Railway workshop time-keepers claimed overtime wages under the Payment of Wages Act, contending they were 'workers' under the Factories Act. The Supreme Court held their clerical work was incidental to or connected with the manufacturing process and dismissed the employer's appeal with costs.
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726
WORKS MANAGER, CENTRAL RAILWAY WORKSHOP, JHANSI
A
v.
VISHWANATH AND ORS.
October 9, 1969
[J. M. SHELAT, C. A. VAIDIAL!NGAM AND I. D. DUA, JJ.]
B
Foctories Act, 1948 (63 of 1948)-S. 2(1)-Tinze keepers-.'/ workers lVithin the n1eaning of the section.
In an application under s. 15 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 the respondents claimed that they were workers within the meaning of s. 2(1) of the Factories Act, 1948. The Additional District Judge found that some of the respondents were time keepers who maintained atten~ dance of the staff, job card particulars of the various jobs under operation and the time sheets of the staff working on vaiious ·shops dealing with the production of Railway spare parts and repairs etc. and that other respondents were head time keepers entrusted with the task of supervising the work of other respondents. He, therefore, came to the conclusion that the 'h'Ork done by the respondents was "incidental to" or "connected with" the manufacturing process. The High Court in revision affirMed this order. On the question whether the respondents fell within the purview of the definition of "worker" in s. 2(1) of the Factories Act, HELD: (i) The conclusion of the Additional District Judge on the nature of the work of the respondents being one of fact must be held to be binding on the High Court on revision and also not open to reassess-ment on the merits in t1'\s Court on special leave appeal from the order of the High Court.
(ii) The definition in s. 2(1) is fairly wide because it takes within its sweep r.ot only persons employed in manufacturing process but also in cleaning any part of the machinery or premises used for a manufacturing process and goes far beyond the direct connection with the manufacturing process by extending it to other kinds of work which may either be incidental to or connected with not only the manufacturing process itself but also the subject of the' manufacturing process. The definition therefore does not ex:clude those employees who were entrusted solely with clerical duties. if they otherwise fell within the definition of the word "worker". All Jegi'slation in a welfare state is enacted with the object of promoting general welfare, but certain types of enactments are ... nore resoonsive to some urgent social demands and also have more immediate and visible impact on social vices by operating more directly to achieYoe social reforms. The factories Act belongs to this category and, therefore. demands an interpretation liberal enough to achieve the legislative pur· pose, without doing violence to the language. [728 C-D; 731 B-D] CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1644 of 1966.
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Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated January 18, 1966 of the Allahabad High Court in Civil Revision Application 24 of 1966.
V. A. Seyid Muhammad and S. P. Nayar, for the appellant.
H
S. C. Agarwal, R. K. Garg, D. P. Sinf?h and S. Chakravart,-, for respondents Nos. 1 to 28 and 30 to 57.
CENIRAL RLY. v. VISHWANATH (Dua, J.)
727
A The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Dua, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against the order of a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court affirming on revision under s. 115 Civil P.C. the order of th~ learned Additional District Judge, Jhansi, who had allowed the respondent's appeal from the order of the learned City Magistrate, B Jhansi, made on an application presented by the respondents under s. 15 of the Payment of Wages Act IV of 1936. The City Magistrate was the "authority" appointed under s. 15 and tlle district court was the court of appeal under s. 17 of the said Act. The respondents through the Assistant Secretary of th~ National Railway Mazdoor Union Work-shop Branch, Jhansi had asserted c in their application under s. 15 that they were workers within the meaning of s. 2 ( 1) of the factories Act ( 63 of 1948) and complained that th-;y were denied wages for overtime work done by them on the erroneous ground that they were no: workers within the aforesaid provision. The learned Magistrate held that the respondents had been entrusted with purely clerical duties ID and they were not connected in any manner with the manufacturing process. On this conclusion their application was dismissed.
On appeal the learned Additional District Judge disagreed with this view and came to the conclusion that the work done by the respondents was incidental to or connected with the manufacturing process. It was observed in the order that some of the E respondents were entrusted with the duty of checking the time of work of each worker in the workshop, a few others were timekeepers and the remaining respondents prepared account sheets on the basis of the time sheets and did other work incidental to the running of the work-shop including payment of wages to the staff of the workshop and the office. The High Court on revision, as already observed, affirmed the order of the learned Additional F District Judge. ·
On appeal in this Court the short question we are called upon to decide is whether the respondents, who are time-keepers fall within the purview of the definition of "worker" as contained in s. 2 ( 1) of the Factories Act.
G
H
The respondents have raised a preliminary objection that the appeal is incompetent on the ground that respondent No. 29 (T. A. Kolalkar) had died after the order of the High Court but his name continqed to appear in the array of respondents, As his legal representatives had not been brought on the record, the appe.al ~gainst him is incompetent and since there was a .ioint apphcat10n on behalf of all the re·r,~n, 1 ents which was dealt w!lh and decided by a common order by the learned Magistrate, the appeal against the other r.espondenis must also be held to be incompetent. The impugned order having become final as the
(1970] 2 S.C.lt
723
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
A
deceased T. A. Kolaikar, the present appeal against other respondents should, according to the argument, be held to be incom· petent because the reversal of the impugned order as against them would give rise to conflicting decisions on the point. Recently this Court disallowed a similar objection in Indian Oxygen Ltd. v. Shri Ram Adhar Singh and others(') and when the attention of the respondent's learned counsel was drawn to that decision, the objection was not seriously pressed.
We now turn to the merits of the appeal. The word "worker" is defined in s. 2 ( 1 ) of the Factories Act to mean "a person employed directly or through any agency, whether for wa~es or not, in any manufacturing process, or in cleaning any part of the machinery or premb;s used for a manufacturing process, or in any other kind of work incidental to, or connected with, the manufacturing process, or foe subject of the manufacturing process." This definiti?n seems to us to be fairly wide because it takes . within its sweep not only persons employed in any manufa_cturing process but also in cleaning any part of the machinery er premises used for a manufacturing process and goes far beyond the direct connection with the manufacturing process by . extending it to other kinds of work which may either be incidental ·to or connected with not only the manufacturing process itself but also the subject of the manufacturing . process. The word "manufacturing process" is defined ~ s. 2(k) of the Factories Act in fairly wide language. It means any process for : " ( i) making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, paclcing, oiling, washing, cleaning breaking up, demolishing, or otherwise treating or adaptin.e any article or substance with a view to its use. sale, transport, delivery er disposal, or (ii) pumpinl! oil. water or sewage, or 1 iii) generating. transformin.e or transmitting power; or !iv) composing types for printing. priniing by letter press, lithography. photogravure or other similar process or book binding: ( v) constructing. reconstructing. repairing, refitting. finishing or breaking up ships or vessels;" Now the conclusion of the learned Additional District Judge on the nature 0f work of the respondents. which, in our opinion,
B
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CENTRAL RLY. v. VJSHWANATH (Dua, J.)
729
,.
(I) 122 E.R. 554 12) 144 P.R. eJc
(1970] 2 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
730
On behalf of the respondents our attention has been drawn to a decision of this Court. in Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co. Ltd. v. Regional Director Employees State Insurance Corporation Etc. (1). This decision deals with the Employees State Insurance Act and on a comparison of the definition of the word "employee"' as contained ins. 2(9) of that Act with the definition of the word "worker" ins. 2( 1) of the Factories Act, it is observed that the former definition is wider than the latter. It is further added that the benefit of the Factories Act does not extend to field worlcers working outside the factory whereas the benefit of the Em;:iloyees State Insurance Act extends inter a/ia to the employees meniioned in s. 2(9)(i) whether working inside the factory or estahlishment or elsewhere. Reliance has, however, been placed on behalf of the respondents on the observations at page 99 of the report where reference is made to the clerks entrusted with the duty of time-keeping and it is observed that all these employees are employed in connection with the work of the factory. A person doing non-manual work has been held in this case to be include<' in the word "employee" within the meaning of s. 2(9) (i) if employed in connection with the work of the factory. The ratio of this decision which is concerned with the construction of different statutory language intended to serve a different ob.iect and purpose is of no direct assistance in construing the definition of the word "worker" as used in the Factories Act.
The respond~nts' counsel has then submitteJ that the previous history of the Act throws helpful light on the legislative intendment and in this connection he has referred to the definition ot the word "worker" in the Factories Act XXV of 1934. The word "worker" in s. 2 (h) of that Act was defined to mean :
"a person employed, whether for wages or not, in any manufacturing process, or in cleaning any part of the machinery or premises used for a manufact11ring process, or in any other kind of work whatsoever incidental to or connected with the manufacturing proces' or connected with the subject qf the manufacturirg process, but does not include any person solely employed in a clerical capacity in any room or place where no manufacturing process is being carried on."
It is argued that the deletion of the words conveying exclusion of persons solely employed in a clerical capacity in a place where no manufacturing process is carried on suggests that the present definition of "worker" is wide enough to take within its fold even those persons who are employed solely in clerical capacity if otherwise :hey fall within the definition. The appellant counsel has, on his part, by reference to the definition in the Act
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(1) [1967] 3 S.CR. 92
731
!
•
R.K.P.S.
Appeal dismissed.
2 issues framed by the court
Whether railway time-keepers performing clerical duties fall within the definition of 'worker' under s. 2(1) of the Factories Act, 1948.
Whether work 'incidental to' or 'connected with' a manufacturing process requires a direct connection with that process.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Indian Oxygen Ltd. v. Shri Ram Adhar Singh and othersReferred¶34
Indian Oxygen Ltd. v. Shri Ram Adhar Singh and others
Haydon v. TaylorDistinguished¶54
Haydon v. Taylor
Frederick Hayes Whymper v. John Jones HarneyDistinguished¶54
Frederick Haves Whymper v. John Jones Harney
Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co. Ltd. v. Regional Director Employees State Insurance Corporation Etc.Distinguished¶59
Nagpur Electric Light and Power Co. Ltd. v. Regional Director Employees State Insurance Corporation Etc.
4 provisions across 2 enactments
Works Manager, Central Railway Workshop, Jhansi
Vishwanath
J. M. Shelat
C. A. Vaidialingam
I. D. Dua
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
