An assessee mill claimed deduction of the full commission paid to its General Manager at a higher rate fixed to revive a loss-making business. The Tribunal had restricted it by comparison with a Director's later remuneration. The Supreme Court held reasonableness must be judged from the businessman's viewpoint and allowed the entire deduction.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
A
J. K. WOOLLEN MANUFACTURERS
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, U.P.
August 2, 1968
B [J. C. SHAH, V. R.AMASWAMI AND A. N. GROVER, JJ.J
Income-tax Act (11 of 1922), s. 10(2)(xv)-Commission to employee higher when profits exceed a lakh-Whether deductable from employer's assessable incorne.
The assessee-a Mill, appointed V, as its General Manager, on a salary of Rs. 1000/- p.m., and car allowance df Rs. 250/- p.m., plus commission c of 12±% on the net profifu of the furn and in case the profits exceeded Rs. 1 lakh, the commission payable was 25 % . In the first year of the appointment the mill suffered loss, next year commission was paid at 12t% of the profits, and the next year commission paid was 25 % as the profits exceeded the figure stipulated. After the death of V, one of the Directors was appointed to manage its affairs and given a total remuneration of Rs. 24,000/ - per annum and the post df General Manager was abolished. The assessee claimed deduction from its assessable income the amount D paid to V at the rate of 25 % of the profits. The Income-tax Officer disallowed the claim and determined Rs. 5,0001- as reasonable amonnt payable. Against the amonnt disallowed, the assessee appealed to the Appellate Assistant Comm;ssioner, who allowed payment of commission at 12!% as in its view that rate was reasonable considering the practice in similar 'business concerns. The assessee a,ppealed to the Appellate Tribunal and the appeal was dismissed. The Tribnnal took the view that the General Manager carried responsibility equal to that of the Director, so E the commission paid to V, in excess of Rs. 24,000/- per annum, i.e., the aIIX)unt paid as total remuneration to the Director, was not really paid wholly for the purpose of carrying on business. On reference, the High Court answered the question against the a.ssessee. The assessee in appeal to this Court contended that the higher rate of commission on profits was inserted to create the interest of V, who had special aptitude and experi- ence in the line and the mill was running at a loss and it was only after sometime of V's taking over that the mill made large profits, so the amount F paid to V, was an amount laid out or expended wholly or exclusively for the purpose of the business of the assessee, and it was wrongly disallowed.
HELD : In the circumstances established by the assessee, the entire amonnt paid to V, was an amount laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose df the assessee.
In applying the test of commercial expediency for determining whether G an expenditure was wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of the business, reasonableness of the expenditure has to be adjudged from the point of view of the businessman and not df the Income-tax Department. It is, of course, open to the Appellate Tribunal to come to a conclusion either that the alleged payment is not real or that it is not incurred by the assessee in the character of a trader or it is not laid out wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business of the assessee and to disallow it. But it is not the function of the Tribunal to determine the remuneration H which in their view should be paid to an employee df the assessee. An employer in fixing the remuneration of his employees is entitled to con~ sider the extent of his business, the nature of the duties to be performed' and the special aptitude of the employee, future prospects of extension by
SUPREME COt:RT REPORTS f 1969) I S.C.R.
526
the buincs.-. and " host of other rc1'1tcJ circun1st:incL. The question as to whether an amoun1 claimed as expenditure was laid out or expended wholly or exclusively for the purpose of busint.>Ss, profession or vocatjoo <tS required under s. 10(2) (xv) of lhL Income-tax Act ha~ to he decided on the facts and in the li)'?:nt of the circumstances of each particular case. But the final conclusion on the ;idmissihilily of an allov1ancc is one of law. 1529 D; 52911-530 CJ
A
C.l.T. /Jv111/)(n· v. Walcluu1cl & Co. Privl1t£' I.rd. 65 I.pr.R. _;s1, B applied to. · Swndcshi Co11011 Mills Co. I.rd. v. C.1.1'., U.F'. 63 !. T. R. 57, rc.:fcrrccl to.
CivIL APPEi.LAH JuRJsDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 591 of 1967.
Appeal by special leave from the judgment ~nd order, dated C May 22, 1962 of the Allahabad High (ourt in Income-tax Reference No. 424 of 1958.
M. C. Chag/a and B. P. Malrcs/11rnri, for the appellant.
B. Sen, B. D. Sharma and R. N. Sachrhe,Y, for the respondent.
The Judgmen.t of the Court was delivered by
Ramaswami, J_ The appellant (hereinafter called the 'chses.cc') carried on the business of manufacture and sale of blankets and other woollen cloth. For the assessment year 1948-49 the asscssce claimed a deduction of Rs. 75,465 as commission paid to 1hc General Manager Shri. J. P. Yaish. According to the 1em1s of appointment Shri J. P. Yaish was to draw J fixed salary' of R.s. 1,000 p.m., commission of 12 l % on the net profits of the firm payable after the accounts had hcen ascertained fully by the auditors and a car allowance of Rs. 250 p.m. It was one of the terms of the appoinlment !hat in case the profits exceeded Rs. l lakh, the commission payable to Shri J. P. Yaish was 25%. Shri J. P. Yaish was also given free medical facility for himself and the members of his family. In terms of the letter of appointment Shri Yaish µot no commission in the first year as the mill suffered a loss. In the next year the profit being less than Rs. I lakh. Shri Yaish received a sum of Rs. 4,063 as commission. For the asse>;sment year 1948-49. the assessec paid a stun of Rs. 75,465 as commission to Shri J. P. Yaish calculated at the rate llf 25% on the profits. TI1e asscssee claimed deductton of the said amount from the assessable income. By his a"e"ment order. dated June 10, 1949, the Income Tax Officer disallowed the claim on the ground that it was excessive and quite unreasonable looking to the salary paid to Shri Yaish. He also found that no general practice of giving commission at the rate of 25 % existed in the assessce's line of hu,ine.<s. Takini; into account the circumstances of the case. the Income Tax Officer determined a sum of Rs. 5,000 as a reasonable amount pavahle as comm1ss1on. Against the dis·allowance of Rs. 70.465 paid as commission · to the General
D
E
F
G
H
J. K. WOOLLEN v. C.I.T, (Ramaswami, !.)
527
Section 10(2)(x) and 10(2)(xv) of the Income Tax Act. 1922 at the relevant time read as follows :
"10(2) (x) : any sum paid to an employee as bonus E or commission for services rendered, where such sum would not have been payable to' him as profits or dividend if it had not been paid as bonus or commission:
Provided that the amount of the bonus or commission is of a reasonable amount with reference to--
F
10(2) (xv) : Any expenditure (not being in the nature of capital expenditure or personal expenses of the assessee) laid out or expended wholly or exclusively for the purpose of such business, profession or voca- H tion."
It was contended on behalf of the assessee that in the circumstances of this case the amount of Rs. 37,733 paid to Shri J. P.
(1969] 1 S.C.R.
SuPREME COURT REPORTS
528
Yaish was an amount laid out or expended wholly or exclusively for the purpose of the business of the assessce and was wrongly disallowed by the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. It as pointed out that Shri J. P. Yaish was in no way related to the proprietors of the firm and the commission on profits clause was inserted to create the interest of Shri J. P. Yaish in the running of the mil! which was "old and unbalanced" and had never worked continuously or satisfactorily before it was taken over by the ass=. During the first 14 months the mills made no profit and Shri J. P. Yaish was paid nothing beyond his salary and car allowance. In tjle next 12 months he succeeded in securing an order for Lohis from Government and so the mill made some profit and the amount of the Manager's commission was proportionately very small in terms of the agreement. The large profit in 1946-4 7 was made due to new design of civilian rugs Shri Yaish introduced for the first tima in the mill after studying public tastes and the qualities and designs prevailing in the market. It was also said that Shri Yaish had a special aptitude to show in his work so far as the marketability of the goods was concerned. After the death of Shri Vaish in July 1947, the finn was converted into a company and the post of the General Manager was abolished and one of the Directors who managed the affairs of the company was given Rs. 18,000 per annum as remuneration and Rs. 6,000 per annum as allowance for the accounting year 1947-48. The Appellate Tribunal took the view that the post of General Manager carried the responsibility equal to that of the Director who was given the charge of the conduct of business after the death of Shri Yaish, the General Manager. This post carried a remuneration of Rs. 18,000 plus Rs. 6,000, i.e., a total remuneration of Rs. 24,000 per annum and therefore the commission paid to Shri Yaish in excess of thiS amount was not really paid wholly for the purpose of carrying on busines<. But it was pointed out on behalf of the assessce that Shri J. P. Yaish had taken over the mill at a time when it was old and dilapidated and in the first 14 months the mill made no profit and Shri Yaish was paid nothing beyond the salary and car allowance. In the succeeding year he was able to secure an order from the Government on account of which the inill made some profit. Shri Yaish introduced for the first time a new design of civilian rugs in the year 1946-47 during which a large profit was made. Jt was therefore contended on behalf of the assessce that the position of Shri Yaish who worked in the mill at the initial stage and of the Managing-Director was ncit comparable and the Appellate Tribunal was wrong in taking this circumstance into consideration. Counsel for tl!e assessce also pojnted out that Shri Yaish w·a educated in a Public School at Dehra Dun and thereafter studied at the Benara~ College and at the Engineering College of the Benaras Hindu University for Electrical and Mechanical Engi-
A
B
c
D
E
F
G
II
....
J. K. WOOLLEN v. C.I.T. (Ramaswami, J.)
529
We should make it clear that in this case we are not called upon to decide whether the Income Tax Officer could exercise the power he exercised under s. 10 ( 2) ( x) of the Income Tax Act The question referred by the Tribunal and answered by the High c Court only deals with the claim of deduction of the amount paid to Shri J. P. Yaish under s. 10(2) (xv) and not under s. 10_(2) (x) of the Act.
..
•
D
(!) 63 J.T.R. 57. (2) 65 J.T.R. 381.
[1969) J S.CR.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
530
•••
of the Income Tax Department. It is, of course, open to the Appellate Tribunal to come to a conclusion either that the alleged payment is not real or that it is not incurred by the asscsscc in the character of a trader or it is not laid out wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business of the assessee and to disallow it. But it is not the function of the Tribunal to determine the remuneration which in their view should be paid to an employee of the asscssce. It was also pointed out in that case that an employer in fixing the remuneration of his employees is entitled to consider the extent of his business. the nature of the duties to be perfonncd and the special aptitude of the employee, future prospects of extension by the business and a host of other related circumstances. In our opinion, the principle of this decision applies tn the present case and it must accordingly be held that in the circumstances established by the assessee the entire amount of Rs. 75.465 paid to the General Manager Shri J. P. Yaish was an amount laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the business of the assessee.
For tl1c reasons expressed we hold that the question of bw referred to the High Court must be answered in the manner indicated and this appeal is accordingly allowed with costs.
Appeal a/1011.·,·d.
Y. P.
A
II .
c
D
•
..
I
1 issue framed by the court
Was the commission of Rs. 75,465 paid to the General Manager an amount laid out or expended wholly and exclusively for the purpose of the assessee's business under s. 10(2)(xv)?
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
C.I.T., Bombay v. Walchand & Co. Private Ltd.Applied¶73
C.I.T., Bombay v. Walchand & Co. Private Ltd., 65 I.T.R. 381
Swadeshi Cotton Mills Co. Ltd. v. C.I.T., U.P.Referred¶73
Swadeshi Cotton Mills Co. Ltd. v. C.I.T., U.P. 63 I.T.R. 57
3 provisions across 1 enactments
J. K. Woollen Manufacturers
Commissioner of Income-Tax, U.P.
J. C. Shah
V. Ramaswami
A. N. Grover
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
