Dismissed

Davenport & Co. Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, West Bengal

Supreme Court31 Jul 19751975 INSC 147 · [1976] 1 S.C.R. 1801975 INSC 147

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

Assessee's jute transactions, completed only by transfer of delivery orders without handling the goods, resulted in loss claimed as business loss. The Supreme Court held that under Explanation 2 to Section 24(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1922, 'actual delivery' means real, not constructive delivery; the transactions were speculative and appeal was dismissed.

What did the court decide?

None; assessee's appeal dismissed without order as to costs.

What the court decided

Davenport & Co. Pvt. Ltd. versus Commissioner of Income-Tax… — Income Tax | Supreme Court (1976)

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180

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DAVENPORT & CO. PVT. LTD.

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COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, WEST BENGAL

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July 31, 1975

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[V. R. KRISHNA IYER, R. S. SARKARIA AND A. C. GUPTA, JJ.]

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lncome~tax Act·, 1922, Explanation 2 to section 24( 1 )-Tra11sactidn irivolving mere transfer of delivery noks-Loss sustained by the assessee, if as a result of speculati1•e transactions.

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Indian Sale of Goods Act, 1930, sec. 2(2)-Contract Act, Sec. 30.

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The appellant company which carried on busines3 in tea i:arden tools and requisites and also acted as agents for selling tea, denved the bulkofit5 income from selling commission on tea. The assessment year in questionis 1959-60. Inthe relevant previous year which ended on June 30, 1958, the assessee for thefirsttimeinits history entered into certain tr"ansactionsin jute.OnApril17,1958the_assessee bad contractedtopurchase 1100 bales ofIt-Twill and 2500 baleoofcorn sacks; the contractforB-Twill was with two parties,M/s.Raghunath Sons(P)Ltd. for 500 bales aodM/s.Mahadeo	C
Ranlkumar for 600 bales.Thecorn sacks were all purchased from Tulsider Jeweraj under three contracts for 800 bales, 1000 bales and 700 bales respec- tively. On June18,1958the assessee entered into a contract with M/s. Lachhminarain Kanoria&Co.tosell the aforesaid quantitiesofB-Twilland	D
corn sacks. The assessee hadnogodown for keeping thegoodsand had not handled them. The goods wereinthe godownofthe mills and onlythe delivery orders addressed to the mills changed hands. The amount realised on sale toM/s.Lachhminarain Kanoria&Co. came toRs.10,49,865/-. The assessee had however purchased thecomsacks and D-Twill for Rs. 11,48,399/-.
The transactions thus resulted in a lossofRs.98,534 /- to the assessee and
theahsses.seeclaimed adjustment of this loss in the computationofits income for t e assessment year 1959-60. The Income-tax Officer heldth~tthe Iran- sactions involving mere transfer of delivery notes and not actual deliveryof the· ·goods wereofaspeculative characterascontemplated in explanation2	..., .c.
to sec.24(1)and the loss couldbeset off only against speculation profits,and
asthere were no speculation profitsinthat year, he held that thelosswould becarried forward and set off against speculation profits in the future. The
a,p~UateCommissioner on appeal by the assessee heldthatthe transactions were not speculative and the loss shouldbetreated as businesslos& Inappeal
bythe ·Department, the Tribunal held that thiscasecame withinth&scope	F
ofsec. 24(1)read with explanation 2 and restored the order of the Income-
tax Officer. Inreference, the High Court answered the question formulated by theTribunalinthe affirmative and against the assessee.

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Section 24(1)ofthe Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, provides¹that where nuassessecsustains a lossunderanyoftheheadsofincomechargeableto income-taxasenumerated ins.6oftheActlin any year, he shall be entitled to have thelossset off against his income, profitsorgains under any other headinthat year. This general provisionisqualified by the first proviso which permits the set offofaJossin speculative business against the assessee's profit and gains,ifany, in-asimilar business only. Explanation 1 says thatt where the speculative transacti6ns aJeofsuch a nature astoconstitute a business, the businessshallbe deemed tobedistinct and separate from any otherbusiness. Explanation2defines a speculative transaction as a transaction in which a contract for purchase and saleofany commodityisperiodicallyorultimately settled otherwise thanbytheactual deliveryortransferofthe commodity. This appealhasbeen preferredby theassessee con1panyafterobtaining special Jeave from 'this court,	G JI	I '., ' \|

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' \

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Dismissing the appeul,

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DAVENPORT & co. v. C.I.T. (Gupta, J.)

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181

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A B c	HJ?LD :Tewords actualdeliveryin explanation 2 means real as opposed to notional dehvery.Forthe income-tax purposesspeculative transactionmeans .,,·hat1J?.ed_efinition_o!_that expressioninexplanation 2 says. Whether a transactlon1sspeculative in the general senseorunderthe Contract Act is otrelevant for the purpose of this explanation. Theefinitionof"delivery" ms.2 ( 2)ofthe Sale of Goods Actwhichhas been heldtoinclude both actual and c.onstructiveorsymbolical delivery has no bearing on the definitiOn ofs_peculativetransactioninthe explanation. A transaction whichisotherwise speculative would notbea specuJative · transaction within the meaningof ,explanation 2ifactual deliveryof1hecommodityorthe scrips has taken place; on the other hand, a transaction whjchisnot otherwise speculativein nature may yetbespeculative according to explanation2ifthereisno actual delivery of the commodityorthe scrips, The explanationdoesnot invalidate speculative transactions which are otherwise legalbutgivesaspecial meaning tothat expression for purposeofincome-tax only. The question referredto the High Court inthepresent case has been correctlyans'W'ered. [186E-G; 187D]
	_D. M. Wadhwana_v.Comn1ission.e1·oflnco1ne·tox.~¹.est.Bengal,[1966]61 l.T.R.154,approved.
	_Ras:hunath Prasad Poddar_v._Con1n1issionerdi_I~1co1ne-tax,Caldutta[1973] _90_I.T.R._140,_over.ruled.
0	_Duni Chand Rataria_v.Bhuwalka Brothers Ltd:[1955] 1 S.C.R. 1071,Bayana _Bhimayya and Sukhdrevi Rathi_v.The GovernmentofAndhra Pradesh,[1961] 3 S.C.R. 267 and_TheSta"teofAndhra Pradesh_v.Kalla Sreeramamurthy,[1963] IS.C.R.184,held inapplicable.
	Manalal M. Varnia&Co.(P)_Ltd._v.CommissionerofIncome-tax,[196.9] 73J.T.R.713and_Butterworty_v.Kingsway,[1954]2 All. E.R. 694, referred to.

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--<

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CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2034 of 1970. E Appeal by special leave from the Judgment and order dated the 8th July, 1969 of Calcutta High Court in I.T.R. No. 60 of 1968.

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D. N. Gupta, for the appellant.

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G. C. Sharma, 0. P. Dua and S. P. Nayar, for the respondent.

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.. F The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

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, GUPTA, J.-This appeal by special leave tur!fS dn the true meaning and scope of expfanation 2 to sec. 24 (1) of the Income-True Act, 1922.

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The appellant (hereinafter referre~ to as the assessee) is a pr!v.ate limited company carrying on business m t~a garden tools and. re9ms1tes G and also acting as agents for selll.1g tea; m fact the bulk of. its mco!11e was from selling commission on tea. The assessment year m question is 1959-60; in the relevant previous year which ended on June 30, 1958, the assessee for the first time in its history entered into certain tra!llsac- )_ tions in jute. On April 17, 1958 the assessee had contracted to purclmse 1100 bales of B-Twill and 2500 bales of corn sacks; the contract for B-Twill was with two parties, M/s. Raghunatl) & Sons (P) Ltd. for H 500 bales and M/s. Mahadeo Ramkumar for 600 bales. The corn sacks were all purchased from Tulsider J eweraj under three contracts for 800 bales, 1000' b>ales and 700 bales respectively. On June 18,

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~I ~'

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[1976] 1 s.c.R.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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18 2

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1958 the assessee entered into a contract with M/s. Lachhminarain Kenoria & Co. to sell the aforesaid quantities of B-Twill and corn sacks. The assessee had no godown for keeping the goods and had not Jrandled them. The goods were in the godown of the mills i1,1d only the delivery orders addressed to the mills changed hands. The amount realised on sale to M/s. Lachhminarain Kanoria & Co. came to Rs. 10,49,865/-. The ussessee had however purchased the corn sacks and B-Twill for Rs. 11,48,399. The transactions thus resulted it1 a loss of Rs. 98,534/- to the assessee and the assessee claimed adjustment of this loss in the computation of its J,1come for the assessment year 1959-60. The Income-tax Officer held that the transactions involving mere transfer of delivery notes und not actual deliveri of the goods were of a speculative character as contemplated in explanation 2 to sec. 24( 1) and the loss could be set off only against speculation profits, and as there were no speculation profits in that year, he held that the loss would be carried forward and set off against speculation profits in the future. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner on appeal by the assessee held that the transactions were not speculative and the loss should be treated as business loss relying on two decisions of this Court: Bayana Bhimayya and Sukhdevi Rathi v. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh (') and Duni Chaiul Rataria v. Bhuwalke Brothers Ltd. (2) The Department took an appeal to the Tribunal and the Tribunal relied on the decision of the Calcutta High Court in D. M. Wadhwana v. Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal(') to hold that this case came within the scope of sec. 24 ( 1) read with explanation 2 and restored the order of the Income-tax Officer. On the application of the ;issessee the Tribunal referred to the High Court the following question uf law :

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"Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case the Tribunal was right in holding that the transactions described above entered mto by the assessee were speculative tmnsactions within the meaning of explanation 2 to section 24(1)''.

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The High Court answered the question in the affrmativc and [I ngainst the assessee. The correctness of that decision is challenged in this appeal. ) Sectiaa 24(1) 24(1) so far as it is material for the purpose of this appeal is in these tcfll1s : "Where any assessec sustains a loss of profits or gains in (~ .i any year under any of the heads mentioned in section 6, he shall be entitled to have the amount of the loss set off against his income, profits or gains under any other head in that year, Jr Provided· that in computing the profits and gains chargeable under the head 'profits and gains of business, profession or vocation', any loss sustained in speculative transactions II

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Sectiaa 24(1) 24(1) so far as it is material for the purpose of this appeal is in these tcfll1s :

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Provided· that in computing the profits and gains chargeable under the head 'profits and gains of business, profession or vocation', any loss sustained in speculative transactions (I) (1961] 3 S. C.R. 267. (2) [1955] i S. C. R.1071. (3) (1966) 61 I. T. R. 154.

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DAVENPORT & co. v. C.1.T. (Gupta, J.) 183

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A which are in the nature of a business shall not be taken into account except to the extent of the amount of profits and gains, if any, in any other business consisting of speculative transactions :

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(The second proviso is not relevant for the present purpose.) B Explanation 1 : Where the speculative transactions carried on are of such a nature as to constitute a business, the business shall be deemed to be distinct and separate from any other business. Explanation 2 : A speculative transaction means a ftansacc tion in which a coatract for purchase and sale of any commodity including stocks and shares is periodically or ultimately settled otherwise than by the actual delivery or transfer of the commodity or scrips.

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(The rest of the section i:; also not relevant.)" D Before us both sides admitted that the question is covered by the decision of this Court in Raghunath Prasad Poddar v. Commissioner uj Income-tax, Calcutta l') where it was held that such transactions were .10t speculative transactions within the meaning of explanation 2 to sec. 24(1). The learned counsel for the revenue however prayed for re-consideration of the decision on a fresh examination of the problem. In Raghuna:h Prasad Poddar v. Commissioner of E Income-tax, Calcutta (supra) the assessee, a company dealing in jute and jute goods, purchased pueca delivery orders (in short P.D.Os.) in respect of gunny bags from various parties after paying the full price of the goods covered by the delivery orders and transferred those P.D.Os. to buyers after receiving the price fixed for the sale of thOse goods. The Tribunal following the decision in D. M. Wadhwana v. Commissioner of Income-tax (supra) held that the sales in question were speculative and consequently the losses suffered by the assessee .... in these transactions could not be set off against the profits mado by the assessee's non-speculative business. The High Court on reference following its earlier decisions in D. M. Wadhwana's case and Manalal M. Verma & Co. (P) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income tax(² ) answered the questions referred to it, which are similar to the question formulated in this case, in favour of the revenue. This Court reversed G the decision on appeal. The view taken in Rashundth Prasad' s case appears to be based on three earlier decisions of this Court. Duni Chand Rataria v. Bltuwalke Brothers Ltd. (supra) Beyanna Bhimayya and Sukhdevi Rathi v. The Gover1U11e11t of Andhra Pradesh (supra) and State of Andhra Pradesh v. Ko/la Sreeramamurthy(⁸ ). The reasoning in ll Raghunath Prasad's case proceeds like this : (I) (1973) 90 I. T. R. 140. (2) (1969) 73 I. T. R. 713. (3) [19631 IS. C.R. 18

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[1976] 1 S.C.R.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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184

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To effect a valid transfer of any commodity, it is not necessary that the transfer in question should be followed up by actual de.livery of the goods to the transferee. Even if the goods are delivered .to the transferee's transferee, the first transfer also will be a valid transfer. What has to be seen in such cases is whether the ultimate purchaser of the P.D.Os. has taken actual delivery of the goods sold. It is erroneous to think that if any transfer of the P .D.Os. is not followed up by actual delivery of the goods to the transferee, that transaction is to be considered as speculative. The following observation in Duni Chand Rataria v. Bhuwalke Brothers Ltd. (supra) was relied on in support of ·the; view taken :

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"Th~ sellers handed over these documents (like delivery orders) to the buyers against cash payment, and the buyers obtained these documents in token of delivery of possession of the goods. They in turn passed these documents from hand to hand until they rested with the ultimate buyer who took physical or manual delivery of possession of those goods. The constructive delivery of possession which was obtained by the intermediate parties was thus translated into a phvsical or manual delivery of possession in the ultimate analysis eliminating the unnecessary process of each of the intermediate parties taking and in his turn giving actual delivery of possession of the goods in the narrow sense of physical or manual delivery thereof."

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In Duni Chand Rataria's case this Court was interpreting the words "actual delivery of possession" occurrinq in sec. 2(1) (b )(i) of West Bengal Jute Gootls Future Ordinance, 1949. The question for determination in that case was whether certain contracts between the appellant and the respondents could be called contracts involvin~ actnal delivery of possession of the goods concerned. Referring to the definition of "delivery" in sec. 2(2) of the Indian Sale of Goods Act, 1930 it was observed that this would include actual deliverv as also symbolic or constructive delivery, and having regard to the mischief which was sought to be averted by the promulgation of the Ordinance-to prevent persons who dealt in differences only and never intended to take delivery under any circumstances-it was held that the intendment of the Ordinance was that "actual delivery of possession" was actual deliverv as contrasted with mere dealin~s in differences and such actiral delivery included within its scope symbolic and contructive delivery of possession. With respect, these observations made in quite a different context do not appear to us to be of assistance in interoreting explanation 2 to sec. 24(1) of the Indian Income-Tax Act, 1922.

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The other decision referred to in Raghunath Prasad' s case, Bayanna Bhimayva and Sukhdevi Rathi v. The Government of A ndhra Pradesh ( sunra) was a case under the Madras General Sales Tax Act, 1939, The appellant in that case who dealt in gunnies eiatered into contracts with two mills agreeing to purchase gunnies at a cermin rate

F ....

DAVENPORT & co. v. C.I.T. (Gupta, J.)

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18 5

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A for future delivery and also entered into agreements with third parties by which they charged something extra from the third parties and handed over to them the delivery orders described as kutcha delivery orders. The mills however did 11ot accept the third parties as contracting parties but only as agents of the appellants. The tax authorities treated the transaction between the appellants and the third parties as a fresh siale and sought to levy sales tax on!this as well, to.which

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B the appellants objected saying that tljere was Only one sale. It was held that a delivery order being a document of title to the goods covered by it, possession of the document no( only gave one the right to recover the goods but also to transfer them to another by endorsement or delivery, and that there being two separate transactions of sale, one between the mills and the original purchasers, and the other between the original purchasers and the third parties, tax was payable at both

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c the points. fa reaching this conclusion the court observed :

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"At the moment oi delivery by the mills to the third parties, there were, in effect, two deliveries, O~(> by the mills to the appellants, represented, in so far as tbe mills were concerned, by the appellants' agents, the third' parties, and the other, by the appellants to the third parties as buyers from D the appellants. These two deliveries might synchronise in point of tlme, but were separate, i:l point of fact and in the eye of law."

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Here also the only question was whether on the facts of the case there were two separate transactions of sale so that iax was payable at both the points under the Madras General Sales Tax Act, 1939. The E observation made in this context does not also seem to us relevant to the question under consideration i:l the appeal ibefore us.

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Another authority on which the decision in "Rtighunath Prasad's (supra) case relies is State of Andhra Pradesh v. Kol/a Sreeramamurthy, (supra) which is also a case under the Madras General Sales Tax Act, 1939. The respondent in that case, a dealer in gunny bags, F purchased gunnies from the mills on terms of written contracts which were on printed forms. These contracts were entered into by brokers acting for the respondent who sent him 'Bought-Notes' setting out the terms upa,1 which the purchases had been effected from the mills. The mills having received a part of the purchase money in terms of the contract issued delivery orders directing the deliyery of goods as per the contract. Instead of taking delivery himself, the respondent enG dorsed the delivery orders and these passed through several hands before the ultimate holder of the delivery orders presented them to the mills and obtained delivery of the gunnies on payment. The question that arose for decision was whether the transactions entered ') into by the respondent were mere sales of delivery orders or sales of goods so as to bring them to charge under sec. 3 of the said Act. At the date of the contract for purchase by the respondent, the goods H which were the subject matter of the purchase wer~ not appropriated to the cmtract so that there was no completed sa)e since no property passed, but only an agreement for sale. In COnfidering the effept of

[1976] l S.C.I.

186

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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the position that the property in the goods passed to the ultimate endorsec of the delivery orders, Mr. Justice Ayyangar speaking for the Court relied on an English decision, Butterworty v. Kingsway(I) to hold that though the respondent and his transferees had not acquired any title to the goods, the title acquired by the ultimate endorsee of the delivery orders went to feed their previously defective titles and ensured to their benefit. His Lordship further observed that this was the principle that formed the basis of the decision in Bayanna Bhimeyya's (supra) case. Here again, the question that was considered has hardly any connection with sec. 24 of the Indian Income-Tax Act 1922, and the observations made in this case cannot be a guide to the solutim1 of the problem arising in the case before us.

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Sec. 6 of the Indian Income-Tax Act, 1922 enumerates the heads of income chargeable to income-~ax. Sec. 24(1) of the Act provides that where an assessee sustains a loss under any of these hea<rs in any year, he shall be entitled to have the loss set of!' against his income, profits or gains under any other head hi that year. This general provision is qualified by the first proviso which permits the set off of a loss in speculative business against the assessee's profits and gains, if any, in a similar business only. Explanation 1 says that where the speculative transactions are of such a nature as to cm1stitutc a busihcss. the business shall be deemed to be distinct and separate from any other business. Explanation 2 defines a spe.culativc transaction as a tra'.1saction in which a contract for purchase and sale of any commodity is periodically or ultimately settled otherwise than by the actual <leli''cry or transfer of the commodity. The words actual delivery in explanation 2 means real as opposed to notional delivery. For incomctax purposes speculative transaction means what the defimlion of that expression in explanation 2 says. Whether a tnmsaction is specul\J.tive in the general sense or under the Contract Act is not relevant for the purpose of this explanation. The definition of "delivery" in sec. 2(2) of the Sale of Goods Act which has been held to include both actual a:ud constructive or symbolical delivery has no bearing on the definition of speculative transaction in the explanation. A transaction which i> otherwise speculative would not be a speculative transaction within the meaning of explanation 2 if actual delivery of the commodity or the scrips has taken place; o>,1 the other hand, a transaction which is not otherwise speculative in nature may yet be speculative according to explanation 2 if there is no actual delivery of the commodity or the scrips. The explanation docs not invalidate speculative according to explanation 2 if there is no actual delivery meaning to that exprcssida for purposes of income-tax , only. In D. M. Wadhwana v. Commissioner of Income-tax (supra) on which the Tribunal's decision in 'this case is based, the Calcutta High Court observed :

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"The explanation to sec. 24(1 ), however, does not prevent persons from entering into contracts !,1 which the buyers and sellers may not actually hand over the goods physically. The explanation is only desigi11!d at segregating for

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(!) [1954) 2 All E. R. 694.

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DAVENPORT & CO, v. C.l.T, (Gupta, J.)

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187

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A income-tax purposes loss sustained in transactic:lns of a certain kind. It may be that such transactions are not speculative in the light of sec. 30 of the Contract Act .......... In enacting the explanation 2 of sec. 24 ( 1) of the Income-Tax Act, the legislature did not intend to affect any transaction of sale wherein the goods were not physically delivered by the seller to the buyer but only laid down that if there was

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B no actual or physical delivery, the loss, if any, would be a loss in a speculative transaction which could be allowed to be set off only against a profit in a transaction of the same nature. . . . . . The object of the explanation is not to invalidate the transaction which are not completed by actual delivery of the goods but only to brand them as speculative transactions so as to put them in a special category for incomc-

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c tax purposes."

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In our opinion this is a correct statement of the law. This. aspect 0£ the matter was not considered in Raghunath Prasad Poddar v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Calcutta. (supra) we think the law on the point was correctly stated in D. M. Wadhwana v. Commissioner of l11Come-tax, (supra) and in our opinion the question referred to the D High Court in the present case has been correctly ((nswered. The appeal is llccordingly dismissed but in the circumstances of the case ll'ithout any order as to costs.

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Appeal dismissed

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V.M.K.

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Davenport & Co. Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, West Bengal

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

What the court decided

Davenport & Co. Pvt. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, West Bengal

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

What the court decided

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