Appeal against conviction under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC affirmed by the High Court. Appellants argued related eye-witnesses were partisan and sought application of falsus in uno falsus in omnibus. The Supreme Court held related witness evidence cannot be per se discarded and rejected the maxim, dismissing the appeal.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
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[2008] 14 S.C.R. 334
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BUR SINGH AND ANR.
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STATE OF PUNJAB
(Criminal Appeal No. 1598 of 2008)
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OCTOBER 13, 2008
[DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT AND DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, JJ.]
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.. Penal Code, 1860: s. 302 r. w. s. 34.:.. Conviction under, by ctrial court-Affirmed by High Court-Correctness of-Held: On facts, correct- Evidence of witnesses established the pros- ' ecution case.
Evidence: Related witness - Testimony of - Evidentiary value of - Held: Can be relied upon unless ·allegation of D interestedness is established.
Doctrines/Principles: of 'falsus in uno falsus in omnibus' - Applicability of
Pros·ecutipn case was that a day prior to incident, Eaccused-appellant no.1 gave beatingtoa boytowhich deceased objected. The accused was annoyed with him and challenged to teach him a lesson. The next day at 6.00 A.M.; deceased was going towards his well alongwith his son, complainant. The accused persons came there Fand startedinflictingseveralblowstohir:nwiththeir re- spective weapons. The deceased succumbed to injuries. The complainant went to the police ~tation, but ASI met him on the way and he recorded statement of complainant which was completed at 7 .30 AM on the basis of which GFIRwas registered at 8.30 AM. The distance of police sta- tion was 4 Kms. from the place of occurrence. The lllaqa Magistrate received the FIR at 9 A.M.
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Accused persons were arrested and weapons were recovered in pursuance of their disclosure statements. H 334
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BUR SINGH AND ANR. v. STATE OF PUNJAB
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The trial Court found the evidence of eye witnesses PW-2 and 3 to be cogent and credible and recorded conviction of appellants under s.302 r.w. s.34 IPC. High Court upheld the conviction. Hence the instant appeal.
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Appellants contended that the evidence of PW-2 and B 3 cannot be believed and their presence at the spot was highly improbable; that they were interested witnesses and their evidence cannot be relied upon; that the presence of semi-digested food showed that the occurrence could not have taken place in the morning as claimed by the prosecution; that in the FIR and the application madec for postmortem, the investigating officer had not staled that the injuries on the person of the deceased were caused by sharp weapon; that evidence tendered by PW3 was not accepted and thu$ would throw out the entire D prosecution case and the principle of "fa/sus in uno falsus in omnibus" was applicable.
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
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HELD: 1. Merely because the eye-witnesses are tam- E ily members their evidence cannot per se be discarded. When there is allegation of interestedness, the same has to be established. Mere statement that being relatives of the deceased they are likely to falsely implicate the accused cannot be a ground to discard the evidence which is othF erwise cogent and credible. Relationship is not a factor to affect credibility of a witness. It is more often than not that a relation would not conceal actual culprit and make allegations against an innocent person. Foundation has to be laid if plea of false implication is made. In such cases, the G court has to adopt a careful approach and analyse evidence fo find out whether it is cogent and credible. The ground that the witness being a close relative and consequently being a partisan witness, should not be relied upon, has no substance. [Paras 6, 9] [342-C-D-E; 343-D] H
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336
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2008] 14 S.C.R.
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A Oalip Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab AIR (1953) SC 364; Guli Chand and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan (1974) 3 SCC 698 Vadive/u Thevar v. State of Madras AIR (1957) SC 614; Masalti and Ors. v. State of U. P AIR (1965) SC 202; State of Punjab v. Jagir Singh AIR (1973) SC 2407; Lehna v. State B of Haryana (2002) 3 SCC 76; Gangadhar Behera and Ors. v. State of Orissa (2002) 8 SCC 381; Babula/ Bhagwan Kbandare and Anr. v. State of Maharashtra (2005) 10 SCC 404; Salim Saheb v. State of M.P (2007) 1 SCC 699 - relied on.
2.1 The plea to apply the principle of "falsus in uno C falsus in omnibus" is untenable. Falsity of particular material witness or material particular would not ruin it from the beginning to end. The maxim "falsus in uno fa/sus in omnibus" has no application in India and the witnesses cannot be branded as liars. It is merely a rule of caution. D All that it amounts to, is that in such cases testimony may
be disregarded, and not that it must be discarded. The doctrine merely involves the question of weight of evidence which a Court may apply in a given set of circumstances, but it is not what may be called 'a mandatory rule E of evidence. [Para 13] [344-G-H; 345-A-B]
2.2. The doctrine is a dangerous one specially in India for if a whole body of the testimony was to be rejected, because a witness was evidently speaking an untruth in some aspect, it is to be feared that administration of crimiF nal justice would come to a dead-stop. Witnesses just cannot help in giving embroidery to a story, however true in the main. Therefore, it has to be appraised in each case as to what extent the evidence is worthy of acceptance, and merely because in some respects the Court considG ers the same to be insufficient for placing reliance on the
testimony of a witness, it does not necessarily follow as a matter of law that it must be disregarded in all respects as well. The evidence has to be sifted with care. The aforesaid dictum is not a sound rule for the reason that one H hardly comes across a witness whose evidence does not
BUR SINGH AND ANR. v. STATE OF PUNJAB
337
A ~ contain a grain of untruth or at any rate exaggeration, embroideries or embellishment. [Para 13] [345-D-F]
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Nisar Ali v. The State of Uttar Pradesh AIR (1957) SC 366; Gurcharan Singh and Anr. v. State of Punjab AIR (1956) SC 460; Sohrab slo Beli Nayata and Anr. v. The State of B Madhya Pradesh (1972) 3 SCC 751; Ugar Ahir and Ors. v. The State of Bihar AIR (1965) SC 277; Zwinglee Ariel v. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR (1954) SC 15; Ba/aka Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab AIR (1975) SC 1962; Rajasthan v. Smt. Ka/ki and Anr. AIR (1981) SC 1390; Krishna Machi and Ors. c v. State of Bihar etc. JT (2002) (4) SC 186 - relied on.
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338 SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2008] 14 S.C.R.
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A not be a factor to disbelieve the evidence of PWs 2 and 3. FIR was very promptly lodged, occurrence is supposed to have taken place around 6 AM and the statement of the complainant was recorded at 7 A.M. So far as the nonmention about the use of blunt weapon in the inquest reBport forpostmortem is concerned, thereisno require- ment in law that the police officials making inquest or conducting of post mortem should describe in detail as to the nature of the injuries sustained by the deceased and/ or by the type of weapons used. That cannot be a factor ctodiscardtheprosecutionversion. [Para 15] [346-E-H; 347-A-D]
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CASE LAW REFERENCE
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AIR (1953) SC 364 relied on Paras 7, 9 (1974) (3) sec 698 relied on Para 8 AIR (1957) SC 614 relied on Para 8 AIR (1965) SC 202 relied on Para 10 AIR (1973) SC 2407 relied on Para 11 (2002) 3 sec 76 relied on Para 11 (2002) 8 sec 381 relied on Para 11 (2005) 1 o sec 404 relied on Para 12 (2007) 1 sec 699 relied on Para 12 AIR (1957) SC 366 relied on Para 13 ( ). .. AIR (1956) SC 460 relied on Para 13 \ (1972) 3 sec 751 relied on Para 13 AIR (1965) SC 277 relied on Para 13 AIR (1954) SC 15 relied on Para 13 AIR (1975)' SC 1962 relied on Para 13 ~ AIR (1981) SC 1390 relied on Para 13 JT (2002) (4) SC 186 relied on Para 13
BUR SINGH AND ANR. v. STATE OF PUNJAB 339
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CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1598 of 2008
From the final Judgment and Order dated 11.9.2007 of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh in Criminal Appeal No. 217 DB of 2005
Sushil Kumar, Aditya Kumar, Sudarshan Singh Rawat, ->:~ Vinay Arora and San jay Jain for the Appellants.
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Adish C. Agarwala, Ajay Pal for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
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DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Leave granted.
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~are concerned.
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On 5.10.1999 Bur Singh had given beatings to the son of Manjit Singh for passing through their fields to which Surjan G Singh had objected, therefore, the accused were annoyed and challenged to teach him a lesson.
On 6.10.1999 at about 6 AM Sukhraj Singh (hereinafter referred to as the 'complainant') along with his father Surjan H
[2008] 14 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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A Singh was going towards his well to milch the cattle: Surjan Singh was ahead of complainant. When they came near the field of Hazara Singh, the accused came there. Bur Singh raised lalkara that they be caught and taught a lesson for showing sympathy with the police. Kulwinder Singh accused inflicted datar blow B on the right arm of Surjan Singh, Bur Singh inflicted sua blow on his right temporal region, and, resultantly, he fell down. Thereafter Parminder Singh accused inflicted dang blow to him on his shoulders. Thus, all the accused inflicted several blows to him with the respective weapons. The hue and cry raised by Sukhraj c Singh attracted Jasbir Singh and Kulbir Singh to the spot. At this, the accused fled away with their respective weapons. Surjan Singh succumbed to the injuries at the spot.
After leaving Jasbir Singh and Kulbir Singh near the dead body, the complainant went to the police station, butASI Lakhbir D Singh met him at Aliwal Chowk to whom he got recorded his statement Ex.PD, which was completed at 7.30 AM on the basis of which FIR Ex. PD/2 was registered at 8.30 AM. The distance of police station Sadar, Batala is 4Kms. from the place of occurrence. The FIR was received by the illaqa Magistrate at 9 E A.M. ASI Lakhbir Singh visited the place of occurrence; prepared the rough site plan; lifted blood stained earth from the spot; took into possession one shoe of plastic; got conducted postmortem examination the dead body of the deceased; and took the clothes of the deceased .into possession. Accused Bur F Singh was arrested on 11.10.1999 and he got recovered dang fitted with sua under the chaff in his residential house and Kulwinder Singh accused got recovered datar from underneath the heap of chaff lying in his verandah in pursuance of their disclosure statements under Section 27 of the Indian Evidence Act, G 1872 (in short the 'Evidence Act'). On 28.10.1999, Parminder Singh accused was arrested by Inspector Lakhbir Singh CIA staff, Batala. Completion of the investigation was followed by a . report under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in· short 'Code').
H In order to substantiate the accusations twelve witnesses
BUR SINGH AND ANR. v. STATE OF PUNJAB 341 [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
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were examined. PWs 2&3 were stated to be eye witnesses. A The accused persons abjured guilt as noted above and in the examination under Section 313 of the Code stated that they had been falsely implicated. Acquitted accused Parminder Singh stated that he was staying at the different State and was not present at the date. Four witnesses were examined to further B the defence version about false implication. The trial Court found the evidence of PWs 2 & 3 to be cogent and credible and recorded conviction. In appeal, High Court upheld their conviction.
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342 SUPREME COURT REPORTS
[2008] 14 S.C.R.
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A erly and, therefore, lapse had been committed. These lapses were committed with a view to help the accused persons for which complaint was made to the higher officials. The accused persons cannot take any advantage of the lapses committed by the police officials, if any, with a view to help them. It is also B submitted that the evidence of PWs 2& 3 is clear, cogent and credible and therefore the trial court and the High Court had rightly convicted them.
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"A witness is normally to be considered independent unless he or she springs from sources which are likely to be taintec;:I and that usually means unless the witness has cause, such as enmity against the accused, to wish to implicate him falsely. Ordinarily a close relation would be the last to screen the real culprit and falsely implicate an innocent person. It is true, when feelings run high and there is personal cause for enmity, that there is a tendency to drag in an innocent person against whom a witness has a grudge along with the guilty, but foundation must be laid for such a criticism and the mere fact of relationship far
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BUR SINGH AND ANR. v. STATE OF PUNJAB 343 [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
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from being a foundation is often a sure guarantee of truth. A However, we are not attempting any sweeping generalization. Each case must be judged on its own facts. Our observations are only made to combat what is so often put forward in cases before us as a general rule of prudence. There is no such general rule. Each case must B be limited to and be governed by its own facts."
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"We are unable to agree with the learned Judges of the E High Court that the testimony of the two eyewitnesses requires corroboration. If the foundation for such an observation is based on the fact that the witnesses are women and that the fate of seven men hangs on their testimony, we know of no such rule. If it is grounded on the F reason that they are closely related to the deceased we are unable to concur. This is a fallacy common to many criminal cases and one which another Bench of this Court endeavoured to dispel in - 'Rameshwar v. State of Rajasthan' (AIR 1952 SC 54 at p.59). We find, however, G that it unfortunately still persists, if not in the judgments of the Courts, at any rate in the arguments of counsel."
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[2008] 14 S.C.R.
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A "But it would, we think, be unreasonable to contend that evidence given by witnesses should be discarded only on the ground that it is evidence of partisan or interested witnesses ....... The mechanical rejection of such evidence on the sole ground that it is partisan would invariably lead B to failure of justice. No hard and fast rule can be laid down as to how much evidence should be appreciated. Judicial approach has to be cautious in dealing with such evidence; but the.plea that such evidence should be rejected because it is partisan cannot be accepted as correct."
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c 11. To the same effect is the decisions in State of Punjab v. Jagir Singh (AIR 1973 SC 2407), Lehna v. State of Haryana (2002 (3) sec 76) and Gangadhar Behera and Ors. V. State of Orissa (2002 (8) SCC 381 ).
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BUR SINGH AND ANR. v. STATE OF PUNJAB [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
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"falsus in uno falsus in omnibus" has not received general acA ceptance nor has this maxim come to occupy the status of a rule of law. It is merely a rule of caution. All that it amounts to, is that in such cases testimony may be disregarded, and not that it must be discarded. The doctrine merely involves the question of weight of evidence which a Court may apply in a given set of B circumstances, but it is not what may be called 'a mandatory rule of evidence'. (See Nisar Ali v. The State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1957 SC 366). Merely because some of the accused persons have been acquitted, though evidence against all of them, so far as direct testimony went, was the same does not lead as c a necessary corollary that those who have been convicted must also be acquitted. It is always open to a Court to differentiate accused who had been acquitted from those who were convicted. (See Gurcharan Singh and Anr v. State of Punjab (AIR 1956 SC 460). The doctrine is a dangerous one specially in D India for if a whole body of the testimony was to be rejected, because a witness was evidently speaking an untruth in some aspect, it is to be feared that administration of criminal justice would come to a dead-stop. Witnesses just cannot help in giving embroidery to a story, however true in the main. Therefore, E it has to be appraised in each case as to what extent the evidence is worthy of acceptance, and merely because in some respects the Court considers the same to be insufficient for placing reliance on the testimony of a witness, it does not necessarily follow as a matter of law that it must be disregarded in all respects as well. The evidence has to be sifted with care. The F aforesaid dictum is not a ·sound rule for the reason that one hardly comes across a witness whose evidence does not contain a grain of untruth or at any rate exaggeration, embroideries or embellishment. (See Sohrab s/o Beli Nayata and Anr v. The State of Madhya Pradesh 1972 3 SCC 751) and Ugar Ahir G and Ors. v. The State of Bihar (AIR 1965 SC 277). An attempt has to be made to, as noted above, in terms of felicitous metaphor, separate the grain from the chaff, truth from falsehood. Where it is not feasible to separate truth from falsehood, because grain and chaff are inextricably mixed up, and in the proH
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[2008] 14 S.C.R.
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A cess of separation an absolutely new case has to be reconstructed by divorcing essential details presented by the prosecution completely from the context and the background against which they are made, the only available course to be made is to discard the evidence in tote. (See Zwinglee Ariel v. State of s Madhya Pradesh (AIR 1954 SC 15) and Ba/aka Singh and Ors. v. The State of Punjab. (AIR 1975 SC 1962). As observed by this Court in State of Rajasthan v. Smt. Kalki and Anr (AIR 1981 SC 1390), normal discrepancies in evidence are those which are due to normal errors of observation, normal errors of c memory due to lapse of time, due to mental disposition such as shock and horror at the time of occurrence and those are always there, however honest and truthful a witness may be. Material discrepancies are those which are not normal, and not expected of a normal person. Courts have to label the category to which a discrepancy may be categorized. \Nhile normal dis0 crepancies do not corrode the credibility of a party's case, material discrepancies do so. These aspects were highlighted in Krishna Mochi and Ors. v. State of Bihar etc. (JT 2002 (4) SC 186).
E 14. It is to be noted that the trial court and the High Court have noticed that though PW2 was working as a Development Officer at Gurdaspur, there was no evidence to show that he could not have been present at the time of occurrence in the village which is not very far off from Gurdaspur. Merely because F the investigating officer had not noticed any blood stains on the dothing of PW 3, that does not mean that PW 3 was telling a lie. PW 11 has stated that he had not noticed the bloodstains. That is not the same thing to say that there was no bloodstain. There can be several reasons for which blood stains may not have G been noticed by PW 11 because he may not have focussed his attention to that aspect. So far as the presence of semi-digested food is concerned, the High Court has stated that the people in the villages get up early in the morning, take some food and then start their daily pursuits. No question was asked to the witnesses as to when the deceased woke up and when he took
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BUR SINGH AND ANR. v. STATE OF PUNJAB [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]
347
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his food if any. It is of significance to find that Dr. Harbhajan Singh, PW1 conducted the autopsy and found the presence of rigor mortis on the upper limbs whereas it was partially presence on the lower limbs when the autopsy was conducted on 6.10.1999at1.15 P.M.
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Appeal dismissed.
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3 issues framed by the court
Whether testimony of related eye-witnesses can be discarded solely on the ground of interestedness.
Whether the maxim falsus in uno falsus in omnibus requires rejection of the entire prosecution case.
Whether discrepancies such as semi-digested food and non-mention of weapons undermined the conviction.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Dalip Singh and Ors. v. The State of PunjabRelied on¶7
AIR (1953) SC 364 · Who else cites this
Guli Chand and Ors. v. State of RajasthanRelied on¶8
(1974) 3 SCC 698 · Who else cites this
Vadivelu Thevar v. State of MadrasRelied on¶8
AIR (1957) SC 614 · Who else cites this
Masalti and Ors. v. State of U.P.Relied on¶10
AIR (1965) SC 202 · Who else cites this
State of Punjab v. Jagir SinghRelied on¶11
AIR (1973) SC 2407 · Who else cites this
Lehna v. State of HaryanaRelied on¶11
(2002) 3 SCC 76 · Who else cites this
Gangadhar Behera and Ors. v. State of OrissaRelied on¶11
(2002) 8 SCC 381 · Who else cites this
Babulal Bhagwan Khandare and Anr. v. State of MaharashtraRelied on¶12
(2005) 10 SCC 404 · Who else cites this
Salim Saheb v. State of M.P.Relied on¶12
(2007) 1 SCC 699 · Who else cites this
Nisar Ali v. The State of Uttar PradeshRelied on¶13
AIR (1957) SC 366 · Who else cites this
Gurcharan Singh and Anr. v. State of PunjabRelied on¶13
AIR (1956) SC 460 · Who else cites this
Sohrab s/o Beli Nayata and Anr. v. The State of Madhya PradeshRelied on¶13
(1972) 3 SCC 751 · Who else cites this
Ugar Ahir and Ors. v. The State of BiharRelied on¶13
AIR (1965) SC 277 · Who else cites this
Zwinglee Ariel v. State of Madhya PradeshRelied on¶13
AIR (1954) SC 15 · Who else cites this
Balaka Singh and Ors. v. The State of PunjabRelied on¶13
AIR (1975) SC 1962 · Who else cites this
State of Rajasthan v. Smt. Kalki and Anr.Relied on¶13
AIR (1981) SC 1390 · Who else cites this
Krishna Mochi and Ors. v. State of Bihar etc.Relied on¶13
JT (2002) (4) SC 186 · Who else cites this
2 provisions across 1 enactments
Bur Singh
Kulwinder Singh
State of Punjab
Arijit Pasayat
Mukundakam Sharma
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
