A sugar company claimed deduction for management and miscellaneous expenses in computing agricultural income. The Supreme Court held such expenses are deductible if incurred for raising crops, marketing and transport; apportionment may be needed. Appeals allowed.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
426
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PURTABPORE COMPANY LTD.
v.
STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH
April 28, 1970
[J. C. SHAH, K. S. HEGDE AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.]
B
U.P. A11rit:11/t11ral J11co111e-ti1x Act of 1948 '" 6(2) (iv)-Expenses of <·11/tivalion-Wht1t t1re, ...
The ussessce- a sugar factory, cPrried on agricultu'ral farming on a large scale and had several farll16. It engaged on each farm a Manager with necessary technical, clerical and menial staff to assist him. These persons were claimed to have been employed exclusively for the purpose of the farm and were provided with accommodation, medical facilitiei;, ;ind the allowances. On the question whether the expenses on the manage· ment charges of the Establish.ment. rent inspection, repairs of bunglows and offices, expenses on car, travelli1:1g, postage periodicals, asse86ees' eon~ rrihution to Provident Fund, could be allowed as expenses of cultivation under s. 6(2)(b)(iv) of •he U.P. Agricultural Income-tax Act, 1948, this Court;
HELD : The amount claimed by the assessee as expenses on manac· ment and miscellaneous expenses could be allowed under s. 6(2) (b) (tv) if und to the extent that it was determined that they we're incurred for the manaaemcnt, survision, organisation, technical kn0wledge and al'iS· lance and other allted matters for the purpose of the raising of crops, their marketing and trans11ortation. An apportionment may become necessary if it was detcrmmed that the entire expense was not incurred •trictly for those purposes. f433 A·C] What has to be essentially determined under s. 6 (2)(b) (iv) is whether the expenses were incurred on or for the purpose of the entire work and -0perations involved in raising the crops. making the same fit for market· ing and the transportation of the produce to the market. The word "raising the crop" cannot be confined simply to the ploughing of the Jund, sowing the seed and cutting the harvest. Section 6(2) (b) (iv) is not to be construed in a narrow and pedantic sense and must be given its full dfect in the background of modern large scale farming and the organi· ution required for it. [432 F·H]
It Is well known that modern agricultural farming which has become mechanised involves o high degree of organisotion, technical sKill etc .. in the same way as a well run industry. If agricultural production has to be obtained with optimum results it is necessary that tl\ere should be a proper supervisory ancl other staff as also the employment of such means as would be conducive to maximum, production and proper mar· keting of the produce. It is axiomatic that the staff would require resi· dential accommodation which will have to be kept in a proper state of repair. The staff will also need medical attention and other ameniti.s which are normally afforded to employees now a days. The benefit of provident fund ca,n hardly be denied to them when it hH ,become the accepted and normal feature in all forms of employment. in modern times. If any motor vehicle is being maintained for enabling the super· visory or other staff to look after the farm the expenses incu'rred there· on cannot be regarded as foreign to farming operations. The expendi· ture incurred on postage, telegrams, printing and stationery for the purpose
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PURTABPORE co. v. u. P, STATE (Grover, J.) 427
Agricultural Income-tax No. 3'66 of 1953 decided by the Allahabad High Court on May 11. 1956 approved.
B Mrs. Bacha F. Guzder, Bo1nhay v. Co1n111issioner of Inco111e.tax Bombay, Income Tax Reports (Vol 27} 1955 page I, Commi.uinner of lnco1ne-tax, West.Bengal, Calcutta v. ·Rajci Benoy Kun1ar Sahas ~o'" 32 1.T.R. 466 distinguished.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeals Nos. 1192 and 1276 of 1966.
c · Appeals by special leave from the judgments and orders dated September 30, 1965 and November 23, 1965 of the Allahabad High Court in Agricultural Income-tax Reference Nos. 142 of 1954 and-232 of 1957.
Gopinath K11n:r11, V. K. S. Chaudhurv and Ganpat R11i, for the appellant (in both the appeals). ' D C. B. Aganl'tl/c1 and 0. P. Rana, for the respondent( in both the appeals).
The Judgment of the Cou~ was delivered by
Grover, J, These appeals ~y special leave arise out of n com- E mon judgment of the Allahabad High Court in two references made under the United Provinces Agricultural Income Tax Act, 194 8 (hereinafter called the Act).
As the points are common the facts in appeal No. 1276 of 1906 may be briefly stated :
F The appellant is a sugar factory to which is attached a sugar cane farm. The appellant carries on agricultural farming on a large scale in District Deoria and had several farms. According 111 the case of the ap,Pellant it engages on each farm a Mana~er with necessary technical, clerical and menial staff to assist him. These persons are also provided accommodation and facilities for G mec!ical treatment and are given certain other necessary allowances. It is claimed that the whole establishment is maintained exclusively for the purposes of the farm.
The appellant opted to be assessed u/s 6(2) (b) of the Act for the assessment year 1357F, the Assessing Income Tax Officer H (Collector) assessed the appellant to Agricultural Income-Ta" after dis.allowing e"penses on the management charges or European Establishment etc., miscellaneous expenses, salary of European staff, rent, inspection, repairs of bunglows and offices
[1971 J I S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
as not being admissible under the rules. This Order was upheld by the Agricultural Income Tax Commissioner maii:ily on the ground that the number of persons employed and their salary was not given and it was therefore not possible "to determine whether those persons were at all necessary when the assessee had too many other servants or labourers or the like". He disallowed the expenses on management and establishment and on the subscription on periodicals, on postage and telegram, printing and stationery. medicine etc. [n his opinion these could not be regarded as costs of cultivation ... A revision was filed before the Agricultural Income Tax Board which was dismissed on the ground that the aforesaid expenses could not strictly be called expenses of cultivation and were not permissible u/s 6(2)(b) (iv) of the Act. The appellant filed an application under Section 24(2) for reference to the High Court. The Agricultural Income Tax Board stated the following question of law :
"Whether the amount claimed by the assessee as expenses of management. miscellaneous expenses, detailed above can be allowed as expenses of cultivation u/> 6(2)(b)(iv) of the Act".
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The items which had been disallowed and with regard to which the reference was made are given below : Senior Staff Establishment-Rs. 3, 180/Indian Establishment-Rs. 4.021/15/3 Indian Menial Staff-Rs. 6,825/6/Travelling Expenses-Rs. 833/6/3 Staff Allowance Rs. 207 /7 /6 Garden Maintenance-Rs. 1,062/2/3 Motor Car Maintenance-Rs. 360/Lighting Plant Expenses-· Rs. 1,844/ 11 /- Firm Contribution to Provident Fund-Rs. 574/1 /- Agency Allowance-Rs. 1,800/-/-
E
The assessee had showed certain other expenses as miscellaG neous expenses. They too were disallowed. They were as follows:-
Subscription & Periodicals-Rs. 159/Postage & Telegrams-Rs. 189/5/Printing & Stationery-Rs. 79/ 14/Medicines & Medicals-Rs. 1.529/3/~ Sundries-Rs. 2,838/3/8.
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·1'URTABPORE co. v. u. P. STATE (Grover. J .. l
429·
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The High Court relied largely on certain decisions of this. Court in which the meaning of 'agricultural' and 'agricultural purpose' was considered with reference to the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1922. It was held by the High Court that the expenses which were claimed to be deductible could not possibly be said to be directly or approximately connected with the raising of the crops, .nor for making it fit for market or for transporting it to the market. These expenses at best could only be said to be remotely connected with the business side of marketing the produce and ,had no connection with the raising of the crops. The· question was therefore answered in the negative and against the· assessee.
The Act was enacted to impose tax on agricultural income in· . the United Provinces. Section 2 ( l) defines 'agricultural income'. It is first stated that this expression has the same meaning as has been assigned to it in the Indian Income Tax Act,· 1922. In it> adapted form. it is reproduced below :
(a) any rent. or revenue derived from land which b used for agricultural purposes and . is either assessed to land revenue in (Uttar Pradesh) or is subject to a local rate or cess assessed and collected by an officer of the (State Government)
(b) Any income derived from such land by-
(i) ......... . (ii) (iii)
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( c) any income derived from any building ....... . .................. "
Section 3 provides for the charge of agricultural income-tax, section 4(A) for computation of agricultural income, sectiOn 5 for detennination of such income and section 6 gives an option to the assessee to have the computation of income done in accordance with its provisions. Sub-sectio11 2(b) says that the income shall be the gross pro~eeds of sale of alJ the produce of the )and subject to the foJlcwing deductions :-
( i) ......... .
( ii)
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(iii)
(iv) the expenses incurred in the previous year in rni';ing the crop from which the agriculturar
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[1971] 1 s.c.a.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
income is derived, in making it fit for market and in transporting it to market, including the maintenance or hire of agricultural implements and cattle required for these purposes; (v) (vi) . •, ........ . (vii) any expenses incurred in the previous year on the maintenance of any capital asset if such maintenance is required for the purpose of deriving the agricultural income;''.
The provisions of Section 6(2)(b)(iv) came up for consideiration before the Allahabad High Court in Agricultural IncomeTax Reference No. 366 of 1953 decided on 11th May, 1956. In .that case also the income was derived from large scale farming . . It had been found by the Agricultural Income/fax Board that the farm had been run under the supervision of a Manager and all . the figures relating to receipts and expenditure had been properly checked and scrutinized. A number of items were involved which we!C of an identical nature as are to be found in the present case !!nd with regard to which deductions had been claimed ·u/s 6(2) (b). The proyident fund whic11 represented the Com. pany's contribution was allowed by the High Court on the ground that the employees were engaged at the firm and the contribution to their provident fund was in a way remuneration or salary paid to them. The expenses on the maintenance and repairs to the .Assistant Manager's bungalow were allowed u/s 6(2)(b)(vii). Similarly the expenditure incurred on repairs to quarters allowed to black-smiths, watchman, carpenters and clerks-an c1Jnnected with cultivation was allowed under the aforesaid provision. · The ·expenses incurred on the maintenance of a Jorry used for transport. ing the harvest and the car which was provided to the managerial 'Staff to ·ensure proper supervision of the farm were also allowed :by .the High Court. It was considered that this expenditure was necessary for the purpose of deriving the agricultural income. As regards the payments made to Directors, Managing Agents and ·expenses incurred on a general Office and the General Manager's . commission, the position taken up on behalf of the assessee was that all this expenditure had be~n incurred on controlling opera, ·tions in the Organization for the cultivation of land, raising, trans· porting and marketing of the crops etc. The High Court was of the view that all this expenditure which represented only I/ 5th of the total expenditure of the Company was deductible as it had been incurred for the purposes of the farm.. As regards Mana·ger's salary, his travelling expenses, leave and passage allowance -and clerical salaries, the High Court felt that unless there be rea. sons for bolding that the expense was so unreasonable as to justify
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Pl.'RTABPORE co. v. u. P. STATE (Grover, J.)
431
"The actual raising of the crop is certainly done by the coolies who work on the farm but the brains that direct and guide the operations, protect the crops and arrange for its collection and disposal, are by no means to be ignored and if payment is made by the company to secure such assistance we do not find any justification for holding th~t the expense is not incurred in raising c the crops''.
The above case was not followed by the High Court . in the present. case.
In Mrs. Macha F. Guzder, Bombay v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Bombay('), the questions which fell for determination were i> of a different nature altogether. The assessee there was a shareholder in certain tea companies 60% of whose· mcome was exempt from tax as agricultural income under section 4(3)(viii) of the Indian Income-tax Act. 1922. The assessee claimed that 60% of the dividend income received on those 'shares would also be exempt from tax as agricultural income. It was held that the :E dividend income was not agricultural income but was income assessable under section 2 of the aforesaid act. According to that decision, the object underlying section 2 (1) of the Income-tax Act was ni>t to subject to tax either the actual tiller of the soil or any other person getting land cultivated by others for deriving benefit therefrom, but to say that the benefit intended to be on ferred upon .such persons should extend to those into whose hand F that revenue fall, however, remote the receiver of such revenue might be, was hardly warrantd
In the.other case, Commissioner uf Income tax West Bengal, Calcutta v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy(') the question was whether income C:erived from the sale o~ sal and plyasa/ trees in G the forest owned by the assess~ which was originally a forest of spontaneous growth "not grown by the aid of human skill · and labour" but on which forestry operations described in the statement of case had been carried on by the assessee involving Considerable amount of expenditure of human skill and labour was agricultural mcome within the meaning of s. 2( l) of the Indian Income tax Act. 1922. It was in this connection that observaJI tions were made with regard to the primary sense in which the (1) Income Ta. Reports (Vol 27) 1955, page(!),
[1971] 1 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
432
word ·agricul!ure' was used and what the meaning of 'agricultural operation' was. It was said that the term 'agriculture' could not be: extended to all activities which had some relation to the land and were in any way connected with the land. For instance the application of the term ·agriculture' to denote such activities in relation to the land including horticulture forestry, breeding and rearing of live-stock, dairying, butter and cheese-making and poultry farming was unwarranted distortion of the term.
The above two decisions relied upon by the High Court, with respect, have no bearing on the question which arose in the present case. ft is well known that modern agricultural farming which has become mechanised involves a high degree of organisation. technical skill etc. in the same way as a well run industry. If agricultural production has to be obtained with optimum results it is necessary that there should be a proper supervisory and other staff as also the employment of such means as would be conducive to maximum production and proper marketing of the produce. It is axiomatic that the staff would require residential accomodation which will have to be kept in a proper state of repairs. The staff will also need medical attention and other amenities which ·are normally afforded to employees now a days. The benefit of provident fund can hardly be denied to them when it has become the accepted and normal feature in all forms of employment in modern times. If any motor vehicle is being maintained for enabling the supervisory or oilier staff to look after the farm the expenses incurr.~d thereon cannot be regarded as· foreign to farming operations. The expenditure incurred on postage, telegrams, printing and stationery for ,the purpose of and in connection with farming would also be allowable. If certain periodicals are being subscriblld to for obtaining technical knowledge and up-to-date informtion in the matter of agricultural farming it is difficult to see how that could be disallowed. It is not necessary to refer to all other items the details of which have b.~en given before. What has to be essentially determined under s. 6(2)(b)(iv) is whether the expenses were incurred on or for the purpose of the entire work and operations involved in raising the crop. making the same fit for marketing and the transportation of the produce to the market. The words "raising the crop" cannot be confined simply to the ploughing of the land, sowing the seed and cuttmg the harvest. It must be emphasised that section 6(2)(b)( iv) is not to be construed in a narrow and pedantic sense and must be given its full effect in the background of modern large scale farming and the organization required for it. We are generally in agreement with the views expressed in the previous unreported decision of _the Allahabad High Court referred to before. · ·
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l'l!RTABPORE co. JI. u .. P. STATE (Grover, i.)
433'
It would. appear that the authorities concerned have not considered the items in dispute from the correct angle and it would have to be decided with regard to each item whether it was partl¥ or wholly expended for the purposes mentioned before. An apportionment ·may become necesary if it is determined that the entire expense was not incurred strictly for those purposes.
B
The correct answer to the question referred would be : The amount claimed by the assessee as expenses on management and miscellane,9US expenses detailed before can be allowed u/s 6(2)(b) (iv) if and to the extent it is determined that they were incurred for the .management, supervision, organisation, technical knowledge and assistance and other allied matters for the purpose of c the raising of crops, their marketing and transportation, in the light of the observartons made by us in this judgment.
The apepals are allowed with costs in this Court and the judgment of 1hc High Court is set aside. One hearing fe~.
Y.P.
Ap11eals allowed.
. j ;'! ,~:.
1 issue framed by the court
Whether management and miscellaneous establishment expenses of a large-scale sugar cane farm are allowable as expenses of cultivation under section 6(2)(b)(iv) of the U.P. Agricultural Income-tax Act,
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Mrs. Bacha F. Guzder, Bombay v. Commissioner of Income Tax, BombayDistinguished
Income Tax Reports (Vol 27) 1955, page I
Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal, Calcutta v. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas RoyDistinguished
32 I.T.R. 466
Agricultural Income-Tax Reference No. 366 of 1953 (Allahabad High Court)Referred
2 provisions across 2 enactments
Purtabpore Company Ltd.
State of Uttar Pradesh
J. C. Shah
K. S. Hegde
A. N. Grover
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
