State relaxed qualification requirements under rule 4(a) retrospectively to validate promotion panels for 63 ex-Hyderabad Deputy Tahsildars. High Court quashed the order holding no retrospective power and personal exercise by Governor. Supreme Court held rule 47 permits retrospective relaxation and allowed the State's appeal.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
702
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GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH AND ORS.
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SRI D. JANARDHANA RAO AND ANOTHER
\ September 23, 1976
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[Y. V. CHANDRACHUD, P. K. GOSWAMI AND A. C. GUPTA, JJ.J
_Civil service-Powers of relaxaton-W/ietiltr rules can be mtule retrospcctfrely:_Andhra Pradesh State and Subordinate Servia Rules 1962-Rule 47-· Andhra Pradesh Civil Services (Cooperation Branch)
Special Rules 1962-rule 4.
The respondent filed a Writ Petition in the High Court questioning tile c inclusion in the list of Deputy Tahsildars eligible for promotion to the post of Tahsildars of the names of 63 persons who were impleaded as respondents 4 to 66, in the Writ Petition. The 63 persons were working as Upper Division Clerks in the erstwhile State of Hyderabad. The State Government in consultation with the Government of India issued an order on 7-4-1960 stating that the first stage promotion of the employees of the erstwhile Government of Hyderabad should be governed by the Hyderabad Cadre and Recruitment Rules for promotion which were applicable to them before that date. The subsequent D promotions after the first stage of promotion wonld be governed by the relevant rules in force in the newly formed State. By virtue of this order the aforesaid 6 employees were promoted to the post of Deputy Talmildars which wa.; the first stag.e promotion for them. In 1962, Andhra Pradesh Civil Services (Cooperation Branch) Special1 Rules were framed, but were made effective retrospectively from 1st November, 1956. Under rule 4(a) the State Government bas to prepare in consultation with the Public Service Commission a list of persons eligible for appointment as Tahsildars. The 63 erstwhile employees of the Government of Hyderabad did not have the opportunity to acquire the qualificaE tions prescribed under rule 4(a) of the Special Rules on their promotion as Deputy Tahsildars. The Government felt that they should not be left out of consideration for appointment, as Tahsildars and asked the Public Service Commission to consider the names of such Deputy Tahsildars for inclusion in the list of eligible candidates assuring the Public Service Commission that the Government would relax the requirements as to qualification in favour of such Deputy Tabsildars provided they were otherwise found suitable by the Commi•sion. By order dated 30-6-1971 !he Governor rela.xed the provisions of rule 4(a) of the Special Rules in exercise of powers under s. 47 of the Andhra Pradesh F State and Subordinate Services Rules 1962. The respondents filed a Writ Petition for quashing the order dated 30-6-1971 in the High Court. The respondents contended that as a result of the said order their claims for appointment to the posts of Tehsildar had been passed over in favour of unqualified persons. The High Court allowed the Writ Petition. The High Court held that rule 47 did not confer any power to relax a rule retrospectively. It was also held that under rule 47 power was given to Governor personally :rnd therefore the exercise of it by the Governor wa<S invalid.
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In an appeal by special leave the appellant contended :
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Allowing the appeal,
HELD:
ANDHRA PRADESH v. D. JANARDHANA RAO (Gupta, !.) 7 03
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in Sardarilal v. Unio11 of India, (1971] 3 S.C.R. 461. The said decision stands overruled by the later decision of this Hon'ble Court in Sltam- slier Singh v. Stare of Punjab, [1975] I S.CR. 814. (706 E-F]
R. I'. Khanna & Ors. v. S. A, F Abbas & Ors., [1972] 3 S.C.R. 548, followtd.
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CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 704 of 1975. (Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment and Order dated 11-11-1974 of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in Writ Appeal No. 596/73).
P. P. Rao and T. V. S. N. Chari, for the Appellants.
A. Subbarao, for the Respondents.
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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
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GUPTA, J. This appeal by special leave arises out of a writ petition made by the respondents before us in the Andhra Pradesh High Court questioning the inclusion in the list of Deputy Tehsildars eligible for promotion to the post of Tehsildar of the names of 63 persons, impleaded as respondents Nos. 4 to 66 in the writ petition. These 63 persons were working as Upper DiVision Clerks in the erstwhile State of Hyderabad when, on November 1, 1956, the State of Andhra Pradesh was formed. The State Government in consultation with the Government of India issued an order on April 7, 1960 stating that the first stage promotion of the employees of the erstwhile Government of Hyderabad, that is, promotion to posts one stage above those held by them prior to November 1, 1956, would be governed by the Hyderabad Cadre and Recruitment Rules for promotion which were applicable to them before that date, but subsequent promotions after the first stage of promotion would be governed by the relevant rules in force in the newly formed State. By virtue of this order the aforesaid 63 employees were promoted to the post of Deputy Tehsildar which was the first stage promotion for them. Later, this order dated April. 7, 1960 was made a statutory rule, namely, rule 42(h) (i) of the Andhra Pradesh State and Subordinate Services Rules which came into force on March 7, 1962. The Andhra Pradesh Civil Services (Executive Branch} Special Rules Revenue Department, hereinafter referred to as the Special Rules, were made on July 17, 1962 but made effective retrospectively from November 1, 1956. These Rules cover two categories of service; we are concerned here with category 2-Tahsildars. Rule 4(a) of the rules says inter alia that the qualifications of a candidate for appointment to the post of Tahsildar shall be as specified in the annexure to the rules. The annexure provides
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[1977) 1 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
704
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The two respondents before us were directly recruited to the post of Deputy Tahsildar in the year 1962 and completed their period of c probation in 1965. Both of them were declared as approved probationers in 1965 and were invested with the powers of a Magistrate of the third class, and then of the second class. They became eligible for appointment as Tahsildars on November 14, 1966 and June 18, 1969 respectively.
The respondents and the said 63 Deputy Tahsildars all belong to D the Telengana area of the State. The 63 erstwhile employees of the Government of Hyderabad did not have the opportunity to acquire the qualifications prescribed by rule 4(a) of the Special Rules on their promotion as Deputy Tahsildars. The Government felt that they should not be left out of consideration for appointment as Tahsildars and asked the Public Service Commission to consider the names of such Deputy Tahsildars for inclusion in the lists of eligible candidates E assuring the Public Service Commission that the Government would relax the requirement as to qualification in ~avour of such Deputy Tahsildars provided they were otherwise found suitable by the Commission. The Public Service Commission accordingly included the names of these 63 employees in batches in the lists prepared for the years 1965, 1966, 1968 and 1969. By an order dated June 30, 1971 the Governor of Andhra Pradesh relaxed the provisions of rule 4(a) F of the Special Rules relating to the qualifications required of Dputy Tahsildars for being appointed as Tahsildars in favour of these 63 employees and requested the Board of Revenue to make appointments to the post of Tahsildar in the Telengana area according to the order in which the names had been indicated in the panels for the aforesaid years against the vacancies. The order traces the background of facts and states the reasons for relaxation of rule 4(a) of the Special Rules G in the case of these employees. The material part of the order is as follows:
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"The Government have had under consideration for sometime past the preparation of panels of Tahsildars of the Telengana Region. According to Rules 4(a) read witht the Annexure thereto of the Andhra Pradesh Civil Service (Executive Branch) Special Rules, a candidate for appointment to the category of Tahsildars by transfer should, in addition to the other qualifications, be a permanent Deputy Tahsildar or an approved probationer in the category of
ANDHRA PRADESH v. D. JANARDHANA RAO (Gupta, J.)
705
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Deputy Tahsildars of the Andhra Pradesh Revenue Subordi~ate Service by the 1st July of the year to which the list relates and should have exercised Ill class and II class Magisterial powers respectively for a period of six months each. According to the orders in force, only those candidates who have passed the criminal judicial tests can be invested with Magisterial powers. Allotted officers from Telengana for whom promotion to the category of Deputy Tahsildars constitutes the first stage of promotion after 1--11-1956 (viz. Upper Division Clerks), are governed by the Hyderabad cadre and Recruitment Rules for appointment as Deputy Tahsildars. There is no probation prescribed in the Hyderabad Cadre and Recruitment Rules for II Grade Clerks (Upper Division Clerks) on their promotions to the post of Deputy Tahsildars. Therefore, the question of their becoming approved probaitioners in the category of Deputy Tahsildars does not arise. Further, the Hyderahad cadre and Recruitment Rules do not lay down that the II Grade Clerks (Upper Division Clerks) should pass the Criminal Judicial Test as a condition precedent for promotion to the category of Deputy 'tahsildars and, therefore, those who did not pass the said tests could have had no opportunity of exercising magisterial powers while working as Deputy Tahsildars. In the circumstances it was felt that it would be unfair to exclude such persons from consideration for promotion to the category of Tahsildars on the ground that they were not ,approved probationers and/or had not exercised magisterial powers. The Public Service Commission was therefore, requested to consider the names also of the Deputy Tahsildats of the Telengana Region of the above category for inclusion in the panels for the respective years, regardless of whether or not they possessed the above qualifieiations, with an assurance that the Government would be prepared to relax the rules relating to above requirements in favour of the candidates who would be otherwise found suitable by the Commission."
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Rule 4(a) of the Special Rules was relaxed by the Governor in favour of the aforesaid Deputy Tahsildars in exercise of the power conferred by rule 47 of the Andhra Pradesh State and Subordinate Services Rules. Rule 47 reads as follows : -
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"47. Relaxation of rules by the Governor.-No rule made under the proviso to article 309 of the Constitution of India or continued under article 313 of the Constitution shall be construed to limit or ,abridge the power of the Governor to deal with the case of any class or category of person for being appointed to any civil post, or of any person serving in a civil capacity under the Government of Andhra Pradesh in such manner as may appear to him to be just and equitable :
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Provided that, where any such rule is applicable tci the case of any person or a c.Jass of persons, the cases shall not
[1977] 1 s.c.H.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
706
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be dealt with in ,any manner less favourable to the person or class of persons than that provided by that rule."
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The respondents before us filed a writ petition for quashing the order dated June 30, 1971 insofar as it relates to the said 63 employees who were impleaded as respondents Nos. 4 to 66 in the writ petition. The writ petitioners complained that as ,a result of the B order their claims for appointment to the post of Tahsildar had been passed over in favour of unqualified persons, and the petitioners asked for a direction on the Government of Andhra Pradesh, the Board of Revenue, and the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission, who are the appellants before us, to include the names of the petitioners in the panel for the years 1968 and 1969, as the case may be, and fix their seniority at the appropriate places which they would have c occupied had they been promoted ,at the relevant time. The learned Judge who _heard the writ petition allowed the same and directed that the claims of the petitioners for inclusion of their names in the panels from the respective dates they had acquired the requisite qualifications, should be considered on merits. It was held that rule 47 of the Andhra Priadcsh State and Subordinate Services Rufo did not confer any power to relax a rule retrospectively as had been done D by the order dated -June 30, 1971. It was further held that under rule 4 7 power was given to the Governor personally to relax the rules and the impugned order dated June 30, 1971 which was passed not by the Governor really but by the Government of Andhra Pradesh was, as such, invalid. In the Letters Patent appeal preferred by the State, a Division Bench affirmed the Judgment of the single Judge.
The view taken by the High Court that the power conferred by E rule 4 7 of the Andhra Pradesh State and Subordinate Services Rules is exercisable by the Governor personally is based on the Judgment of this Court in Sardari Lal v. Union of India & ors.(') But Sardari .Lat's case has been overruled by the later decision of this Court in Shamsher Singh v. State of Punjab,(') and counsel for the respondents rightly conceded that the impugned order cannot be asi;;ailcd on this . ground after Shamsher Singh's case.
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The real question that requires to be decided in this appeal is whether rule 47 permits relaxation of any rule with retrospective effect. Before proceeding to consider this aspect, it is necessary to dispose of one small point raised on be]Jialf of the appellants that the impugned order was not really retrospective bilf prospective in operation because it was only from the date of the order that the inclusion of the names of the said 63 employees in the panels for the different years was regularised. The order made on June 30, 1971 relaxed rule 4 (a) of the Special Rules in the case of these employees to validate the panels for the years 1965, 1966, 1968 and 1969. The impugned order thus regularized the inclusion of the names in. the panels which was done long before the order was made. The order is therefore clearly retroactive and not prospective in operation.
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Rule 47 of the Andhra Prtadesh State and Subordinate Services (1) (1971) 3 S.C.R. 461. (2) (1975) I S.C.R. 814.
ANDHRA PRADESH V. D. JANARDHANA RAO (Gupta,. J.) 707
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Rules gives power to the Governor to relax the rigour of the general rules in such manner as may appear to him to be just and equitable. To show that rule 4 7 giving such wide power to the Governor is not unique of its kind, counsel for the appellants referred to similar provisions in several other Service Rules like, rule 13 of the Secretary of State's Services (Mcdidal Attendance) Rules, 1938, rule 10 of the Indian Administrative Service (Pay) Rules. 1954, rule . 15 of the Indian Police Service (Probation) Rules, 1954, rule 10 of the Indian Police Service (Pay) Rules, 1954, and rule lO(b), proviso, of the Indian Forest Service (Appointment by Competitive Examination) Regufations, 1967. Clearly, the power under rule 47 is to be exercised in the interest of justice and equity. It is not difficult to see that the occasions for acting under rule 4 7 may well arise after the attention of the Government is drawn to a case where there has been a failure of justice. In such cases justice can be done only by exercising the power under rule 4 7 with retrospective effect, otherwise the object and purpose of the rule will be largely frustrated. The view we take finds support from the decision of this Court in R. P. Khanna & Ors. v. S. A. F. Abbas & Ors.(1) In that case the Court was dealing with rule 3(3) (b) of the Indian Administrative Service (Regulation of Seniority) Rules, 1954 which lays down that the year of allotment of an officer who was appointed to the Service by promotion shall be the year of allotment of the junior-most among the officers whd entered the service by direct recruitment who officiated continuously in a senior post :fu:om ta date earlier than the date of commencement of such officiation by the former. The second proviso to the rule states that a promotee shall be deemed to have officiated continuous! y in a senior post prior to the date of inclusion of his name in the select list prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Indian Administrative Service (Appointment by Promotion) Regulations, if the period of such officiation prior to that date was· approved by the Central Government in consultation with the Union Public Seryice Commission. Overruling a contenition raised on behalf of the direct recruits that it was not open to the State to make a restrospective declaration with regard .to posts being made equivalent to senior posts, this Court observed :
"From the point of view of workability of the rule as well as the circumstances and the conditions of service it may not always be practicable to make such prospective declaration. It is only when the Government has found that it is necessary or desirable to declare such posts equivalent to senior posts that the Government will do so. That will be usually possible after the Government will have considered several factors, namely, finance, structure of the service, the personnel fit for undertaking the post. Normally, the prom.otees obtain promotion froril the State Civil Service after long service. That is -why rule 3(3) (b) of the Regulation of Seniority Rules is designed to arrive at a fair adjust-. ment of the competing claims of the direct recruits and the promotees. To -hold that a promotee could not get the benefit of officiation unless the post was declared as equiva_let to a seior_cadre post before the promotee was appoint-
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(!) [1972] 3 S.C.R. 548.
Ll977J 1 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
708
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ed to officiate might defect the policy of the Government. A promotee may be officiating continuously for a long period and his name may be included in the select list after some time. Again a person who officiates continuously for a long time may thereafter be not included in the select list. Such a person might deprive a person who would otherwise be found suitable for appointment by promotion after similar officiation in a similar post. It is only when the State Government finds that it is desirable to declare the post equivalent to a senior post inter al.'a by reason of the efficiency of the person which has entitfod him to promotion that the consequential necessity arises for giving him that senior post by requisite dec:laration of a senior post. A retrospective declaration therefore is in the scheme of things pract~cal as well as reasonable."
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Counsel for the respondents drew 0L1r attention to the words "for being appointed" in rule 47 to contend that the rule was meant to be applied only prospectively. According to counsel the rule when it says that nothing in the general rules shall limit or abridge the power of the Governor to relax the rigour of these rules in the case of any class or category of persons "for being appointed to any civil. post", it contemplates an appointment in future. We do not think that this contention has any force. The words "for being appointed" in the context in which they appear do not necessarily refer to a future appointment. The validity of an appointment to any civil post may be questioned after the appointment has been made and there is nothing to rule 47 to indicate that the Governor in exercise of power under this rule cannot deal with such a case, if this was required in the interest of justice and equity.
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It appears that after the Judgment of the Division Bench of the High Court was delivered on November 11, 1974, by a notification dated November 25, 1974 the provision in the Special Rules setting out the qualifications required for the post of Tahsildar was amended by adding a proviso saying that "the requirement in regard to being F an approved probationer and the exercise of powers of a Magistrate shall not apply in respect of those Deputy Tahsildars in the Telengana area for whom promotion to the category of Deputy Tahsildar was or is the first stage of promotion after the 1st November 1956". The notification states that the amendment shall be deemed to have come into force on the 1st June, 1961. The amendment thus appears to cover the cases of the said 63 Deputy Tahsildars. However, the G rule as amended does not arise for consideration in this appeal which is directed again!lt the judgment of the High Court passed on the rule as it stood prior to the amendment and we do not express any opinion on the amended rule.
The appeal is allowed, the Judgment of the High Court is set aside and the writ petition is dismissed. In the circumstances of the case we make no order as to costs.
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A ppea/ allowed
P.H.P.
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2 issues framed by the court
Whether rule 47 of the Andhra Pradesh State and Subordinate Services Rules permits relaxation of a service rule with retrospective effect.
Whether the power under rule 47 must be exercised by the Governor personally rather than by the Government.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Sardari Lal v. Union of India & Ors.Overruled¶75
(1971) 3 S.C.R. 461 · Who else cites this
Shamsher Singh v. State of PunjabRelied on¶75
(1975) 1 S.C.R. 814 · Who else cites this
R. P. Khanna & Ors. v. S. A. F. Abbas & Ors.Followed¶86
[1972] 3 S.C.R. 548 · Who else cites this
2 provisions across 2 enactments
Government of Andhra Pradesh and others
Sri D. Janardhana Rao
Second respondent (co-petitioner with D. Janardhana Rao)
Y. V. Chandrachud
P. K. Goswami
A. C. Gupta
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
