A labour inspector sought enforcement of minimum wage provisions against a company quarrying Shahabad stone, claiming its work was stone breaking/crushing. By majority, the Supreme Court held quarrying stratified dimension stone is not the scheduled employment and dismissed the appeal; Mathew J. dissented.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
83
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.A
LABOUR INSPECTOR, CENTRAL
v.
THE CHITTAPORE STONE QUARRYING CO. (P) LTD. & ORS.
April 5, 1972
[C. A. VAIDIALINGAM, D. G. PALEKAR AND K. K. MATHEW, JJ.J
Minimum Wages Act 1948, Item 8 of Part No. 1 of ScheduleStone-breaking and stone crushing, meaning of-Slurhabad stone, quarrying of-Whe1;1er en1p[oy1nent in stone breaking and sf.one crushing.
0 The Minimum Wag'S Act 1948 was enacted to provide m1n1mum rates of wages in certain employment mentioned in the Schedule. Item No. 8 of part No. I of the Sch•,dule refers to employment in stonebreaking or stoOe crushing. By notification under the Act minimum wJ.ges was fixed for those ·.employed in stone breaking or stone crushing in Gulbarga District, Mysore State. The appellant Inspector was of :he view that respondent No. l which was quarryin; a variety of ston· c'alled Shahabad tone in Gulbarga District was enguged D in the activity of stone hreaking and stone crushing und since respondent No. l was in breach of some of the provisions of the Act and the rules made thcreundr he adopt·d proceedings to enforce the provisions in the court of the Munsif Magistrate. Respondent No. 1 filed a writ petition in the High Court for quashing the said p'roceedings contending that its activity was not one of stone briaking or stone crushing but of n1ining limestone slabs. According to him after removing the layers of earth and the thick layers of limestone thin layers of limestone were E hfought out and the!:i.: wer1:: then cut up into regular sizes and this did not amount to stone breaking or stone crushing. The High Court held that removing Shahaoad stone involved breaking and crushing but on the view that what was broken or c~ushed was not 'stone' but in the nature of a mineral quashed ttr.: proceedings. In -appeal by ce·rtificate,
HELD: Per Vaidialingam and Palekar, JJ. Stone breaking and stone crusing in relation to limestone is that activity in which non-strat_ifie<l F limestone, recognised as rock, is brokn or crushed into irregular tragments or sizes and then marketed or otherwise used. The more valuable and rar.:!r ~tratified limestone \Vhich is suitable fo'r use as din1cnsion stone is not the stone commercially exploited for breaking and crushing. Hence the employrr.•!nt of quarrying Shahabad stone is not the same as the sche· duled employn1ent of ston.e breaking or stone crushing ~eferred to in item 8 of the Schedule to the Minimum Wages Act. The High Court was, G therefore right in quash;ng the proceedings. [87 A·Cl
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1/adln•ap,adesli Minerc;f Industry Association v. The Regional Labour Commissioner Jabalpur and Ors., [19601 3 S.C.R. ·476, applied.
Per Mathew, J. (dissenting) There is no distinction between stone obtained by crushing ur breaking of non-stratified rock and that obtail1'>d bv cutting stratified rock, for 'the purpose of construing the word 'stone' in item No. 8 as done obtained in both the cases is a piece of rock. H • [88Hl
ln Vcnkatara1naniyas Law Lexicon and in the Shorti:r Oxford Dictionary quarrying is dr~fincd to include cutting. When this Court in the cases of Mohanr1L Devichand Slu1h and Madliva Prcdesh Mineral Industry
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
84
( 1973] l S.C.R.
A
Association said that employment in stone-breaking or stone-crushing refer to "quarry operation" this Court was fully alive to the procbs involved in quarry operation. [90F-HJ
It must therefdre be held that employment in quarrying operation for extraction of Shahabad stone is employment within the a:nbit of item 8 of Part I of the Scbednle. l'.91BI
B
'
Madhya Prad~sh Mining Industry Association v. The Regional Labour Commissioner, Jabalpur and Ors., [1960] 3 S.C.R. 476, Ray Limestone and Co. v. Sub-DivisionCJ/ Officer, Ranchi, A.LR. 1968 Patna 39 and State of Maharashtra v. Mohan/al Devichand Shah, [1965] 3 S.C,R. 461, refe'rred to.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 40 of c 1968.
Appeal from the judgm<'!lt and order dated July 25, 1967 of the Mysore High Court in Writ Petition No. 1860 of 1965.
R. H. Dhebar, for the appellant.
D
K. Srinivasamur~hy and Naunit L,al, for respondent No. 1.
R. B. Datar, for respondent No. 2.
The Judgment of Vaidialingam and Palekar, JJ. was delivered bf Palekar, J. Mathew, J. delivered a dissenting opinion.
E
Palekar, J. This appeal by certificate granted !Jy the High Court of Mysore raises an interesting point as to whether quarrying of Shahabad stone is an activity which could be properly described as "stone breaking or stone crushing" mentioned in the Schedule to The Minimum Wages, Act. 1948.
By notification issued by the Appropriate Government under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 minimum wages were fixed for those employed in stone breaking or stone crushing in Gulbarga District. The appellant Inspector was of the view that respondent no. 1 Chittapore Stonequarrying Company (Pvt.) Ltd .. Chittapur which was quarrying a variety of stone calle,d Shahabad Stone in Chittapur, District Gulbarga, was engaged in the activity of stone breaking and stone crushing, and since respondent no. 1 was in breach of some of the provisions of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 and the rules made thereunder he adopted proceedings to enforce the provisions in the court of the Munsif Magistrate, Chittapur, respondent no. 3. Respondent no. 1 thereupon filed a writ petition for 'quashing the proceedings (Writ Petition No. 1860 of 1965) in the Mysore High Court alleging, inter a/ia, that the provisions of the Minimum Wags Act did not apply to the particular activity in which it was engaged because, in its submision, the activity was not one of stone breaking or stone crushing
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II
LABOUR INSPECTOR V. CHITTAPORF. QUARRYING 8 5
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(Palekar, J.)
A but of mining. limestone slabs. Th~ Higl;i Court held that the process of removmg Shahabad stone mvolved breaking and crushing but it was also of the view that what was broken or crushed was not re~lly 'stone'. but a ubsance which very nearly approximated to a mmeral. In that view 1t quashed the proceedings before t!ie Munsif Magistrate.
B The activity in which respondent no. 1 is engaged is described as follows :
"The earth which varies in depth from place to place over the limestone layers is removed by manual labour. This work of removing the .soil is known as earth-work. The thin limestone layers from which the flooring stones c are cut into regular sizes and which is the main object of mining by us are reach.ed after removing some thick layer of limestone over these thin layers. The removal of the overburden of earth and thick layers of lime-stone is incidental to the mining operations conducted by us. The main operation of our mining is to bare open D the thin layers of limestone and cut them into regular sizes. It is submitted that no stone breaking or stone crushing operations are carried on in our mines."
J'he question is whether the operation described above can be appropriately described as stone breaking or stone crushing.
E The object of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, as is wellknown, is to provide minimum rates of wages in certain employments. Section 2(g) defines "scheduled employment" as "an employment specified in the Schedule, or any process or branch of work forming part of S.llCh employment". The Schedule has two parts and item no. 8 in part no. 1 refers to employment in stone breaking or stone crushing. The Act, therefore, provides F that where the appropriate Government fixes by notification a minimum wage to be paid to those who are employed on stonebreaking or stone-crushing the employees will have to be paid the minimum wage so fixed. It was the appellant's case that such a notification is in operation in Gulbarga District of Mysore State and since the respondent no. 1 was engaged in the activity of G stone-breaking and stone-crushing in which workers have been employed the respondent was liable to pay minimum wages, as fixed.
G
There is no definition of stone-breaking or stone-crushing in the Act But we know what that activity is in the common parlance of the buisness and commercial world. It appears to us H that it will be a futile exercise in semantice to try to explore what the content of a stone is-whether it is a mineral or not, or
86 · SUPREME COURT REPORTS·
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[1973) I S.C.R.
whether it is so called when it is obtained in open quarries or subterranean mines or whether breaking or crushing would also include cutting in dimensional forms. In the common acceptance of the busines.s and commercial world, stone-breaking and stonecrushing is a commercial activity in which stone, in the sense of .c_ommon rock, is reduced to fragments by mechanical means such fragments being marketed or used for profit. In. this connection reference may be made to Madhya Pradesh Mineral . Industry B Association v. The Regional Labour Commissioner Jabalpur and . . others(') and to the following observations therein at page 485.. ' "The word "stone" as popularly understood in ordinary parlance particularly when it is coupled with the word "breaking" or "crushing" would exclude mangac nese. When we speak of stone-breaking or stone.. crushing normally we refer to stone in the ·sense of "piece of rock," ancr that would exclude manganese. Employment in stone-breaking or stone-crushing in this . sense "'.ould refer· to quarry operations." .
c
,
Information etracied from 'ilie Encyclopaedia Britanica under the words "stone" and "quarrying", shows that common rock which is' commercially exploited falls brciac!ly two categories, one igneous, like granite, and the other sedimentary, like limestone. These rocks undergo a-qualitative ·change under. tremendous · .mountain pressures and then they are known· as ·.metamorphic . . Limestone, for example, . becomes marble. ' . . .. '. •.. , .. ' , -·
All the above· categories of rocks· are generally found in two varieties-stratified and nonstratified: · When rock. is found in thin layers one over the other,' it is known as stratified. · Where it is not so found, it is non-stratified. · Commercial exploitation of. these two varieties is distinct. ·Non-stratified rock, which is found · in abundance in quarries or otherwise, yields to profitable exploi- · tation by breaking and crushing into smaller irregular fragments. F The rarer stratified stone is much more valuable as it is found in layers which are skilfully removed to give large dimensional slabs .. In the first case there is generally blasting with the help of explo. sives. In the second blasting is avoided as it will cause demag,e to the layers. · The end product in both is used for construction mostly in buildings and roads. ·In limestone, as in all stone, suitG able stratified layers are commercially exploited for dimensional quarrying by a very skilful process. The product namely the slab after being polished is used for flooring; facing and the like. Quarrying of Shahabad,stone ~ith which we _are concerned' is ~f this type. The other kind of limestone, that 1s to say, non-stratlfied limestone is suitable for being broken and crushed into smaller , H fragments and rt has its commercial use in building construction.
F _, ;J ,. G "
(!) [196013 S.C.R. 476.
LABOUR INSPECTOR V. CHITTAP0RE QUARRYING
87
(Mathew, .I.)
A manufacture of cement and the like. Stor:e-breaking and stonecrushing in relation to limestone is, therefore, that activity in which non-stratified limestone, recognised as rock, is broken or crushed into irregular fragments or sizes- and then marketed or otherwise used. The more valuable and rarer stratified limestone which is suitable for use as dimension stone is not the stone com- B mercially exploited for breaking and crushing. Hence the employment of quarrying Shahabad stone is not the same as the scheduled employment of stone breaking or stone crushing referred to in item 8 of the Schedule to the Minimum Wages Act. Consequently the minimum wages fixed for the employment of stone-breaking and stone-crushing will not apply to the operation of quarrying c Shahabad stone which is the main activity of respondent no. 1.
The High Court was, therefure, right in quashing the pr~ee?ings under the Minimum Wages Act and the appeal must be d1sm1ssed. The appellant shall pay the costs of respondent no. 1.
Mathew, J. The facts have already been stated. It is, D therefore, unnecessary to rehearse them.
E
The question for consideration is whether Shahabad stone is 'stone' within the meaning of that expression in item No. 8 in part 1 of the schedule and whether employment in quarrying Shahabad stone is "employment in stone-breaking .. or stone-crushing" within the meaning of the said item No. 8.
In the affidavit in support of the writ petition the nature of the work involved in quarrying Shahabad stone i; described as follows:-
"The earth which varies in depth from place to F place over the limestone layers is removed by manual labo~r. . . The thin limestone layers from which the floormg stones are cut into regular sizes and which is the main ob!ect of mining ~y us, are reached after removing some thick layers. of limestone over these thin layers. The removal of the overburden of earth and thick layers of limestone is incidental to the mining operations conG ducted by us. The main operation of our mining is to bare open the thin layers of limestone and to cut them into regular sizes . . . . "
The High Court was of the view that the word 'stone' occurring in item No. 8 has to be understood as a piece o: ordinary H rock and that. Sh.ahabad stone canot be regarded as the ordinary rock. of the d1tnct but an except10nal substance with exceptional qu~hty about 1t and, therefore, it is not 'stone' within the meaning of item No. 8 of the schedule.
[1973] l S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
88
A
""'--
B
h Madhya Pradesh Mining Industry Association v. The Regional Labour Commissioner, Jabalpur and Others(!) this Court said :
"In a chemical or ge9logical sense stones may include manganese and that is one of the meanings given to the word in the Shorter Oxford Dictionary. On the other hand, the word '$(One' as popularly understood in ordinary parlance. particularly when it is coupled with the word "breaking" or "crushing" would exclude m;mganese. When we speak of stone:breaking or stone-crushing normally we refer to stone in the sense of 'piece of rock' and that would exclude manganese. Employment in stone-breaking or stone-crushing in this sense would refer to quarry operations .. "
c
Therefore, the word 'stone' in item No. 8 must be taken as used in the sense of a pi5!ce of rock; the question then is whether Shahabad stone is 'stone' in that sense for the purpose of item No. 8. Shahabad stone is nothing but limestone. The companies which have been quarrying and selling these limestone slabs manufacture 4 different varieties which are used as building material for flooring, roofing, etc. (see. B. Rama Rao, Mineral Resources of Bidar, Gulbarga and Raichur Districts, published in Bulletin No. 23 of Department of Mines and Geology, Bangalore, 1964, p. 51).
· Rocks are of three kinds; igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Limestone is a principal kind of sedimentary rock (see Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 10, pp. 163-165). 'Stone' for the purpose of item No. 8 will include limestone :
"Stone, as the word is most generally used, is a piece of rock or of the solid crust of the earth, and hence of natural origin and generally of inorganic composition . . . . Kinds of stones or rocks are distinguished by prefixes e.g., limestone, sandstone, ...... "
(See Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 21, p. 436).
But it is said that rocks are generally found in two varietiesstratified and non-stratified-, that when rock is found . in thin layers one over the other, it is known as stratified and where it is not so found, it is non-stratified. It is also said that non-stratified rock which is found in abundance in quarries or otherwise, yields to profitable exploitation by breaking and crushing into smaller irregular fragments and that stratified stone is much more valuable as it is found in layers which are skilfully removed to give large dimensional slabs. I am unable to see any distinction between stone obtained by crushing or breaking of non-stratified rock and
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(1)[1960] 3 S.C.P. 476 at p. 485.
UBOUR INSPECTOR V. CHIT:1APORE QUARRYING
89
A
(Mathew, /.)
that obtained by cutting stratified rock, for the purpose of construing the word ·stone' in item No. 8 as stone obtained in both the cases is a piece of rock.
B
c
D
In Madhya Pradesh Minmg Industry Association v. The Regional Labour Commissioner, Jabalpur('), the mining operation was for extraction of manganese ore and the process consisted of removal of over-burden, breaking of big mineral stones like boulder to get at manganese. On these facts, the Court held that stone-breaking or crushing was incidental to the extraction of manganese. The Court fur1her said that the operation of stone-breaking or stone-crushing referred to in item No. 8 of pan I of the schedule must refer to the main operation in the process and not to the incidental operation. The question whether a particular operation is main or incidental, therefore, arose for consideration in respect of the mining operation itself. It is obvious that the paragraph in the affidavit i~ support of the writ petition which has already been extractt:d was inserted with an eye to bring the case within the ambit of this ruling. But here, the limestone itself is extracted for the purpose of being used as building material for flooring and roofing. TJ{e operation of quarrying limestone, therefore, is not an incidental purpose but the main purpose itself.
E
In Ray L!mestone and Co. & another v. Sub-Divisional Officer Ranchi('), the Court was concerned with the question whether quarrying operation for extracting limestone would involve employment in stone-breaking and stone-crushing within the meaning of item 8. The Court held that quarrying of limestone involved stone-breaking or stone-crushing and that employment in the quarry would attract item No. 8 of the schedule.
F But counsel for the 1st respondent contended that quarrying operation in extracting limestone does not involve stone-breaking or stone-crushing. He contended that only a restricted meaning can be given to the world "stone-breaking'', that breaking a piece according to size from a large block of rock bv a sharp weapon would rot be "stone-breaking" or "stone-crushing", and that it is G only when rock is blown up by a dynamite or broken by a sledge hammer or other blunt instrument that the process can be called "stone-breaking" or "stone-crushing''.. In other words, the contention was, if rock is broken to pieces by cutting with a sharp weapon. that would not involve "stone-breaking" or "stone-crushing''. This, I think, is too metaphysical a distinction to be imported in the construction of item 8 of the schedule. Looking at the H object of the Act, I do not think that the distinction between cutting rock into pieces by a sharp instrument and breaking it into
(I) [1960] 9 S.C.R. 476. 7-1208Sup.CI/72
(2) A.1.R. 1968 Patna 39.
•
[1973] I ,;,c.tt.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
90
A
pieces by an instrument Hke a hammer, though fine from a meticulous linguistic stand-point would be rational from the purposive approach. Both processes involve "stone-breaking''. I agree with the High Court when it said :
" ...... we do not see why stripping open thin layers of Shahabad stdne and cutting them to regular si~es, which are the main operations, should not be regarded as stone-breaking or stone-crushing in a quarry so as to bring it within the ambit of item 8 in the schedule. Consequently, we are unable to accept the contention of Mr. Breenivasa Murty that no stone-breaking or stonccrushing operations are involved iii quarrying of Shaha' c bad stones or that such operations are incidental and not the main operations ... "
In State of Maharashtra v. Mohan/a/ Devichand Shah(!) Sikri J. as he then was, speaking for the Court, quoted with approval the following passage from Madhya Pradesh Mineral Industry Association v. The Regional Labour Commissioner, Jaba/pur(2 ). "When we speak of stone-breaking or stone-crushing normally we refer to stone in the sense of "piece of rock" and that would exclude manganese. Employment in stone-breaking or stone-crushing in this sense would refer to quarry operationJ."
and said that :
D
E
"This Court thus read Entry 8 (item 8) to refer to quarry operations ... "
"Quarry" is defined in Venkataramaiya's Law Lexicon, Vol. II; 1971 Ed., p. 1322, as follows:-
F
"As a noun the term 'quarry' has been defined as the spot where rock is quarried. . . . an excavation or other place from which stone is taken by cutting, blasting or the like . . . It is open excavation usually (or ot>taining building stone, slate or limestone .... "
In Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, p. 1636, the G meaning of 'quarry' is given as hereunder :- "An excavation from which stone for building, etc., is obtained by cutting, blasting or the like".
When this Court said that employment in stone·breaking or stone-crushing would refer to "quarry operation" this Court was H fully alive to the process involved in quarrying operation. That (I) [1965] 3 S.C.R. 461, at P. 465-6. ;2) [I 960] 3 S.C.R. 476.
LABOUR INSPECTOR V. CHITTAPORE QUARRYING 91 (Mathew, I.)
A the operation involves the extraction of limestone by cutting also is clear from the definition of quarry.
'
J, therefore, come to the conclusion that employment in quarrying operation for extraction of Shahabad stone is employment within the ambit of item 8 of Part I o.f the Schedule. I .B would allow the appeal and dismiss the. writ petition without any order as to costs.
ORDER
In accordance with the judgment of the majority, the appeal is dismissed. The appellant shall pay the costs of respondent No. 1.
G.C.
Appeal dismissed.
If
2 issues framed by the court
Whether quarrying Shahabad stone amounts to 'stone breaking or stone crushing' within Item 8 of Part I of the Schedule to the Minimum Wages Act, 1948.
Whether stratified limestone cut into dimensional slabs is 'stone' for purposes of Item 8.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Ray Limestone and Co. v. Sub-Divisional Officer, RanchiRelied on¶98
A.I.R. 1968 Patna 39 · Who else cites this
State of Maharashtra v. Mohanlal Devichand ShahReferred¶109
[1965] 3 S.C.R. 461 · Who else cites this
3 provisions across 1 enactments
Labour Inspector, Central
The Chittapore Stone Quarrying Co. (P) Ltd.
Respondent No. 2
C. A. Vaidialingam
D. G. Palekar
K. K. Mathew
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
