An election petitioner challenged a returned candidate's election to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly on the ground that his oath, taken in Gujarati, used 'Rajya Sabha' for 'Legislative Assembly'. The Supreme Court held this was substantial compliance with Article 173 and dismissed the appeal with costs.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
A ';
VIRJI RAM SUTARIA
v.
NATHALAL PREMJI BHANV ADIA AND ORS.
November 4, 1968
B
(G. K. MITTER AND K. S. HEGDE, JJ.]
Constitution of India, Art. 173-0ath to be taken by candidate for election to the Legislature-Form of oath prescribed in Third ScheduleOath taken in Gu;arati language-Use of expression 'Ra;ya Sabha' for 'Legislative Assembiy'-Oath whether taken in proper form-Effect on election-Directory or mandatory.
c
The returned candidate at an election to the Gujarat Legislative As- sembly held in February 1967 had taken his oath as prescribed by Art. 173 of the Constitution in the Gujarati version of the relevant form set out in the Third Schedule to the Constitution. In the said version the term "Legislative Assembly" was translated as "Rajya Sabha". In an election petition it was urged that the term "Rajya Sabha" was equivalent not to "Legislative Assembly" but to "Legislative Council", and there- D fore the oath was not taken by the returned candiJate in the proper form and his election. was liable to be set aside. The High Court having decided against the election petitioner appeal against its judgment was filed in this Court.
HELD : (i) The word 'sabha' means a gathering or a meeting or an assembly of persons for a definite purpose. Giving the word 'sabha' the: said meaning in the word 'Rajya Sabha' it would not be possible to hold E that the oath was not in compliance with the form prescribed in Art. 173(a) of the Comtitution. No doubt by common parlance in many of _\ the States in Northern India the expression 'Rajya Sabha' has come to mean the Legislative Council of a State while the State Legislative Assembly is known as Rajya Vidhan Sabha. But in the. absence of any authorita- tive tran<:latiop of the expression "State Legislative Assembly" in Gujarati the popular meaning of the expression could not give proper guidance. The State of Gujarat has no Legislative Council of the State. The Legislature F consists of one house only, namely, the State Legislative. Assembly. There could therefore be no misaprirehension either in the person taking- the oath or in. the Re.turninq Officer when he was acceotin!I. the nomination paper with the oath in Gujarati form that the candidate who afterwa1ds won the election was being nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Legislative Council of the State and not in the Legislative Ascembly. [630 D-G] G As the essential requirements of the oath given in the form in the Third Schedule were not deviated from in the Gujarati form used in this case it could not be held that the oath subscribed in this case was not in compliance with Art. 173 merely because of the popular meaning of the word "Rajya Sabha". (ii) Non.-compliance with th~ nrovisions of a statute or Constitution will not necessarily render a proceeding invalid if by considering its nature. H it:i desi~n and t!ic consequellces which foliow from its non-observance one is not led to the conclusion that the legislature or the Constitution-makers intended that there should be no departure from the strict words used, (633 G-HJ
[1969] 2 S.C.R.
SUPRE11E COURT REPORTS
628
A
In the present case the essential requirement of Art. 173 read with Form Vil-A was that the person taking the oath or making the affinnation would bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution an.cl would uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India. The words which precede this portion are merely descriptive of the person and of his nomination as a candidate. It is re,asonabie to think that a mere. misprint in the form of the Oath or a n1ere inaccuracy in rendering the expression "Legislative Assembly" in Gujarati would not be fatal to the election of B the candidate, if otherwise valid. [634 Al Kamarcia Nadar v. Kunju Thevar, [1959] S.C.R. 583, Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore, [1964] 3 S.C.R. 573; Ch. Subbarao v. Member, Election Tribunal, Hyderabad, [1964] 6 S.C.R. 213; State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal Srivastava, [1958] S.C.R. 533 and State of Punjab v. Sat Pal Dang ·and State of Punjab v. Dr. Baldev Prakash & Ors., [1969] 1 S.C. R. 4 78, applied. c CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1180 of 1968. Appeal under s. 116A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 from the judgment and order dated Jain'uary 17, 18, 1968 of the Gujarat High Court in Election Petition No. 2 of D 1967 . . Shyamala Pappu and Vineet Kumar, for the appellant. Bishan Narain and D. N. Misra, for the respondent No. 1. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by E ·Mitter, J. The only question raised in this appeal from a judgment and order of the High Court of Gujarat diimissing an election petition is, whether the returned candidate was not qualified to be chosen to fill a seat of the State Legislative Assembly inasmuch as he did not subscribe to an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to1he Constitution as prescribed under Art. 173 thereof. F The relevant facts may be stated as follows : The notification of the Governor of Gujarat under s. 15(2) of the Representation of the People Act of 1951 for the purpose of elections to the Gujarat State Legislative Assembly was issued on January 13, 1967. Nomination papers were filed G by several persons including the returned candidate and the scrutiny thereof was made on January 21, 1967. The poll took place on February 18, 1967 and the result declared on February 27, 1967 showing the returned candidate winning comfortably by a margin exceeding 3800 votes over his nearest rival. One of the grounds ·taken in the election petition was that immediately after H the scrutiny of the nomination papers, the third respondent to the election petition had filed a written objection before the Returning Officer contendin~ that the ret\1rned candidate had not taken oath
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VIRJI RAM V. NATHALAL (Mitter, J.)
629
B The relevant portion of Art. 173 of the Constitution reads as follows:-
"A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless he(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes c before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule; (b) and(c) "
"Form of oath or affirmation to be made by a candidate for election to the Legislature of a State :-
E "I, A. B., having been nominated as a c<iudidate to fill a seat in the Legislative Assembly (or Legislative Council), do swear in the name of God that I will ... \ l solemnly affirm bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by Jaw established and that I will uphold the F sovereignty and integrity of India."
The returned candidate had filed three nomination papers with three different proposers on January 20, 1967. Each of ..the three nomination papers clearly mentioned that he was a candidate for election to fill a seat in the Vidhan Sabha for the Gujarat State i.e. Legislative AssemG bly of the State. The nomination paper of the returned candidate • contained a fonn of oath or affirmation which was both in Gujarati as well as in English. The English form followed word for word Form No. VII as set out in the Third Schedule to the Constitution and the Gujarati fonn purported to set o~t the Gujarati translation of the form of oath or affirmation. The relevant differ- H ence for the purpose of this appeal between the two forms lay in • • this that the words "Legislative Assembly" in the forni in English were translated in Gujarati form as "Rajya Sabha" and the appellant's contention before the High Court arid before us rested
[!969] 2 S.C.R.
630
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
solely on the use of this word which according to learned counsel went to show that the oath that was taken was for the purposes of filling a seat not in the legislative assembly of the State but in the Legislative Council of the State. At the hearing of the petition be.fore the High Court the returned candidate gave evidence to the effect that he had taken the oath not according to the words in the Gujarati form but according to the translation of the words in the English form rendered by the Returning Officer. The Returning Officer was merely called to produce some documents but he was not put on oath nor was he asked any question to corroborate the testimony of the returned candidate. The High Court did not accept this testimony and we see no reason to come to any different conclusion.
We must therefore proceed on the basis that the returned candidate took the oath according to the words of the Gujarati form. It was argued before us that 'Rajya Sabha' means the Legislative Council of the State and not the Legislative Assembly of the State and consequently the oath taken did not fulfil the requirements of Art. 173 (a) of the Constitution. We were not referred to any official translation of the expression "Le!tlslative Assembly" in Gujarati. The word "sabha" means ·a gathering or a meeting or an assembly of persons for a definite purpose. Giving the word "sabha" the said meaning in the expression 'Rajya Sabha' it would not be possible to hold that the oath was not in compliance with the form prescribed in Art. 173 (a) of the Constitution. No doubt by common oarlance in many of the States in Northern India the expression 'Rajya Sabha' has come to mean the Legislative Council of a State while the State Legislative Assembly is generally known as Rajya Vidhan Sabha. But in the absence of any authoritative translation of the expression "State Legislative Assembly" in Gujarati we cannot guide ourselves by the popular rendering of the expression. In this connection it is necessary to mention that in the State of Gujarat there is no Legislative Council of the State. . The legislature comists of one house only, namely, the State Legislative Assembly. There could therefore be no misapprehension either in the person taking the oath or in the Returnino: Officer when he was accepting the nomination naner, with the oath in Gujarati form that the candidate who afte'Wards won the election was being nominated as a candidate to fill a seat in the Legislative Council of the State and not in the Legislative Assembly.
The High Court held that there was substantial compliance with the requirements of Art. 173 (a) of the Constitution in the circumstances surrounding the making and the subscribing of the oath even if the compliance was not literal. We are in fuU agreement with that .view. The essential requirement of Art. 173(a) of the Constitution· for our present purpose is that in order to 1.r
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VIRJI RAM v. NATHALAL (Mitter, J.)
(2) That he will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by Jaw established; and
c ( 3) That he will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India.
-· • I
The vital requirements therefore are (a) the securmg of a nomination, and ( b) decla'ration of bearing true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and a promise to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India. The securing_ of a nomination precedes the D making of a declaration. The real purpose of the oath is that the person concerned must give an undertaking to bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India. This is brought out by the statement of objects and reasons to the Bill No. 1 of 1963 seeking to amend Arts. 19, 84 and 173 o.f the Constitution. The statement of objects and E reasons notes the recommendation of the Committee on National Integration and Regionalism and its view "that every candidate for the membership of a State Legislative or Parliament, and every aspirant to, and incumbent of, public office should pledge himself to uphold the Constitution and to preserve the integrity and sovereignty of the Union and that forms of oath in the Third Schedule to the Constitution should be suitably amended for the purpose". F - The Bill proposed to give effect to the recommendation by amending clauses (2), (3) and (4) of Art. 19 as also Arts. 84 and 173 and the forms of oath in the Third Schedule. The words in the form of oath in Form VII-A.
"I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India"
• G were inserted by the Constitution Fifteenth Amendment • Act 1963 giving effect to the view of the said committee . . As t~e essential requirements of the oath given in the form m the Third Schedule were not deviated from in the Gujarati form used in this case, we cannot hold that the oath subscribed in this case was not in compliance with Art. 173 merely because of the H popular meaning of the expression 'Rajya Sabha'.
The real question is, whether the deviation, if any, from the form of oath in English as contained in the Third Schedule is so
[1969] 2 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
632
vital as to lead to the conclusion that no proper oath was taken by the returned candidate. There have been many instances where this Court has held that a substantial compliance with the statute or with the rules framed thereunder is enough even if there be no literal compliance and in our view there is no reason to adopt a different line of reasoning in the construction and interpretation of the Constitution. In all such cases, one must consider the real purpose of the provision whether statutory or constitutional, to find out whether notwithstanding the apparently mandatory form of the words used any deviation therefrom was to be struck down.
One of the questions which came up for consideration in Kamaraja Nadar v. Kunju Thevar(') was whether the election petition ought to have been rejected merely because the deposit provided for under s. 117 of the Representation of the People Act was made in favour of the Election Commission and not in favour of the Secretary to the Election Commission as provided for in the said section. Turning down the argument advanced for rejecting the election petition it was observed : "What is of the essence of the provision contained in s. 117 is that the petitioner should furnish security for the costs of the petition, and shouli:l enclose along with the petition a Government Treasury receipt showing that a deposit of one thousand rupees has been made - by him either in a Government Treasury or in the Reserve Bank of India, is at the disposal of the Election Commission to be utilised by it in the manner authorised by law ......... "
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In Murarka Radhey Shvam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore(2 ) one of the points urged against the petitioner was that there was non-compliance with the provisions of s. 81 (3) of . F the Representation of the People Act because the copy of the election petition served on the appellant was not a true copy of the original filed before the Election Commission. Rejecting the said contention it was said : " .... the word "copy" in sub-s. ( 3) of s. 81 does not mean an absolutely exact copy, but means that the G copy shall be so true that nobody can by any possibility misunderstand it."
To the similar effect is the jud!!ITient in Ch. Subbarao v. Member, Election Tribunal, Hyderabad(").
In State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal Srivastava(') one of the ff contentions urged on behalf of the respe>ndent who was reduced Y (!) [1959] S.C.R. 583. (2) [19641 3 S.C.R. 573. : n (1964] 6 S.C.R. 213, (4) (1958] S.C.R. 533.
VIRJI RAM v. NATHALAL (Mitter, J.) 633
) .....
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" .... the use of the word "shall" in a statute, though generally taken in a mandatory sense, does not necessarily mean that in every case it shall have that effect, that is to say, that unless the words of the statute c are punctiliously followed, the proceeding, or the outcome of the proceeding, would be invalid."
In State of Punjab v. Sat Pal Dang and State of Punjab v. Dr. Baldev Prakash & Ors. (1) one of the points canvassed before this Court was, whether the certificate by the Deputy Speaker on a Money Bill was sufficient compliance with Art. 199 ( 4) of the D Constitution which provides that :
"There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted to the Legislative Council under article 198 and when it is presented to the Governor for assent under article 200, the certificate of the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly signed· by him that it is a Money E Bill."
It was contended that the provisions of the above clause were -) ' mandatory and only the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly could sign the Money Bill. It was pointed out by this Court that the Speaker was not present when the Bills were passed and under F Art. 180 (2) the Deputy Speaker could act as the Speaker when the latter was absent. This Court proceeded to examine the several tests to determine when the provisions of statute might be treated as mandatory and when not, and emphasis was laid on one of the distinctions, namely, in cases where strict compliance was necessary to. be a condition precedent to the validity of the act itself, the neglect to perform it as indicated was fatal.
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G
The above cases are sufficient to show that non-compliance with the provisions of a statute or Constitution will not necessarily render a proceeding invalid if by considering its nature, its design and the consequences which follow from its non-observance one is not led to the conclusion that the legislature or the ConstitutionH makers intended that there should be no departure from the strict words used.
(I) [1969] I S.C.R. 478.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
634
[1969] 2 S.C.R.
In this case, as we have already noted, the essential requireA ment of Art. 173 read with Form VII-A was that the person taking the oath or making the affirmation would bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution and· uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India. The words which precede this portion are merely descriptive of the person and of his nomination as a candidate. It is reasonable to think that a mere mis-print in the form B of the oath or a mere inaccuracy in rendering the expression "Legislative Assembly" in Gujarati would not be fatal to the election of the candidate, if otherwise valid.
A
In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.
G.C. Appeal dismissed
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2 issues framed by the court
Whether an oath taken in Gujarati translating 'Legislative Assembly' as 'Rajya Sabha' complied with Article 173 read with the Third Schedule form.
Whether non-literal compliance with the prescribed oath form rendered the returned candidate's election invalid.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Kamaraja Nadar v. Kunju ThevarApplied¶57
[1959] S.C.R. 583 · Who else cites this
Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh RathoreApplied¶63
[1964] 3 S.C.R. 573 · Who else cites this
Ch. Subbarao v. Member, Election Tribunal, HyderabadRelied on¶64
[1964] 6 S.C.R. 213 · Who else cites this
State of U.P. v. Manbodhan Lal SrivastavaApplied¶69
[1958] S.C.R. 533 · Who else cites this
State of Punjab v. Sat Pal Dang and State of Punjab v. Dr. Baldev Prakash & Ors.Applied¶72
[1969] 1 S.C.R. 478 · Who else cites this
3 provisions across 2 enactments
Virji Ram Sutaria
Nathalal Premji Bhanv Adia
Ors.
G. K. Mitter
K. S. Hegde
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
