Bank of India versus Nangia Constructions (I) Pvt. Ltd. and Ors.

c Nationalized Bank - Unconditional on-demand bank guarantee - Invoked during validity period of the bank guarantee - On facts, held: The bank was bound to honour its commitment and pay the amount of guarantee - The bank refused to make payment on totally untenable and frivolous grounds D - High Court was fully justified in deprecating the conduct of Appellant-bank.

¶15

The bank guarantee in question was an unconditional on-demand bank guarantee. It was invoked during E^{the validity periodof the bank guarantee. Thereafter,an} application was filed in the Court for stay of payment under the bank guarantee. To that application, the Appellant-bank was not a party. Initially, an injunction was granted by the High Court on the condition that the bank guarantee should be kept alive. This injunction was conF firmed again on the condition that the bank guarantee should be kept renewed. The constituent who had obtained injunction and who was to keep the bank guarantee alive, did not pay the charges of the Bank in respect of renewals of the bank guarantees. Consequently, the G Appellant bank refused to renew the bank guarantee and thereafter took the stand that since the bank guarantee was not being renewed, the bank was under no obligation to pay the amount under the bank guarantee.

¶16

'of •

\'I) "t f I

;

"+-

1020

. Ji

H

BANK OF INDIA v. NANG IA CONST~UCTIONS 1021 (I) PVT. LTD. AND ORS.

¶24

A Single Judge of the High Court however held that A the invocation of bank guarantee was within the validity period of the bank guarantee and hence the Appellant bank could not have declined to make the payment. The Division Bench in the impugned judgment while dismissing the appeal observed that the bank guarantee was B merely renewed under orders of the Court as there was a stay order against encashment of the bank guarantee; that once the stay order was vacated there was no question of any invocation of the bank guarantee; that in the instant case, the invocation had already taken place within the c validity period and thereafter, all that was to be done was to intimate the Bank that the stay has been vacated and that payment has to be made under the bank guarantee.

¶25

•

¶26

In appeals to this Court, the Appellant bank contended that there was substituted agreement of contract, D therefore, he invocation of the bank guarantee by Respondent No.2 was of no consequence.

¶27

Dismissing the appeals, the Court

¶28

1

¶29

HELD: The bank was bound to honour its commitE ment and pay the amount of guarantee. It is unfortunate that a nationalized bank is finding excuses for refusing to· make the payment on totally untenable and frivolous grounds. The Division Bench was fully justified in making observations regarding the conduct of the nationalF ized bank. The entire trust, faith and confidence of people depend on the conduct and credibility of the nationalized bank. In the present day world, the national and international commercial transactions largely depend on bank guarantees. In case the banks are permitted to dishonour G their commitments by adopting such subterfuges, the entire commercial and business transactions will come to a grinding halt. [Paras 13, 14] [1025-C,D, & ]

¶30

The Union of India v. Kishorila/ Gupta and Brothers (1960) 1 SCR 493 and Makharia Brothers v. State of Nagaland H

¶31

1022

¶32

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶33

[2008] 8 S.C.R.

¶34

t

¶35

A and Ors. (2000) 10 SCC 503 - distinguished.

¶36

CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1315 of 2001

¶37

From the final Judgment and Order dated 26.10.1999 of B the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in F.A.O. (OS) No. 81/ 1999

¶38

K.N. Bhat, Swigin, Akanksha, Nina Gupta and Bina Gupta for the Appellant.

¶39

c Ginny Jetley Rautray, Kanchan Kaur Dhodi, Sangeeta Kumar, Ashwani Garg and Shivangi Thagela for the Respondents.

¶40

DALVEER BHANDARl,J. 1. This appeal is directed against the judgment and order dated 26.10.1999 of the High Court of Delhi at New Delhi in FAO (OS) No.81 of 1999.

¶41

D

¶42

The learned Single Judge of the High Court has taken the view thatthe invocation of bank guarantee was within the validity period of the bank guarantee and the bank cannot decline to make the payment. The Division Bench in the impugned judgE · ment while dismissing the appeal has clearly observed that the bank guarantee was invoked on 19th May, 1989 within the validity period of the guarantee. The bank guarantee was merely renewed under orders of the court as there was a stay order against encashment of the bank guarantee. Once the stay order was vacated there was no question of any invocation of the bank guarF antee. In the instant case, the invocation had already taken place within the validity period. Thereafter, all that was to be done was to intimate the Bank that the stay has been vacated and that now payment had to be made under the bank guarantee.

¶43

G

¶44

The Division Bench in great anguish has observed thus:

¶45

"It is surprising that a nationalized bank, which has given an unconditional on demand bank guarantee takes up such a contention. No ground to refuse payment was shown to the Lower Court or to us. It is surprising that Nation:ilized Bank wants to use delays of law in order not to

¶46

H

¶47

1023

¶48

l::lANK OF INDIA v. NANGIA CONSTRUCTIONS (I) PVT. LTD. AND ORS. [DALVEER BHANDARl,J.]

¶49

+

'f •

r

~

comply with its unconditional obligations under_ a bank A guarantee. The nationalized bank should know that it i,S such conduct which is adversely affecting the faith of the public in banking institutions and in transaction of bank guarantee."

¶54

The Court dismissed the appeal with costs.

¶55

B

¶56

The nationalized bank despite the concurrent findings of both the courts and such a strong observation of the Division Bench of the High Court has still chosen to file this appeal before this Court. Even before this Court, this is not disputed that the bank guarantee was invoked within the validity period of the c bank guarantee.

¶57

Mr. K.N. Bhat, the learned senior counsel appearing for the appellant bank submitted that there was a substituted agreement of contract, therefore, the invocation of the bank guarantee by respondent no.2 on 19th May, 1989 was of no consequence.

¶58

D

¶59

It may be relevant to mention here that after the: bank guarantee was invoked, an application was filed in the court for stay of payment under the bank guarantee. To that application, the bank was not a party. Initially, an injunction was granted by E the High Court on 29th May, 1989. This was on a condition that the bank guarantee should be kept alive. This injunction was confirmed on 23rd April, 1990 again on the condition that the bank guarantee should be kept renewed. The constituent who had obtained injunction and who was to keep the bank guaranF tee alive, did not pay the charges of the Bank in respect of renewals of the bank guarantees. Consequently, the appellant bank refused to renew the bank guarantee after 26.5.1996. Thus, the beneficiary of the bank guarantee took out an application wherein the following prayer was made:

¶60

F

¶61

"In the circumstances it is, therefore, most humbly and^G respectfully prayed that the petitioner be directed to extend the bank guarantee for an initial period of one year and the petitioner be directed to continue to extend the bank guarantees and furnish the same to the respondent at least fifteen days before H

¶62

1024

¶63

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶64

[2008] 8 S.C.R.

¶65

"

¶66

\ - +

¶67

A

¶68

the expiry till the disputes are finally adjudicated upon by arbitration and on the failure of the petitioner to renew the bank guarantees as aforesaid the respondent may be permitted to encash the above bank guarantee."

¶69

As the question was whether the bank guarantee was B to be renewed, notice was issued to the appellant bank to remain present in the court. This was in order to find out whether they would be willing to renew the bank guarantee. The appellant bank appeared and made it clear to the court that they were not ready to renew the bank guarantee as according to them c the charges are not being paid.

¶70

...,

¶71

The appellant bank has reiterated the same argument before this court that since the bank guarantee has not been renewed, therefore, the bank is under no obligation to pay the D^{amount under the bank guarantee.}

¶72

Learned counsel for the appellant has placed reliance on two judgments of this court, on The Union of India v. Kishorilal Gupta & Brothers 1960 (1) SCR 493 and Makharia Brothers v. State of Nagaland & Others (2000) 10 SCC 503.

¶73

E

¶74

In Kishorila/ Gupta (supra), this court has held that it was well settled that the parties to an original contract could by mutual agreement enter into a new contract in substitution of the old one.

¶75

There is no quarrel with this proposition. The parties are always at liberty to enter into afresh contract but this case has no application to the facts of the present case.

¶76

F

¶77

In Makharia Brothers (supra), the question was: what was the State's remedy against the contractor when the conG tractor failed to furnish the security deposit in cash or, in lieu thereof, by a bank guarantee. The State could not have filed a suit requiring the contractor to do these things for it would have tantamount to asking for a decree of specific performance, a decree which would have been incapable of enforcement if the H^{contractor was unable or unwilling to pay out money or put a bank}

t

...

•

·.;.·-

1025

BANK OF INDIA v. NANGIA CONSTRUCTIONS (I) PVT. LTD. AND ORS. [DALVEER BHANDARl,J.]

¶85

,, .t

¶86

y

¶87

¥

¶88

in funds to provide a bank guarantee. When the contractor declined to extend the terms of the bank guarantee, the proper course for the State was to terminate the contract on the ground of breach of the terms thereof, make a claim for damages and recover on the bank guarantee, if necessary by filing a suit.

¶89

We are afraid that even this case is of no help to the appellant because the facts of the instant case are quite different. Admittedly, the bank guarantee has been invoked during the validity period of the bank guarantee. The bank guarantee was unconditional on demand bank guarantee. The bank was bound to honour its commitment and pay the amount of guarantee.

¶90

It is unfortunate that a nationalized bank is finding excuses for refusing to make the payment on totally untenable and frivolous grounds. The Division Bench was fully justified in making observations regarding the conduct of the nationalized bank. The entire trust, faith and confidence of people depend on the conduct and credibility of the nationalized bank. In the present day world, the national and international commercial transactions largely depend on bank guarantees. In case the banks are permitted to dishonour their commitments by adopting such subterfuges, the entire commercial and business transactions will come to a grinding halt. This principle has been reiterated in large number of cases by this court. We do not deem it appropriate to burden this judgment by reiterating all those judgments.

¶91