Ghulam Nabi Zaki versus State of Jammu and Kashmir — Writ and Judicial Review | Supreme Court (1970)

Ghulam Nabi Zaki versus State of Jammu and Kashmir — Writ and Judicial Review | Supreme Court (1970)

What the court decided

AI extract

Outcome

Release of the detenu forthwith unless required in some other connection.

Issue for consideration

Validity of the second order of detention: whether the fresh detention order passed on 20 August 1969 could be validly made only on some fresh or additional material, as contemplated by s. 14(2) of the Detention Act, given that the detenu had remained in detention throughout. +1 more

Court's answer

The detenu is entitled to his release, because the second order of detention could not be passed without there being additional or fresh material in the hands of the detaining authority, as contemplated by s. 14(2) of the Act.

Ratio / Principle

Once an order of revocation is made, another order detaining the same person can only be passed if some additional or fresh material is in the possession of the State Government on which action can be based.

Key takeaways

Revocation or expiry of the previous order cannot lead ipso facto to a revival of the detention by the passing of a fresh order, because a person who is entitled to his liberty can only be put in a second jeopardy when there are additional or fresh facts against him.ratio¶¶46
The detention order sustained in Jagdev Singh proceeded under the Defence of India Rules, which contain no section equivalent to s. 13(2) of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950 or s. 14(2) of the Jammu & Kashmir Act; that decision was therefore distinguishable and does not govern the present case, where the second order was made without the fresh facts required by s. 14(2).ratio¶¶10

Detailed headnote1 paragraphs

JAMMU & KASHMIR PREVENTIVE DETENTION ACT, 1964 — s. 14(2) — Second order of detention after revocation without additional or fresh facts/material — Validity. The petitioner, arrested on 9 November 1968 under an order of 23 August 1968 (s. 3(1)(a)), with a further order of 12 November 1968 (s. 8(2) read with s. 13(1)(a)(1)) withholding the grounds, had both orders revoked on 20 August 1969 and a fresh order of detention passed the same day under s. 14(1) while he remained in detention. HELD: Following Hadbandhu Das v. District Magistrate, Cuttack (AIR 1969 SC 43), Kshetra Gogoi v. State of Assam ([1970] 2 SCR 517) and Mohd. Shafi and Mohd. Yaqub v. State of Jammu and Kashmir (W.P. No. 183/1969, dt. 17-10-1969), once an order of revocation is made another order detaining the same person can only be passed if some additional or fresh material is in the possession of the State Government; a person entitled to his liberty can only be put in a second jeopardy when there are additional or fresh facts against him. Jagdev Singh v. State of Jammu and Kashmir ([1968] 1 SCR 197) distinguished — that detention proceeded under the Defence of India Rules, which have no section equivalent to s. 13(2) of the 1950 Act or s. 14(2) of the 1964 Act. The second detention order, unsupported by fresh material, could not be sustained; the contention that non-service of the orders was fatal was not examined. Detenu ordered to be released forthwith. Petition allowed.

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GHULAM NABI ZAKI

v.

STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

October 27, 1969

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[M. HrnAYATULLAH, C.J. AND V. RAMASWAMI, J.J

la111111u and Kashmir Preventive Detention Act (13 of 1964) s. 14(2)- Second order of detention without additional or fresh facts or materialValidity.

Te petitioner was arrested on November 9, 1968, by virtue of an order, passed on August 23, 1968, under s. 3(1)(a) of the Jammu and c Kashmir Preventive Detention Act, 1964. On Augast 20, 1969, while the. ptitioner was in detention, the order was revoked, and under s. 14(1) a fresh order of detention Wa.§ passed. The second detention order under s. 14(1 I was challenged in this Court.

HELD : The detenu was entitled to be released, because, the second order ·of detention could not be passed without there being additional or fresh material in the hands of the detaining authority as required by s. D 14(2). [36 E-F] Jn f{adbandu Das v. District Magistrate, Cu(tcck, A.I.R. 1969 S.C. 43 followed in Kshetra Gogoi v. State of Assam, [1970] 2 S.C.R. 517, and Mohd. Shafi and Mohd. Yaqub v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, W.P. No. 183/1969 dt. 17-10-1969, it has been. held, interpreting the similar s, 13 (2) of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950, and s. 14(2) of the Jammu ·and Ka&hmir Act, that once an order of revocation E is made for whatever reason, another order detaining the same person can only be' passed if ·some additional or fresh material is in the possession of the State Government on which action can be based, because, a person who is entitled to his liberty can only be put in a second jeopardy when there ~re additional or fresh facts against him. The fresh detention order which \·as sustained in Jagdev Singh v. State of Jammu and Kashmir, [1968] I S.C.R. 197 was a case under the Defence of India Rules, where there is 'no section equivalent to s. 13(2) of the Preventive Detention Act F or s. 14(2) of the Jammu an.d Kashmir Act. [38 A-B, C-E, G-H]

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petitions No. 168 of 1969.

Petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for a writ in the ~ature of habeas corpus.

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B. Dutta, for the petitioner.

S. K. Dho/akia and R. N. Sachthcy, for the respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

Hidllyatullah, C.J. The petitioner Ghulam Nabi Zaki has been detflined under s. 3(l){a) of the Jammu & Kashmir Preventive Detention Act, 1964, by an order passed on August 20, H 1969. He was originally arrested on November 9, 1968, under an order: passed under the same section on August 23, 1968. After the first order was passed, a second order was passed by the

(1970] 3 S.C.R.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

government on November 12, 1968, under s.8(2) read with s. 13 ( 1)(a)(1) of the Act, stating that in the interest of security of the State, the grounds of detention could not be disclosed. Against the first order, the writ petition No. 168 of 1969 was filed in this Court. On September 6, 1969, the two orders of detention which had been passed against the detenu were served on him with the counter-affidavit filed in the writ petition. Previously, both the orders, that is to say, the order under s.3 and the order under s.8(2), were not served on the petitioner. On August 20, 1969, the first two orders were revoked, and under s.14( 1) of the Act, the same day, a fresh order of detention was passed which is now being challenged in these proceedings. The same day, yet another order under s. 8 (2) read with s. 13 ( 1) (a) ( 1) was also passed but it is an admitted fact that the orders this time too were not served upon the detenu although it is alleged in one of later affidavits that the gist of those orders was orally communicated to the detenu. The present petition has been filed to question the second detention order and is based mainly on two points, namely, that the second detention order could not be validly made except on some fresh material, as contemplated by s.14(2) of the Detention Act, and, secondly, that the non-service of the order of detention as well as the order under s.8 (2) upon the detenu is fatal to his continued detention.

In view of our decision on the first of the contentions, we do not consider it necessary to examine the second. In our opinion. the detenu is entitled to his release, because the second order of detention could not be passed without there being additional or fresh material in the hands of the detaining authority, as contemplated by s.14(2) of the Act. We give our reasons below.

The power to detain persons and to make orders regarding them is contained in s.3 of the Jammu & Kashmir Preventive Detention Act, 1964 (Act No. 13 of 1964). It enables the government, if satisfied with respect to any person with a view to preventing him from acting in certain manners described in th~ section that it is necessary to detain him, to make an order directing that such a person be detained. A similar power is exercisable under sub.-s.2 by certain officers of the State. It is next provided that the grounds of the order of detention must be disclosed to persons affected by the order. This direction is contained in s.8 ( 1) which says that when a person is detained in pursuance of a detention order, the authority making the order shall as soon as may be b.ut not later than ten days of the date of detention, communicate to him the grounds on which the order has been made, further giving him an opportunity of making a representation. Sub-s. ·2 of s. 8 says "Nothing in sub-section ( 1) shall require the authority to disclose facts which it considers to be

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A against the public interest to disclose." Sections 9 and 10 deal with lhe constitution of and refrence to the Advisory. Boards, s. 1, with lhe procedure of the Advisory Boards, and section 12, actmn upon the report of the Advisory Board. We need not ref~r to those. sections. Section 13 then lays down that the maxunum period for which any person may be detained in pursuance of any B detention order which has been confirmed under s.12, shall be two years from the date of detention. Sub.-s.(2) of that section is in the nature of a proviso to the first sub-section we have quoted. It says that nothing contained in section 13 shall affect the power of the government to revoke or modify the detention order at any earlier time. This power, however, is subject to one other provic sion and that is section 14 which may be quoted in extenso here. It reads:

"14. Revocation of detention orders.-(!) Without prejudice to the provisions of section 21 of the General Clauses Act, Sam vat 1977, a detention order may at any time be revoked or modified by the Government, D notwithstanding that the order has been made by any officer mentioned in sub-section (2) of section 3.

(2) The revocation or expiry of a detention order shall not bar the making of a fresh detention order under section 3 against the same person in any case where 11resh facts have arisen after the date of revocation or E expiry on which the Government or an officer, as the case may be, is satisfied that such an order should be made."

The first sub-section is not germane to the matter here, but ·the second is. Relying upon the second sub-section, the detenu claims1 that the order revoking the detention on August 20, 1969, F was followed the same day by another order detaining him, and as he was in detention all the time, there could not be any fresh material before the government for a second detention, as required by the second sub-section referred to here. The State Government contends, on the other hand, that the existence of fresh materijil is not a condition precedent to the passing of a second G order and that in any event the second order can be made when the first order is withdrawn or revoked for a technical defect. Acconling to the learned counsel for the State Government, the grounds of detention may be so serious that even if the detenu is to be released because of a defective order, a second order may be necessary to put him in detention immediately after his release.

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The matter is not res integra. In a nwnber of decisions of this Court to which reference will be made presently, this point has been considered and it has been held that once an order of revo-

(1970] 3 S.C.R.

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

38

cation is made, another order detaining the same person can only be passed if some additional or fresh material is in the possession of the State Government on which action can be based. The first of these cases is Hadbandhu Das v. District Magistrate, Cuttack and another('). In that case, under almost identical circumstances under section 13(2) of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950, which is similar to s.14 ( 2) of the Jammu & Kashmir Act, it was held by this Court :

"The clearest implication of Sec,tion 13 ( 2) is that after revocation or expiry of the previous order, no fresh order may issue on the grounds on which the order revoked or expired had been made."

In other words, the revocation or expiry of the previous order cannot lead ipso facto to a revival of the detention by the passing of a fresh order, because a person who is entitled to his liberty can only be put in a second jeopardy when there are additional or fresh facts against him. If the section had not spoken of t4e fresh facts, the matter might have been different, because, then, the courts would have been required to see whether there was any curb upon the power of the government to detain a person a second time after his release on the self-same material. Indeed, an earlier case of this Court does exist in which such a view was taken and we shall presently refer to it. The case from the All India Reporter to which we have referred was a decision of the Constitution Bench. It was followed in Kshetra Gogoi '. Siate of Assam(² ) and Mohd. Shafi and Mohd. Yaqub v. State of Jammu & Kashmir(⁸ ). In these two cases also, the view has been affirmed that the enactment of s.14(2) of the Act or the corresponding section 13(2) of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950, makes it incumbent upon the Government to base the detention on some fresh facts and not the old facts on which the dete.1tion was once ordered but the revocation of the order took place. This view is binding upon us and applies in the present case.

As against tliis, reference was made to a decision of this Court in Jagdev Singh v. State of Jammu & Kashmir('), in which it is laid down that even after the revocation or expiry of the perio1l of first detention, a fresh order can be made on the same grounds on which the first order proceeded, unless the action can be said to be mala fide. There was, however, no section equivalent ta s.13(2) of the Preventive Detention Act or s.14(2) of the Jammu & Kashmir Act in the Defence of India Rules under which that detention had proceeded.· This is sWlicient to distinguish the

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(1) A.LR. 1969 S.C. 43. (2) [1970] 2 S.C.R. 517.

(3) Writ Petition 183 of 1969, d<"cided on Oc'ober 17, 1969.

(4) (1968] 1 S.C.R. 197.

G. N. ZAKI v. J. &·K. STATE (Hidayatul/ah, C.J.)

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A earlier case. As pointed out in the All India Reporter case, the inference is very compulsive that fresh facts must be found for new orders otherwise once the old detention comes to an end eithet by the expiry of the period of detention or by the cancellation i>f the order of detention, a fresh detention cannot be ordered. Following, therefore, the string of cases to which we B have referred and which are indistinguishable from the facts of the prese$t case, we think the detention of the detenu cannot be sustained. He is, therefore, ordered to be released forthwith unless required in some other connection. V.P.Sl Appeal allowed.

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