out to him 'to the authorities, to waive any punishment or impose light ' or heavy would" be forfeiture of the examination in which

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. 'the petitioner had appeared as well as 'the next following

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'.~ · .. -· .. yea~. H_oweve~: the Rules also, as has been seen_ above,

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; , H .. ;,. rpose discretion on the a:uthority _fo·rduction .. ~

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DIRECTOR (STUDIES) & ORS. v. VAIBHAV SINGH CHAUHAN [MARKANDEY KAT JU, J.J

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An interim prayer has been made for permitting the. A petitioner to appear in the examination 'Front Office Examination' in the course of which he ·was found in possession of some objectionable material. At this stage of the proceedings I am of the view that the responderits have not applied the Rules in their letter and spirit and have 8 not kept in mind the immediate acknowledgment/ · admission of the guilt being in possession of objectionabie material. It is certainly arguable that possession of objectionable material, per se, without a finding that that material was intended to be used in the examination, c would not b.e punishable_. If we care to think back to our . student days, one would invariably recollect preparation of such kind of slips for refreshing the mind immediately before an examination, with~ further intent to use it as unfair or illegitimate mannef. These aspects of the case D have been ignored.

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In these circumstances the respondents are directed to permit the petitioner to appear in the forthcoming 'Front Office Examination'. The appearance of the petitioner in this examination will not create any equities in his favour. The results shall be kept in a sealed cover and shall be only declared on orders of the Court. Leniency in matters, such as these, was shown by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Swatantar Dixit v. Govind Rain, ·[2001] 10 SCC 761 by reducing the punishment to 2-1/2 months, which was the period of suspension already undergon~.

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List this application for further consideration on 1.5.2005.

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Counter Affidavit be filed within two weeks. Rejoinder be filed within two weeks thereafter.

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Renotify on 1.5.2006."

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A 15. Before commenting on this interim order we would like to say that this Court has repeat~dly disapproved of passing of such interim orders ir:t educational matters vide Regional · - Officer, C.B.S.E. v. Sheena Peethambaran & Ors. 1 [2003] 7 SCC 719 (pa'ra 6); C.B.S.E. & Ahr. v. P. Sunil Kumar & Ors., B^{(1998)5 SCC377and}^{GuruNanak pevUniversityv.} Parminder Kumar Bansal & Ors., [1993) 4 SCC 401 etc.

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As noted in the above judgments of this Court 1 such interim orders amount to misplaced sympathy which are wholly uncalled for and often results in creating confusion and is c destruction of academic discipljne and academic standards.

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Coming to the interim order of the learned Single Judge dated 31.3.2006, it may be noted that in the very second sentence of the order the learned Single Judge stated that the D^{record did not bear out whether the chit had actually been used -} in the examination. As alr~ady ,noted above, this was a wholly irrelevant consideration. Once· it is found th_at the chit/piece of paper contains material per1aining to the examination in question it amounts to malpractice, whether the same was used • E^{-by the examinee or not. -}

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The learned Single Judge in the interim order has then emphasized on the fact that ;the respondent had apologized and had confessed to the possession of the chit. In our opinion -this again is a misplaced sympathy. We are of the firm opinion _ F that -in academic matters thete should be strict discipline and malpractices should be severely punished. If our country is to progress we must maintain high educational standards, and this is only possible if malpractices in examinations in educational institutions are curbed with an iron hand.

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The learned Single Judge in the interim order then states -"if we care to think back to our student days, one would invariably recollect preparation of such kin~ of slips for refreshing the mind immediately before an examination, with H^{no further intent to use it as an unfair or illegitimate manner".}

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DIRECTOR (STUDIES) & ORS. v. VAIBHAV SINGH 237 CHAUHAN [MARKANDEY KAT JU, J.]

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Here again, we respectfully cannot approve of the above observation of the learned Single Judge. A judge is supposed to keep his personal view in the background and not inject them in the judgments. What was done in his student days was surely irrelevant for deciding the case or even passing an interim order. It is true that seeing a· slip of paper before commencement of tha examination is not a malpractice, but in the present case we are concerned with its use during the examination and not before the examination. Hence we fail to see how the above observation of the learned Single Judge could be justified.

¶221

The learned Single Judge has then directed the Institution to allow the respondent to reappear in the forthcoming 'Front Office Examination'. In our opinion, this again was wholly illegal. As noted in Rule 9.2 (quoted above), even if a candidate has used unfair means only in one paper, he will be deemed to have failed in all the papers. In the present case, the respondent no doubt was found with a slip of paper in the 'Front Office Examination' which was only one of the papers. However, in view of Rule 9.2 he will have to reappear in the entire examination i.e. in all the papers, and not merely in the Front Office Examination.

¶222

In view of the above, we are of the opinion that the learned Single Judge was wholly unjustified in passing the aforesaid interim order dated 31.3.2006.

¶223

Thereafter in the final judgment dated 30.10.2006, the learned Single Judge directed the result of the respondent to be declared forthwith for the subject 'Front Office' for which the respondent appeared in April 2006 pursuant to the interim order dated 31.3.2006, and also to declare the result of the respondent in other subjects in which he appeared in 2005. The learned Single Judge was of the view that the punishment imposed was disproportionate to the offence, particularly since the respondent had shown remorse and sought for9iveness.

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A 24. We are afraid we cannot agree with the view taken by the learned Single Judge. As alrea<;iy stated above, we have to be very strict in maintaining high academic standards and maintaining academic discipline and academic rigour if our country is to progress. Sympathy for students using unfair B'^{means is wholly out of place.}

¶240

Moreover, the respondent/examinee has been given the minimum punishment under: the rules and no lesser punishment could have been imposed, except in exceptional c^{circumstances.It is true that when a person confesses his guilt} it is often treated as a mitigating circumstance and calls for lesser punishment if that is permissible. However, this is not an absolute rule and will not apply in all kinds of cases. In particular, as stated above, in academic matters there should be no leniency at all if our GOuntry is to progress. Apart from that, the D respondent had been given the minimum punishment under Rule 9.2 and we fail to understand how a lesser punishment could have given to him, except 'by exercising discretion in a particular case. This is not that kind of exceptional case, and no sympathy was called for.

¶241

The learned Single Jt;idge in his judgment dated 30.10.2006 has directed that the writ petitioner's result in the subject 'Front Office' in which he appeared in April 2006 and other papers in Which -he. appeared in 2005 be declared^{forthwith.In our opinion, this was an illegal djrection, because} as stated in Rule 9.1, once a candidate has been found using unfair means even in one subject/paper, he will be deemed to have failed in all the subjects/papers and he has to rewrite the entire examination, and not merely for the single paper in which^{he is foundto. have usedunfair means.}

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An appeal was filed before the learned Division Bench ' ' of the Delhi High Court which has been dismissed by the impugned judgment which we have carefully perused. We regret our inability to agree with the; Division Bench.

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27 .. The learned Division Bench has epeated the viw of A the learned Single Judge that the punishment given was disproportionate to the offence committed. We entirely disagree .with that view. As already. stated above, the minimum punishment was imposed on the respondent and we fail to unders.ta_nd what other punishment could have been given to him B even when he has confessed his guilt. In our opinion, this was not a fit case for exercising discretion by waiving or reducing the minimum punishment.

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Moreover, the learn~d Division Bench seems to have made the same mistake made by the learned Single Judge in directing that the respondent's result of the subject 'Front Office' examination held in 2006 along with the result in other papers written by h.im in 2005 be declared forthwith. As already stated above, this direction is against Rule 9.2 of the Examination Rules.

¶257

Shri Bhasin, learned counsel for the respondent then submitted that the examination rules were invalid. We have carefully perused the rules and find no inval~dity in the same. There is no violation of Article 14 or any other provision of the Constitution or any other statute.

¶258

In view of the above, we are of the opinion that both the judgments of the learned Single Judge as well as the learned Division Bench cannot be sustained and have to be set aside. We order accordingly. Resultantly, the appeal stands allowed. The impugned judgment of the learned Division Bench as well as the Single Judge are set aside and the writ petition is dismissed.

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There shall be no order as to costs.

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Before parting with this case, we would like to refer to the decisions of this Court which has repeatedly held that the High Court· should not ordinarily interfere with the orders passed in educational matters by d~mestic tribunals set up by H

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A educational institutions vid~ Bot!Jrd qf High School & Intermediate Education, U.P. f.llahabad & Anr v. f?agleshw.ar Prasad & Anr, AIR (1966) SC 875 (vi~e para 12), Dr. J.P. Kulshrestha & Ors. v. Chancellor, Allahabad University & Ors., AIR (1980) SC 2141 (vide para 17), Rajendra Prasad Mathur

¶270

B v .. Kamataka University & Anr., AIR (198q) SC 1448 (vide para ·· 7). We wish to reiterate the view taken -in the above decisions, and further state that the High Courts should not ordinarily interfere with the functioning and order of the educational authorities unless there is clear violation of some statutory rule

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c or legal principle. Also, there must be strict purity in the examinations of educational institutions and no sympath..y or leniency should be shown to candidates who· resort to unfair means in the examinations.

¶272

RP

¶273

Appeal allowed.

Director ( Studies) & Ors. v. Vaibhav Singh Chauhan

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Director ( Studies) & Ors. v. Vaibhav Singh Chauhan

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