An investment company purchased McLeod & Co. shares in a falling market with borrowed funds and later sold them at profit. The Supreme Court held the transactions were an adventure in the nature of trade; the surplus was revenue receipt, taxable. Appeals dismissed.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
DALHOUSIE INVESTMENT TRUST COMPANY LTD.
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME·TAX (CENTRAL), CALCUTTA
B
November 22, 1967
[J. C. SHAH, V. RAMASWAMI AND V. BHAGRAVA, JJ.]
Indian Income"'ax A.ct, 1922 (11 of 1922), s. 2(4) Purchase and sale of share when. amounts to adventure in the nature of Trade-Previous findillgs of Tribunal whether blndillg in subsequent assessment years.
c The principal activity of the assessee was investment of its capitals in shares and stocks. It changed its investments by sale of its shares and stocks from time to time. The assessee's income was primarily derived from dividends on shares and interest derived by it on the Investments. The assessee purchased the shares of a company V>hen their prices were falling by taking loan at lnterest and the return on investment was not at all substanti"1. The assessee's explanation that the shares were, in fact, being held as investment and \'-ere sold simply because the. co111:rol of the D company went out of the hands of the Directors of the ass-esscc, was not accepted by the Tribunal.
HELD : The incJme derived by the 1 asscssce from tlie sale of these -shares was revenue n~ceipt and as such taxable under the lncon1c·tax Act.
From the evidence about the course of dealings and conduct of the as.sessee, the conclusion followed that the purchases of the shares were E not for the purf)ose of keeping controlling interest in that company, or for investment, but shares were being pµrchased and sold for earning profit, so that the transactions were an adventure in the nature of trade in these shares. [359 A-Bl
. '•
The acceptance by the Reveoue, in the earlier.years, that the acquisi·c tions and sales of shares were in the nature of invesunents, was not binding in the proceeding for assessment during subsequent years. [356 B-C]
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Bengal and Assam Investors Ltd. v. Commissioner of Inco1ne-tax, West Bengdl, 59 I.T.R. 547 and Commissioner of Jnc.on1e.tax v. Bai Shrinbai K. Kooka, 46 I. T.R. 86, referred to.
Ram Narain Sons (P) Ltd. ', Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay, 41 l.T.R. 534, held inapplicable.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 581 to G 584 of 1966.
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated March 26, 1964 of the Calclltta High Court in J ncome-tax Reference No. 6 of 1961.
A. K. Sen, Bishan Narain, R. K. Chaudhuri and E. P. Mahesh- H wari, for the appellant (in a]J the appeals). Niren De, Solicitor-General, T. A. Ramachandran, R. N. Sa~hthey and S. P. Nayar, for the respondent (in all the appeals)
(1968] 2 S.C.R.
354
SUPRBME COURT REPORTS
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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
Bhargava, J. These appeals came up before this Courl'on the 17th April, I 967, when an order of remand was made by this Court, asking the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal to submit a further statement of the case. The question that has come up for consideration is :-
B
The facts and circumstances under which the question was referred by the Tribunal for the opinion of the High Court are mentioned in that order of remand and need not be repeated.
In the order of remand, it was pointed out that it was not pos.sible to find out from the statement of the case whether tlte Tribunal accepted tl1e explanation of the assessee that, in the previous year relevant to the assessment yqr 1953-54, the control of McLeod & Co. Ltd. went out of the hands of the Directors of the assessee and it was for thi<; reason that the assessee sold the shares of McLeod & Co. It was also pointed out further that the 'Yribunal had not stated what was the object of the assessce in buying 6,900 ordinary shares of McLeod & Co. It appeared from the order of the Income-tax Officer that these shares were purchased in a number of lots from the year I 948 to I 950, and it was also not stated as to what was the object in buying other securities, and why did the assessee confine its activities mostly to th.; shares of McLeod & Co. Ltd. and the companies managc:P by McLeod & Co. Ltd. . It was in the light of these omissions that the Tribunal was asked to send a supplementary statement. That supplementary statement has now been received and the answer to the questiorr has to be given on the basis of the facts contained in the original statement of the case as well as this supplementary statement.
The relevant facts which emerge out of these statements of the case are that the principal activity of the assessee was investment of its capital in shares and stocks. It changed it• investments by sale of its shares and stocks from time to time. The income of the Company was primari\y derived from dividends on shares and interest received by it on the investments. These activities were covered by Clauses (I), (3) and ( 4) of the Memorandum of Association. The activity mentioned as the object in Clause ( 2) is :
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"to acquire, bold, sell and transfer shares, stocks, Debentures, Debenture Stocks, Bond, obligations and
DALHOUSIE ')'RUST v. C.I.T. (Bhargava. /.)
355
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securities issued or· guaran te::d by any company constituted or carrying qn business in British India and in the United Kingdom or in any colony, or dependency or possession thereof or in any foreign country and Debenture Stocks, Bonds, obligations and securities, issued or guaranteed by any Government, Sovereign, Ruler, Commissioners, public body or authority supreme, Municipal Local or otherwise whether at home or abroad."
In the supplementary sta!ement, the Tribunal has recorded the finding that, in its opinion, the purchases and sales of the shares in questio)l were in pursuit of this clal!l'e (2) in the Memorandum of Association. The Tribunal has further stated that the assessee c had not placed any evidence as to the object behind the acquisition of the shares of McLeod & Co. Ltd and the shares of companies managed by McLeod & Co. Ltd., nor had the Incomet;u Officer ascertained the object behind such acquisitions. The Tribunal was also unatife to find out why the assessee had more or less confined its activities mostly to the shares of McLeod & Co. D Ltd and the companies managed by McLeod & Co. Ltd. The facts proved showed that, in the account year relevant to the assessment year in question, 21,046 shares were . held by the Kanoria group, including 6,977 shares in McLeod&. Co. Ltd. held by the assessee. Mr. C. L. Kanoria resigned his office as Director of McLeod & Co. Ltd. on 17th March, 1952, and the approval of E the Government to his resignation was given by the Central Government on 16th October, 1952. Thereafter, . Sri C. L. Bajoria joined the Directorate of McLeod & Co. Ltd. 6,900 shares were .sold by the assessee to Sri C. L. Bajoria or his nominees on 27th May, 19?2, at a time when Sri C. L. Kanoria had already sent in his resignation from the office of DirlJctor, but the resignation had not yet been accepted by the Government. It has also F been found that Sri C. L. Bajoria acquired 12,440 shares ,in all, including 6,900 shares purchased from the assessee; but there was no material on the record to prove that his group obtained a controlling interest in McLeod & Co. Ltd. as a result of acquisition of these shares. As a fact, it was held that after the resignation of Sri. C. L. Kanoria, Messrs C. L. Bajoria and Baijnat!l Jalan, both G Of M/s. Soorajmull Nagarmull, became Directors of McLeod & Co. Ltd; These are the principal £acts on the basis of which it ha8 to be determined whether the s:i!e of these shares by the assessee resulted in a revenue receipt or in a capital gain.
[1908] 2 S.C.R.
SUPRl!MI! COURT RBPORTS
:156
income from that investment. It is true that the principal busines' of th.~ assesscc was to invest capital and to derive income from dividends on shares and interest. on other investments; but lit the same time. the object contained in the Memorandum of Association of the assessec Company clearly showed that one of the objects was also to deal in shares, stocks, debentures, etc., by acquiring, holding, selling and transferring them. In the years prior to th.~ assessment year. the ca'e put forward by the assessee that the various actjuisitions and sales of shares were in the nature of investments was accepted by he Department. but such a decision given in the earlier years is not binding in the proceedings for assessment during subsequent years. The particular shares now in question. it appears, were purchased - between 31st March. 1948 and 31st March, 1952. The earliest purchases in March. 1948 we;e at an average price of Rs. 267-13-0 per share. In the nex'. two years ended 31st March. 1949 and 31st March, 1950. the average purchase price was Rs. 201-8-0 and Rs. 182-10-0, and the last purchase in the year ended 31st March, I 952 was at the rate of Rs. 128-14-0. On 1st April, 1952, the assesscc's total holding of shares in McLeod & Co. Ltd. was 6,977 at a total co5t of Rs.14,29,587-4-0 ou'. of the total holding of shares, including shares in other companies, of the value of - Rs. 17,58,741-4-0. Thus, on that date. the holdings in McLeod & Co. Ltd. formed the major part of the share holdings of the asscssec. It is sign;fic cant that the shares were purchased during a period when their marke: pr;cc was continuously falling. The earliest purchases in the year ended 31st March, 1948 were at an average price of Rs. 267-13-0, while in the, last of these three years ended 31st March 1952, the average price was Rs. 128-14-0. The largest block of 4.757 shares was purchased in the ye'!r ended 31st March, 1950, when the average price was Rs. 182-10-0. · The assessment order of the Income-tax Officer abo shows •hat the shares were not only purchased in a rapidly falling market, but, in order to make these purchases the assessee had taken loans amounting to about Rs. 8 lacs at interest varying from 3!% •o 5 % . The dividend being declared was at a very low rate, so that the return on this investment, after taking into account the interet paid and super-tax to be paid, came to a very small pefC':ntage. being less than I % . This circumstance that the shares were purchased at a time when their prices were falling and the re).llrn on investments was not at all substantial while loans had been taken to purcha$'! these shares strongly points to a conclusion that the shares could no• have been purchased as an investment to earn income from dividends and that the purchases of these shares were with the object of selling them subsequently at a profit. The shares were in fact, sold at considerable profit subsequently and tha• is how the question of charging that profit to tax as revenue receipt has arisen. The explanation sought to he l!iven by the
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DALHOUSIE TRUST v. C.l.T. (Bhargava, J.)
357
A asFe that the . shares were, in fact, being held as investment and were sold simply because the control of McLeod & Co. Ltd. went out of the hands of the Directors of the assessee has not been proved, according to the supplementa1y statement of the case submitted· by the .Tribunal. ln fact, the Tribunal was not satisfied that even the purchasers, viz., the Bajoria group on buying these 8 shares from the assessee acquired a controllmg interest in McLeod & Co. Ltd. or in the companies managed by that Company. The object of the sale as given by the assessee has therefore, remained unproved, whereas the fact that the purchases of the shares were m:ide at a time when they were not ell<pected to give a good return a< investment and were actually sold at a very good profit leads c to the reverse inference that the purchases and . sales of these shares were an adventure in the nature of trade. Even the sequence of events does not bear out the contention of the assessee. Sri C_ L. Kanoria first resigned on 17th March, 1952 and he sold his shares while his resigna'ion was still pending for approval by the Government. The sale took place on 27th May 1952, at a time when the resignation not having received the approval of 1 the D Government. the control of McLeod & Co. Ltd. group of companies was still with the Kanoria group. The resignation was accepted on 16th October, 1952, about five months after the sale · of the shares. .'There iS ·no evidence to show that, as a result of this sale, the control in the McLeod & Co. group of companies passed to the Bajoria group though M/s. C. L. Bajoria and BaijE nath Jalan did subsequently join the Directorate of McLeod · & Co. Ltd. On these facts, it is not possible to hold that the Tribunal was incorrect in recording its conclusion that the sale of these shares by the assessee was not the result of control of the McLeod & Co. Ltd. passing from the hands of Kanoria group to the Bajoria group. In fac'.. the Kanoria group was holding a majority of F 2 l,046 shares out of 40,000 shares in McLeod & Co. Ltd. even at the time when these shares· were sold on 27th May, 1952. The assessee thus having failed to prove the object of the sale of these shares, the inference that the shares were sold with the sole object of earning profit 'is justified.
(1968] 2 S.C.R.
358
SUPRllMB COURT REPORTS
Bajoria group, clearly shows that the Tribunal ·was not wrong ir, inferring that the purchases of shares of McLeod & Co. Ltd. were not for the purpose of keeping controlling interest in that Company or for investment, but that the shares were being purchased and sold for earning profit, so that the transactions were an adventure in the nature of trade in these shares of McLeod & Co. Ltd.
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In this <:onnection, Mr. A. K. Sen. learned counsel for the appellant drew our attention to the following view expressed m the remand order :-
"We are unable to answer the que<.tion referred because the mere fact that an investment company periodically varies its mvcstments does not necessarily mean that the pro~:ts resulting from such variation is taxable under the Income-tax Act. Variation of its investments must amount to dealing in investments before such profits can be taxed as income under the Income-tax Act.'"
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Reliance was also placed on the ohservations of this Court in llengal and Anam lnve.1tors Ltd. v. Commissioner of lncom<·rax, West Beni:a!('), which were quoted in the remand order and a re as follows :-
"It seems to us that, on principle before dividends or. shares can be assessed under section I 0, the assessee. be it n individual or a company or any other entity. must carry on business in rrspect of s!Jares; that is to say, the a-;.scsscc must deal in those shares. It is evident that if an individual person invests in shares for the pur'pos.z of earning dividend, he is not carrying on a business. The only way he can com unde. section I 0 is by converting the shares into stock-in-trade, i.e .. by carrying on the business of dealing in stocks and shares as did the a~sessc<· in Commissioner of fncome Tax v. ,Ba/ Shirinbai K. Kooka(')".
It was urged that, in this case, the Tribunal has recorded no finding at all that the shares in McLeod & Co. Ltd. which were sold hy the asses.see were converted by it into stock-in-trade, nor has it bCen held that the variation of its investments by the assessee amounted to dealings in investments. The facts that we found above show that, so far as the shares of McLeod & Co. Ltd. and the allied companies which were sold by the assessee and the income from which has been taxed as revenue income are concerned, the assesse-~. in fact. dealt with them as stock-in-trade. It
(i} 46 J.T.R. 16.
(I) 59 !.T.R. l47.
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35~
DALHOUSIE TRUST v. C.I.T. (Bhargava, J.)
Learned counsel also referred to the decision of this Court in Ram Narain Sons (Pr.) Ltd. v Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay(') to urge that the principal consideration in determining whether income from sale of shares is revenue income or capital gain, is to find out what was the purpose of purchase of c those shares. and, if the purpose was investment, the fact that. in varying the investment, the sale of those shares resulted in a profit will not make that profit revenue income. The principle is perfectly correct, but is not applicable to the case before us on the finding mentioned by us above that even the initial purchase of these shares by the assessee was not for the purpose of investD ment for earning income from dividends, but was with a view to earn profit by re-sale of those shares.
In these circumstances we hold that the High Court was right in arriving at the conclusion that, on the facts and circumstances of the present case, the income derived by the assessee from the sale of its shares and securities in the relevant pnwious years was E revenue receipt and as such taxable under the Income-tax Act. The appeals fail and are dismissed with costs. One hearing fee. Y.P. Appeals dismissed.
Appeals dismissed.
(I) 4t I.T.R. 534.
1 issue framed by the court
Whether the surplus from sale of shares and securities was a revenue receipt taxable under the Income-tax Act or a capital gain.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Bengal and Assam Investors Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, West BengalRelied on
59 I.T.R. 547
Commissioner of Income-tax v. Bai Shrinbai K. KookaReferred
46 I.T.R. 86
Ram Narain Sons (P) Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, BombayDistinguished
41 I.T.R. 534
2 provisions across 1 enactments
Dalhousie Investment Trust Company Ltd.
Commissioner of Income-tax (Central), Calcutta
J. C. Shah
V. Ramaswami
V. Bhargava
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
