Thakore Shri Vinayasinhji (Dead) by Lrs. versus Kumar Shri Natwarsinhji & Ors.

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THAKORE SHRI VINAYASINHJI (DEAD) BY LRS. v.

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KUMAR SHRI NATWARSINHJJ & ORS.

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NOVEMBER 18, 1987

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B [MURARI MOHON DUTT AND M.H. KANIA, JJ.]

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Hindu Law-Whether the holder of an impartible estate to which the rule of primogeniture applies as an essential characteristic of such an estate, can alienate the properties comprised in the estate, by a deed of gift or a will.

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C The father of the appellant Thakore Shri Vinayasinhji, the Ruler,.,.,..<.._ .. of the former Mohanpur State, gifted certain properties to his youngest · son, the respondent No. 1, by a deed of gift dated May 14, 1951, and also bequeathed certain properties to the respondent No. 1 and his mother by his will dated May 22, 1951. The father died in 1955, whereupon the appellant became the Ruler. He instituted a suit, challenging the valid· D ity of the said deed of gift and the will on the ground that as the rule of primogeniture applied to the Raj Estate, he being the eldest son succeeded to the 'Gadi' and that his father, the former Ruler, had no power of alienation either by gift or by will and accordingly, the disposi· tion made by him by the above-said deed of gift and the will in favour of \ , his younger brother, the respondent No. 1 was illegal and invalid. r

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The Civil Judge decreed the suit in part, declaring that the deed of gift and the will were illegal, and directing the respondent No. 1 to hand over to the appellant the possession of the properties mentioned in the deed of gift. The Civil Judge passed a decree for mesne profits, but refused the prayer of the appellant for an injunction on the ground that he F had failed to prove his possession of the properties mentioned in the ~-

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Being aggrieved by the judgment and decree of the Civil Judge, the respondents preferred an appeal to the High Court. The High Court held that the former Ruler had the power of alienation and, accordG ingly, the deed of gift and the will impugned were legal and valid. The judgment and decree of the Civil Judge were set aside. Thereupon, this appeal was filed before this Court by special leave against the decision of the High Court. During the pendency of the appeal, the appellant f- Thakore Harnathsinhji Vinayasinhji died, leaving behind the present appellants, who were already on record as his heirs and legal H representatives.

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1110

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1111

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THAKORE VINAYASINHJI v. KUMAR NATWARSINHJI

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A

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Dismissing the appeal, the Court,

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HELD: It was not disputed that the Raj Estate of which the deceased appellant was thl Ruler is impartible and that the rule of primogeniture-<1ne of the essential characteristics of an impartible estate-is also applicable. The question involved for the consideration of the Court was whether the holder of an impartihle estate to which the rule of primogeniture applies as an essential characteristic of such an estate, could alienate the properties comprised in the estate by a deed of gift or will. [lllSD-E]

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The law has been clearly and succinctly stated in the illuminating judgment of Sir Dinshah Mulla in Shiba Prasad Singh v. Rani Prayag Kumari Debi AIR 1932 P(; 216. There is no restraint on the power of alienation of the holder of the impartihle estate, as any restraint on the power would be incompatible with the custom of impartibility. The impartible estate, though ancestral, is clothed with the incidence of self-acquired and separate property except as regards the right of D survivorship which is not inconsistent with the custom of impartibility. The right of survivorship has been held to be a birthright and is not a mere spes successionis similar to that of a reversioner succeeding on the death of a Hindu widow to her husband's estate. [ll16G-H; ll17A]

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In Rani Sartaj Kuari v. Deoraj Kuari, 15 IA 51, the right of E alienation of the holder has been recognised and in Shiba Prasad's case (Supra) such right of the holder is reiterated. Impartibility is essentially a creature of custom which supersedes the general law. It is true that the impartible estate retains the character of joint family property only to the extent that.there is a right of survivorship by birth to the junior members of the family, but, as the Privy Council has observed in Shiba Prasad's case (supra) that in all other respects it is clothed with the incidents of self-acquired and separate property, it follows that the holder of the impartible estate has the unlimited right of alienation not only by transfer inter vivos but also by will. When the holder has the power to dispose of the estate during his life-time, it would be quite illogical to hold that he would not have the power of disposition by will. The power of alientation has been recognised without any reservation inasmuch as such power is not incompatible with the impartibility of the estate. The rights available to the member of the Hindu joint family under the Mitakshara law have been curtailed to a great extent, as most of the said rights would be inconsistent with the nature and character of the estate. [1117E-G; 1118D-E]

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(1988) 1 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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A The case of Sri Raja Rao v. Venkata Kumari, 26 IA 83 is an authority for the proposition that a holder of an impartible estate cannot only dispose of the estate by transfers inter vivas but also by a will and that when such a disposition is made by a will, it defeats the right of survivorship. It may be that the holder of an impartible estate can defeat the right of survivorship by leaving a will and such right cannot B be said to have been founded on any logical basis, but it bas to be borne in mind that the whole concept of impartibility is a creature of custom inclnding the right of alienation of the holder of such estate. In matters of custom, it is hardly possible to justify every incident on some logical basis. [1120B-C]

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There can be no doubt that an impartible estate is not a C separate or self-acquired property of the holder thereof, but it bas been observed by Sri Dinshal Mulla in Shiba Prasad's case (supra) that it is clothed with the incidents of self-acquired and separate property. One of such incidents is that the owner is entitled to dispose of the same in whatever manner he likes-either by a transfer D during his life-time or by a will. (11200-E)

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The right of a coparcener to take by survivorship can be-defeated under certain circumstances as enumerated in Mulla's Hindu Law. When under certain circumstances the right of a coparcener to take by survivorship can be defeated, no exception can be taken E if the right of survivorship of junior members of an impartible estate to succeed to it is defeated by the holder thereof by disposition by a will. [1121E-F)

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In view of the decisions of the Privy Council and this Court, it must be held that the holder of an impartible estate has the power of F alienation not only by transfer inter vivos, but also by a will even though the disposition by will may altogether defeat the right of survivorship of the junior members of the family. { 1122B)

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The appellants contended alternatively that by virtue of a family custom, the holder of the impartible estate, as in this case, had no G power of alienation either by a transfer inter vivos or by a will, and in support of this contention, drew the attention of the Court to some correspondence between the original appellant since deceased and the political agent of the Mobanpur State. The appellants placed much reliance upon the above documentary evidence in proof of their contention that there was a family custom prohibiting alienation by the Ruler H of the State. [1122C-D]

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THAKORE VINAYASINHJI v. KUMAR NATWARSINHJI 1113

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The correspondence related only to the question of granting jiwai (maintenance) to the younger son of the former Ruler. It appeared from the correspondence that the entire attempt of the appellant was against the quantum of maintenance proposed to he granted hy the Ruler to his younger son. It was not the appellant's contention that in view of a family custom, the Ruler had no right of alienation, but his case was that in view of the annual revenue of the State the quantum of the jiwai would be out of proportion. It was only on this ground that he protested against the proposed jiwai. The correspondence referred to did not prove any custom of inalienability of the impartible estate. [1123B·D]

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The appellants contended that as there was no instance of C alienation till before the impugned deed of gift and will, it should be presumed that there was a family custom of inalienability of the estate. More or less a similar contention made before the Privy Council in Protap Chander Deo v. laf(dish Chandra Deo, 54 IA 289 was overruled by the Privy Council. There must be some positive evidence of such a custom. The correspondence relied upon as the D evidence of the alleged family custom of inalienability was far from being such evidence, the only question that formed the subject-matter of all this correspondence related to the propriety of the question of jiwai. The appellants had failed to prove that there was any family custom of inalienability of the estate. [1123D·G)

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The judgment and decree of the High Court were aflinned. [1123G I

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Rani Sartaj Kuari v. Deoraj Kuari, 15 IA 51; Shiba Prasad Singh v. Rani Prayag Kumari Debi, AIR 1932 PC 216; Collector of Gorakhpur v. Ram Sunder Mal, AIR 1934 PC 157; Chinnathayi v. Kulasekara Pandiya Naicker, (1952) SCR 1952 241; Shri Kaja Rao v. Venkata F Kumari, 26 IA 83; Seth Lakshmi Chand v, Mt. Anandi and Others, AIR 1926 PC 54; Lakshman Dada Naik v. Ramachandra Dada Naik, 7 IA 181; M.N. Arya Murthi v. M.N. Subbaraya Setty, AIR 1972 SC 1279; Baijnath Prasad Singh v. Tej Bali Singh, AIR 1921 PC 62; Protap Chandra Dao v. Jagdish Chandra Deo, 54 IA 289; Mirza Raja Shri Pashavathi Viziaram Gajapathi Raj Manne Sultan Bahadur v. Shri G Pushavathi Visweswar Gajapathi Raj, (1964) 2 SCR 403 and Bhaiya Ramanuj Pratap Deo v. Latu Maheshanuj Pratap Deo, (1982) 1 SCR 417, referred to.

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CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2477 ~wn.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] I S.C.R.

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A From the Judgment and I)ecree dated 2.12.1969 of the Gujarat High Court in F.A. No. 89 of 1961.

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S.K. Dholakia, R.C. Bhatia and P.C. Kapur for the Appellants.

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B.K. Mehta, H.S. Parihar and N.D. Bhatti for the Respondents.

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B The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

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DUTT, J. This appeal by special leave is at the instance of the plaintiff-appellant, since deceased, and is directed against the judgment and dcree.o he Gujarat High Court reversing those o the Civil /-~ Judge, Semor D1vmon, Htmatnagar, whereby the learned CIVll Judge · · C decreed the suit instituted by the appellant.

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The late Thakore Sartansinhji, the father of the appellant, was the Ruler of the former Mohanpur State situated in the district of Sabarkantha, Gujarat. After independence, the said Mohanpur State D merged in the then State of Bombay·(now the State of Maharasbtra). The former Ruler, the father of the appellant, by a deed of gift dated May 14, 1951 gifted certain properties to his youngest son, the respondent No. 1 herein. By his will dated May 22, 1951, the former Ruler also bequeathed certain properties to the respondent No. 1 and his mother. The father of the appellant died on December 9, ~955 and on E his death the appellant became the Ruler. On May 10, 1956, the suit out of which this appeal arises, was instituted by the appellant challenging the validity of the said deed of gift and the will. In the suit, the case of the appellant was that as the rule of primogeniture applied to the Raj Estate, he being the eldest son succeeded to the 'Gadi'. It was contended that the former Ruler, that is, the father of the appellant, F had no power of alienation either by gift or by will and, accordingly, the disposition made by him by the said deed of gift and the will in favour of his younger brother, the respondent No. 1, was illegal and invalid.

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The respondents including the younger brother of the appellant, G contested 'the suit, inter alia, denying that the former Ruler had no power of alienation as contended by the appellant. It was averred that the deed of gift and the will were perfectly legal and valid. The learned Civil Judge decreed the suit in part declaring that the deed of gift and the will were-Illegal and directed the respondent No. 1 to hand-over to the appellant the possession of the properties which were all H agricultural lands, as mentioned in the deed of gift. The learned Civil

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1HAKORE VINAYASINHJI v. KUMAR NATWARSJNHJI [DUTI, J.] 1115

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~ Judge passed a decree for mesne profit, but refused the prayer of the appellant for an injunction on the ground that the appellant had failed to prove his possession of the properties mentioned in the plaint.

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Being aggrieved by the judgment and decree of the learned Civil Judge, the respondents preferred an appeal to the High Court. The High Court, after considering the facts and circumstances of the case r and the evidence adduced by the parties, held that the former Ruler had the power of alienation and, accordingly, the deed of gift and the -< will impugned in the suit, were legal and valid. The appeal was allowed and the judgment and decree of the learned Civil Judge were set aside. Hence this appeal by special leave.

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During the pendency of the appeal in this Court, the appellant Thakore Harnathsinhji Vinayasinhji died on June 27, 1985 leaving behind him the present appellants, who were already on record, as his heirs and legal representatives.

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It is not disputed that the Raj Estate, of which the deceased D appellant was the Ruler, is impartible and that the rule of primogeniture, which is one of the essential characteristics of an impartible estate, is also applicable. The question that is involved in this appeal "1 for our consideration is whether the holder of an impartible estate, to which the rule of primogeniture applies as an essential characteristic of such an estate, can alienate the properties comprised in the estate by a E deed of gift or will. The legal position that prevailed up to 1888 was that a holder of an impartible estate could not transfer or mortgage such estate beyond his own life-time so as to bind the coparceners, except for purposes beneficial to the family and not to himself alone. In 1888, for the first time, in Rani Sartaj Kuari v. Deoraj Kuari, 15 IA /""- 51 the Privy Council recognised the power of alientation by the holder F of an impartible estate and held that such power of alienation could be excluded by custom or by the nature of the tenure. In that case, the Privy Council also took the view that in an impartible Raj Estate, the son is not a co-sharer with his father. This view, however, was not accepted by the later Privy Council decisions and it is now well settled that co-ownership of the joint family exists in impartible estate. G

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At this stage, it will be profitable for us to refer to the illuminating judgment of Sir Dinshah Mulla in the case of Shiba Prasad Singh v. Rani Prayag Kumari Debi, AIR 1932 PC 216. Sir Dinshah Mulla while delivering the judgment of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council observed as follows:-

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS I 19881 I S.C.R.

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A	"Impartibilityisessentially a creature of custom. In the caseofordinary joint family property, the members of the family have; (1)the right of partition; (2) the right to rest- rain alienations by the headofthe family except for neces- sity; (3) the right of maintenance; and (4) the right of survivorship.· The firstofthese rights cannot exist in the	""
B	caseofan impartible estate, though ancestral, from the very natureofthe estate. The secondisincompatible with the customofimpartibilityaslaid down in_Satraj Kuari's_ case_lSIASlandRamaKrishnav.VenkataKumara,_26IA 83(PC), and so also the third as held in_Gangadhara_v. _RajahofPittapur,_45IA148.To this extent the generallaw	r >o-
c	ofthe Mitakshara has been supersededbycustom, andthe impartible estate, though ancestral,isclothed with theinci- dentsofself-aequired and separate property. But the right ofsurvivorshipisnot inconsistent with the customof impartibility. This right therefore still remains, and thisis what was heldin_Baijnath's_case,48IA195.To this extent	-~- _
D	the estate still retains its characterofjointfamilyproperty, and its devolutionisgovernedbythe general Mitakshara law applicable to such property. Though the other rights which a co-parcener acquiresbybirth in joint familyp"rop- erty no longer exist, the birthright of the senior member to takebysurvivorship still remains. Noristhis right a mere	.--'
E	_spes successionis_similar to that of a reversioner suceeding onthe deathofa Hinduwidowto her husband's estate.Itis a right whichiscapable of being renounced and surren- dered. Such being their Lordships' view,itfollows that in order to establish that a family governedbythe Mitakshara in which thereisan ancestral impartible estate has ceased	..._.
F	tobjoint,itisnecessary_t?_povean intention,expr~ssor . 1mphed, on the partofthe iumor members of the familyto' renounce their right of succession to the estate.Itisnot sufficienttoshow a separation merelyinfood and worship."	"' ""

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G The law has been clearly and succinctly stated in the passage extracted above. There is, therefore, no restraint on the power of alienation of the holder of the impartible estate, as any restraint on t- the power would be incompatible with the custom of impartibility. The impartible estate, though ancestral, is clothed with the incidents of self-acquired and separate property, except as regards the right of

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-• survivorship which is not inconsistent with the custom of impartibility.

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TIIAKORE VINAYASINHJI v. KUMAR NATWARSINHJI (DU'IT, J.] 1117

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? Therightofsurvivorship has been held to be a birthright andisnot a A
mere_spessuccessionis_similar to that of a reversioner. succeeding on
the death of a Hindu widow to ·her husband's estate.

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T	Mr. Dholakia, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the appel- lants, does not dispute that the holder of an impartible estate has the powerofalienation by transfer_intervivos._Itis, however, submitted by him that he has no such power to make a dispositionbya will which would affect the right of survivorship by birth of the junior members of
.c ~"--	the family, whichisthe only right that remains and,asrecognisedby the Privy Council in_ShibaPrasad's_case (supra),isnot opposed to the customofimpartibility.Itissubmittedbythe learned Counsel that -disposition by willisincompatible with the right of survivorshipby birth. The right of the junior branch to succeedbysurvivorship to the Rajonthe extinctionoftheir senior branch, has also been definitely andemphatically reaffirmedbythe Privy Council in Collector of _Gorakhpur_v._Ram SundarMal,_AIR1934PC157.Counsel submits thatthe right of alienationbywill and the right of survivorshipbybirth cannot co-exist and,asitisnowa settledlawthat in an impartible Raj Estate, the right of survivorship of birth of the junior members to succeed to the estate still remains, it will be beyond the power of the holderofthe estate to defeat such rightbya will.
f'-*	Attractive though the contention is,weregretweare unable to accept the same.Ithas been already noticed that in_SartajKuari's_case (supra) the right of alienation of the holder has been recognised and in ShibaPrasad's_case (supra) such rightofthe holderisreiterated.Im- partibilityisessentially a creatureofcustom which supersedes the general law.Itistrue that the impartible estate retains the character of joint family property only to the extent that thereisa rightofsurvivor- ship by birth to the junior members of the family but,asthe Privy ·_Council has observed in_ShibaPrasad's_case (supra) thatinallother respects itisclothed with the incidents of self-acquired and separate property, so it follows that the holder of the impartible estate has the unlimited right of alienation not onlybytransfer_intervivos,_but also by will. When the holder has the power to dispose of the estate during his life-time, it would be quite illogical to hold that he would not have the powerofdisposition by a will.

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Mr. Dholakia, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the appel-
lants, does not dispute that the holder of an impartible estate has the
powerofalienation by transfer_intervivos._Itis, however, submitted
by him that he has no such power to make a dispositionbya will which
would affect the right of survivorship by birth of the junior members of

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the family, whichisthe only right that remains and,asrecognisedby
the Privy Council in_ShibaPrasad's_case (supra),isnot opposed to the
customofimpartibility.Itissubmittedbythe learned Counsel that
-disposition by willisincompatible with the right of survivorshipby
birth. The right of the junior branch to succeedbysurvivorship to the
Rajonthe extinctionoftheir senior branch, has also been definitely
andemphatically reaffirmedbythe Privy Council in Collector of
_Gorakhpur_v._Ram SundarMal,_AIR1934PC157.Counsel submits
thatthe right of alienationbywill and the right of survivorshipbybirth
cannot co-exist and,asitisnowa settledlawthat in an impartible Raj
Estate, the right of survivorship of birth of the junior members to
succeed to the estate still remains, it will be beyond the power of the
holderofthe estate to defeat such rightbya will.

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Attractive though the contention is,weregretweare unable to
accept the same.Ithas been already noticed that in_SartajKuari's_case
(supra) the right of alienation of the holder has been recognised and in
ShibaPrasad's_case (supra) such rightofthe holderisreiterated.Im-
partibilityisessentially a creatureofcustom which supersedes the
general law.Itistrue that the impartible estate retains the character of
joint family property only to the extent that thereisa rightofsurvivor-
ship by birth to the junior members of the family but,asthe Privy
·_Council has observed in_ShibaPrasad's_case (supra) thatinallother
respects itisclothed with the incidents of self-acquired and separate
property, so it follows that the holder of the impartible estate has the
unlimited right of alienation not onlybytransfer_intervivos,_but also
by will. When the holder has the power to dispose of the estate during
his life-time, it would be quite illogical to hold that he would not have
the powerofdisposition by a will.

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It is, however, submitted that no assumption should be made of the power of disposition by will from the existence of th~ power of_ the holder to alienate during his life-time. In support of this content10n, the learned Counsel for the appellants has placed reliance upon a

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[ 1988) 1 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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A decision of this Court in Chinnathayi v. Kulasekara Pandiya Naicker, \ [1952] SCR 241 where it has been observed by Mahajan, J. in delivering the judgment of the Court, that in the case of an impartible estate the power1to divide it amongst the members does not exist, though the power in the holder to alienate it is there, and from the existence of one power the other cannot be deduced as it is destructive of the very

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B nature and character of the estate and makes it partible property capable of partition. We do not think that the said observation bears any r analogy to the contention made on behalf of the appellants. In that case, this Court was concerned with the question whether the holder of an impartible estate could divide the estate amongst the members. In laying down that there is no such power of division, this Court has

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C pointed out that such a power would be contrary to the nature and.~ character of the estate, that is to say, the impartibility of the estate. Ii{ · ·- the instant case, the question is whether the holder has power of disposition by will. The power of alienation, as already noticed, has been recognised without any reservation inasmuch as such power is not incompatible with the impartibility of the estate. The rights which are

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D available to the members of the Hindu joint family under the Mitakshara law have been curtailed to a great extent, as most of the said rights would be inconsistent with the nature and character of the estate. Chinnathayi's case (supra) lends no support to the contention of \he appellants.

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E We may now consider a later decision of the Privy Council in Sri Raja Rao v. Venkata Kumari, 26 IA 83. In that case, the Privy Council considered the question of extension of the decision in Sartaj Kuari's case (supra) to a will and it was held "If the Rajah had power to alienate, he might do it by will and the title by the will would have priority to the title by succession." As the case before the Privy F Council related to an impartible Raj Estate, succession to the estate would be by survivorship. The Privy Council, however, took the view .~ that title by will would have priority to the title by succession. In other words, it follows that the holder of the Raj Estate can defeat the right of survivorship by disposing of the estate by a will. The learned Counsel for the appellants, however, submits that in laying down that G an impartible Raj Estate is alienable by a will, the Pri''Y Council proceeded on the basis that there was no right of survivorship by birth. We are afraid, we are unable to accept this contention. It is true that the Privy Council in that decision has not referred to the right of survivor- r ship of the junior members of the family, but it should not be assumed that the Privy Council was not aware of the legal position that in an H impartible Raj Estate the junior members would succeed to it by

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THAKORE VINAYASINHJI v. KUMAR NATWARSINHJI [DUTI, J.[ 1119

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survivorship. Raja Rao's case (supra) is, therefore, an authority for the proposition that a holder of an impartible estate cannot only dispose of the estate by transfers inter vivas, but also by a will and that when such a disposition is made by a will, it defeats the right of survivorship.

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It is submitted by the learned Counsel for the appellants that in extending the decision in Sartaj Kuari's case (supra), the Privy Council Raja Rao's case (supra) did not give any reason for extending the power of alienation of the holder of.an impartible estate to alienation by a will, thereby defeating the right of survivorship by birth, which is the only right that is available to the junior members of the family. It may be that no reason has been given by the Privy Council but, at the same time, there is also no reason why when the holder is entitled to dispose of the estate during his life-time, he is not so entitled to dispose of the same by a will.

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Our attention has been drawn by the learned Counsel for the appellants to a decision of the Privy Council in Seth Lakhmi Chand v. Mt. Anandi and others, AIR 1926 PC 54. In that case, the question that arose. was whether a member of a joint Hindu family could make a disposition by a will or not. The Privy Council relied upon the following observation made in its earlier decision in Lakshman Dada Naik v. Ramchandra Dada Naik, 7 IA 181:-

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"Its, the High Court's, reasons for making distinction between a gift and a devise are that the co-parcener's power of alienation is founded on his right to a partition; that that right dies with him; and that, the title of his co-sharers by survivorship vesting in them at the moment of his death, there remains nothing upon which the Will can operate."

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It is submitted on behalf of the appellants that the same principle against alienability by will by a coparcener should also be applied to an impartible estate, otherwise it will defeat the right of survivorship by birth which is the only right that is conceded to in favour of the junior members of the joint Hindu family. The decision in Lakhmi Chand's case (supra) or in Lakshman Dada's case (supra) does not relate to an impartible estate, but to a coparcenary property and, accordingly, the principle of law that is applicable to a coparcenary property or to the coparceners is inapplicable to an impartible estate or to the holder thereof except, as has been noticed earlier, that an impartible estate is considered to be a joint family property to the extent of the junior members succeeding to the estate by right of survivorship. Similarly

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[ 1988] l S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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the decision of this Court in M.N. Aryamurthi v. M.L. Subbaraya A Setty, AIR 1972 SC 1279 relating to coparcenary property has no application to the instant case.

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It is urged on behalf of the appellants that to hold that the holder of an impartible estate has the power of dispossession by a will defeatB^{ing the rightof survivorship, would be quite illogical.} It^{maybe that} by leaving a will and such right cannot be said to have been founded on the holder of an impartible estate can defeat the right of survivorship ' any logical basis. But, it has to be borne in mind that the whole concept of impartibility is a creature of custom including the right of alienation of the holder of such estate. In matters of custom, it is hardly .---~'c^{possible to justify every incident on some logical basis.}

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.,_

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Much reliance has been placed by the learned Counsel for the appellants on the decision of the Privy Council in Baijnath Prasad Singh v. Tej Bali Singh, AIR 1921 PC 62 where it has been ruled that the fact that a Raj Estate is impartible does not make it a separate or 0^{self-acquired property.Itissubmitted thatifthe impartible estateis} not a separate or self-acquired property, as held by the Privy Council, how then a holder of such an estate will have the power of disposition by a will. There can be no doubt that an impartible estate is not a separate or self-acquired property of the holder thereof, but it has been observed by Sir Dinshah Mulla in Shiba Prasad's case (supra) E^{that it is clothed with the incidents of self-acquired and separate prop-} erty. One of such incidents is that the owner is entitled to dispose of the same in whatever manner he likes-either by a transfer during his life-time or by a will. The contention of the appellants proceeds on the assumption that the right of survivorship is an immutable right and cannot be defeated by the disposition bya will.

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Mr. Mehta, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents, has invited our attention to a statement of law in Mulla's Hindu Law, Fifteenth Edition, Paragraph 229(2) to show that a right of survivorship of a coparcener can be defeated in certain cases. Paragraph 229(2) is as follows:-

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"Para 229(2). The right of a coparcener to take by survivorship is defeated in the following cases:-

¶123

(i) Where the deceased coparcener has sold or mortgaged his interest, in States where such sale or mortgage is allowed by law;

¶124

H

¶125

THAKORE VINAYASINHJI v. KUMAR NATWARSINHJI (DUTT, J.] 1121

¶126

(ii) Where the interest of the deceased coparcener has been attached inhislifetime in execution of a decree against him. A mere decree obtainedby a creditor, not followed upbyan attachmentin the lifetime of the debtor,willnot defeat the right of survivorship, unless the judgment- debtor stood in the relation of father, paternal grandfather or great-grandfather to the surviving coparceners. This rule must be read subject to the provisions of sections6and30of the Hindu Succession Act,1956,in cases where those sec- tions are applicable.	A B
(iii)Where the interestofthe deceased coparcener has vested in the official Assignee or Receiver on his insolvency. On the annulment of insolvency the interest which vested in the Offi- cial Receiver revests under sec.37of the Provin- cial Insolvency Act in the insolvent and if on that date heisnot alive, it goes to his heirs .under the law."	C o

(ii) Where the interest of the deceased coparcener
has been attached inhislifetime in execution of
a decree against him. A mere decree obtainedby
a creditor, not followed upbyan attachmentin
the lifetime of the debtor,willnot defeat the
right of survivorship, unless the judgment-
debtor stood in the relation of father, paternal
grandfather or great-grandfather to the surviving
coparceners. This rule must be read subject to
the provisions of sections6and30of the Hindu
Succession Act,1956,in cases where those sec-
tions are applicable.

A
B

(iii)Where the interestofthe deceased coparcener
has vested in the official Assignee or Receiver
on his insolvency. On the annulment of
insolvency the interest which vested in the Offi-
cial Receiver revests under sec.37of the Provin-
cial Insolvency Act in the insolvent and if on that
date heisnot alive, it goes to his heirs .under the
law."

C
o

¶127

o

¶128

""! d f Thdus, dthe righ~ of_ a coparcener to take by survivorship can be e eate un er certam circumstances, as enumerated in Mulla's Hindu

¶129

Law in the passage extracted above. In paragraph 587 of Mulla's Hindu Law, it is stated that an impartible estate is not held in coparce-

¶130

.-.nary, though it may be joint family property. Indeed, this proposition has not been disputed by either party in this appeal. When under certain circumstances the right of a coparcener to take by survivorship can be defeated, no exception can be taken, if the right of survivorship

¶131

• of junior members of an irnpartible estate to succeed to it is defeated !"- by the holder thereof by disposition by a will.

¶132

E

¶133

F

¶134

The same principle as laid down in Raja Rao's case (supra) has been reiterated by the Privy Council in a later decision in Protap Chandra Deo v. Jagadish Chandra Deo, 54 IA 289. In this case it has been ruled by the Privy Council that the holder of an irnpartible G Zamindari can alienate it by will, although the family is undivided, 4 unless a family custom precluding him from doing so, is proved.

¶135

In Mirza Raja Shri Pushavathi Viziaram Gajapathi Raj Manne Sultan Bahadur v. Shri Pushavathi Visweswar Gajapathi Raj, [1964] 2 SCR 403 it has been held by this Court that it must be taken to be H

¶136

1122

¶137

[ 1988] I S.C.R.

¶138

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶139

A settled that a holder of an impartible estate can alienate the estate by \ gift inter vivos, or even by a will, though the family is undivided; the only limitation on this power would flow from a family custom to the contrary or from the condition of the tenure which has the same effect. The same principle of law has been reiterated by this Court in Bhaiya Ramanuj Pratap Deo v. Lalu Maheshanuj Pratap Deo, [1982] 1 SCR B 417. In view of the above Privy Council decisions and of the decisions of this Court, it must be held that the holder of an impartible estate has '7 the power of alienation not only by transfer inter vivos, but also by a will, even though the disposition by will may altogether defeat the right of survivorship of the junior members of the family.

¶140

The only question that remains to be considered by us relates to _.

¶141

C the alternative plea of the appellants that by virtue of a family custom,. ~ the holder of the impartible estate, with which we are concerned, had no power of alienation either by a transfer inter vivos or by a will. In support of this contention, our attention has been drawn on behalf of the appellants to a few correspondence between the original appellant,

¶142

D since deceased, and the political agent of the Mohanpur State. Before considering these correspondence, a few facts are necessary to be stated. In 1938, the former Ruler, that is, the father of the deceased appellant, during his life-time gifted certain villages and properties by way of jiwai (maintenance) to his younger son. In that connection, some correspondence ensued between the appellant and the political ,./ •

¶143

E agent of the State. Before such a gift was made by way of jiWf1i to the younger son, the original appellant by his letter dated August 1,-J.937 drew the attention of the political agent of the State to the proposed jiwai worth, according to him, Rs.10,000. It was stated in the said ..... - letter that despite his pointing out to his father that the proposal of jiwai was too big in proportion to the annual revenue of the State

¶144

f which was about Rs.60,000, his father turned a deaf ear to his earnest entreaties not to make such ajiwai. In that letter, it was stated by him.""'( that "big jiwai was proposed contrary to the prevailing practice in all · the states and Talukas of this Agency and the past precedent of the State". In reply to the said letter the political agent, by his letter dated August 13, 1937, informed the appellant that he would not sanction

¶145

G any grant which the former Ruler wished to make to his younger son without any previous discussion with the appellant. The appellant also had. written to his father on June 26, 1938, inter alia, stating that "whatever he wished to give him in excessive in proportion to the t- income of the State and it is unreasonable and against the practice and rules prevailing in the State". The political agent, it appears, refused

¶146

H to sanction the proposed jiwai. Further, it appears that the appellant

¶147

THAKORE VINAYASINHJI v. KUMAR NATWARSINHJI [DUTI, J.] 1123

¶148

had given consent to the execution by his father of a deed of gift dated February 9, 1940 in favour of his younger brother for his jiwai. The political agent granted sanction to the said deed of gift, as it was with the consent of the appellant.

¶149

The appellants have placed much reliance upon the above documentary evidence in proof of their content!tm that there was a family custom prohibiting alienation by the Ruler of_the State. The correspondence related only to the question of granting jiwai to the younger son of the former Ruler. It would appear from the correspondence that the entire attempt of the appellant was against the quantum of maintenance that was proposed to be granted by the Ruler to his younger son. It was not the contention of the appellant that in view of a family custom, the Ruler had no right of alienation, C but his case was that in view of the annual revenue of the State the quantum of the jiwai would be out of proportion. It was only on this ground that he protested against the proposed jiwai. We do not think that the correspondence referred to above prove any custom of inalienability of the impartible estate.

¶150

It is submitted on behalf of the appellants that as there was no instance of alienation till before the impugned deed of gift and the will, it should be presumed that there was a family custom of inalienability of the estate. More or less, a similar contention was made before the Privy Council in Protap Chandra. Deo's case (supra) that the absence of any instance of a will purporting to dispose of the estate, was itself sufficient evidence of the custom of inalienability of the estate. The said contention was overruled by the Privy Council. There must be some positive evidence of such a custom. Mere absence of any instance of alienation will not be any evidence of custom. Moreover, as noticed already, the correspondence which are being relied upon as evidence of the alleged family custom of inalienability are far from being such evidence, for the only question that formed the subjectmatter of all this correspondence related to1he propriety of the quantum ofjiwai. Accordingly, we hold that the appellants have failed to prove that there was any family custom of inalienability of the estate. No other point has been urged in this appeal by either party.

A

B

D

E

G

For the reasons aforesaid, the judgment and decree of the High Court are affirmed and this appeal is dismissed. There will, however, be no order as to costs in this Court.

¶157

S.L.

¶158

Appeal dismissed. H

Thakore Shri Vinayasinhji (Dead) by Lrs. v. Kumar Shri Natwarsinhji & Ors.

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Thakore Shri Vinayasinhji (Dead) by Lrs. v. Kumar Shri Natwarsinhji & Ors.

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