Dismissed

R. S. Seth Gopikrishan Agarwal v. R. N. Sen, Assistant Collector of Customs & Ors.

Supreme Court5 Jan 19671967 INSC 4 · [1967] 2 S.C.R. 3401967 INSC 4

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

The Supreme Court held that Section 105 of the Customs Act does not violate Article 14 as it contains effective checks. An authorization order need not explicitly state 'reason to believe' or give exhaustive details of goods, as these are known post-search. Criminal Procedure Section 165(1) does not apply to such searches.

What did the court decide?

The appeal was dismissed with costs. The court directed Customs authorities to investigate and return unnecessary documents.

What the court decided

R. S. Seth Gopikrishan Agarwal versus R. N. Sen… — Company and Corporate | Supreme Court (1967)

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R. S. SETH GOPIKRISHAN AGARWAL

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R. N. SEN, ASSISTA~T COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS & ORS.

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January 5, 1967

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[K. SUBBA RAO, C. J., J. C. SHAH, S. M. SIKR!, V. RAMASWAMI AND C. A. VAIDlit.LINGA~, JJ.]

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Defence of India (Amendmem) Rules 1963 (Gold Control Rules) r. 126(L)(2) and the Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962), ss. 2(34), 105 and I 10-0rder of Assistant Collector authorising search of premises, requirements of-Procedure of search, s. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure how far applicable--Ofjicer authorised by Collector whether 'proper o[Jicer'-Va/idtty of s. 105. c Constitution of India, Art. 14--Section 105 of Sea Customs Act, 1962 ·~..,hether gives unguided and arbitrary power-Whetlrer ultra vires. The Assistant Collector of Central Excise issued an authorization under s. 126(L) (2) of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1963 (Gold Control Rules) for searching the premises of the appellant. As a result of the search undeclared gold and certain other articles as well as D doc11111ents were seized. The appellant's writ petition under Art. 226 challenging the search on various grounds was dismissed. In appeal by certificate 1 HELD : (i) Mala {ides had not been proved against the officer authorized to make the search [342 CJ (ii) The authorization order could not be said 10 be defective merely because it did not expressly employ the phrase 'reason to believe' occur£ ring in s. 105 of the Customs Act. The phraseology used in the order meant, in effoct and substance, the same thjo.g. [342 E-F] (iii) While it may be advisable and indeed proper for the Assntant Collector to $ive in the authorization order the reasons for his belief that a search IS necessary, the non-mention of reasons would not by itself vitiate the order. Nor can all the particulars of the nature of the goods and of the documents be mentioned in the order as they will be known F only after the search is made. The specifications given in the present case were sufficient to enable the officer authorized to make the search [343 C-DJ

(iv) The word 'by' ins. 2(34) refers both to the Board and the Collector and therefore both the Board and the Collector of Customs can assign functions to an officer of Customs. (343 H] (v) It cannot be said that the Assistant Collector of Customs must in authorizing search also record his reasons for doing so on the ground that•· 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure which makes such a prowion is made applicable to searches under s. 105 of the Cwtoms Act. While under s. 105 of the Act the Assistant Collector of Customs either makes the search personally or authorizes any officer of Customs to do so, if he has reasons to believe tha facts mentioned therein, under s. ! 65 ( 1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure the recording of the 1 easons for believing the facts is only to enable him to make a. search ur~ently in a case wh.erc search warrants in the ordinary course cannot be obtained. It is. therefore, not possible to invoke the condition and apply it to a situation arising under s. 105 of the Act [345 B-OJ

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GOP!KR!SHAN V. COLLECTOR (Subba Rao, C.J.)

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341

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A (vi) Section 105 of the Customs Act does not confer an unguided and arbitrary power on the Assistant Collector of Customs to make a search. A deeper scrutiny of the provisions indicates not only a policy but abo effective checks on the exercise of the power of search by the Assistant Collector. The section dots not therefore oO'end Art. 14 of the Constitution. [346 DJ

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(vii) The High Court on the materials placed before it, held that the B Assistant Collector had acted with reasonable belief in the facts mentioned in s. 105. Ther~ was no justification for interfering with the findings of the High Court. [346 E-F]

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Durga Prasad v. H. R. Goines, Superintendent (Prevention) Central Excise, Nagpur, A.I.R. 1966 S.C. 1209, referred to.

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c CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 998of1965. Appeal from the judgment and order dated February 24, 25, 1964 of the Bombay High Court, Nagpur Bench in Special Civil Application 459 of 1963.

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B. K. Sanghi, G. L. Sanghi and 0. C. Mathur, for the appellant. D Niren De, Addi. Solicitor-General, N. S. Bindra and R. H. Dhebar, for the respondents.

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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

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Subba Rao, C. J. This appeal by certificate raises the question whether the search of the preinises of the appellant and the seizure E of the articles and the documents found therein were valid.

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The relevant facts are as follows: The appellant is a mining proprietor and holds several manganese mines in different States. He has also been doing business in many articles apart from being an exporter of manganese ore. On information alleged to have been received to the effect that the appellant was in possession of a large F quantity of undeclared gold, the Assistant Collector of Customs and Central Excise, Raipur, issued an authorization under r. 126 (L) (2) of the Defence of India (Amendment) Rules, 1963 (Gold Control Rules) hereinafter called the Rules, for searching the premises of the appellant. Pursuant to that authorization, the appellant's premises were searched and as a result of the search gold and other G articles, foreign currency and other documents were seized. The appellant filed a petition under Art. 226 of the Constitution in the High Court of Bombay (Nagpur Bench) challenging the validity of the said search and the seizure of the articles and documents belonging to him. The petition was heard along with similar petitions filed by other persons whose premises were likewise searched and goods H and documents seized therefrom. The High Court dismissed all the petitions. The several petitioners before the High Court, along with the appellant, preferred appeals to this Court and the appeals other than that filed by the appellant were heard by this Court : see Durg

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[1967] 2 S.C.R

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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34 2

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Prasad v. H.R. Gomes, Superintendent (Prevention), Central Excise Nagpur('). Therein this Court considered the various contentions raised by them and dismissed the same. For one reason or other, this appeal was not heard along with them.

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Obviously the points covered by that judgment cannot be permitted to be reagitated in this appeal. Accepting that position, learned counsel for the a,ipellan! raised before us only the questions that were not decided by the said judgment. We shall now proceed to consider the questions that are peculiar to this aopeal.

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The contention that the Assistant Collector and the officer authorized by him to make the search ~cted with ma/a fides has no substance. The High Court considered the evidence and rejected it. We do not see any justification to take a different view on the material placed before us.

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The second contention is that under s. 105 of the Customs Act, hereinafter called the Act, the Assistant Collectcr shall have reason to believe that some goods are secreted before he can authorize any officer of Customs to search for them or the relevant documents, but the authorization given by the Assistant Collector to the Customs Officer did not say that he had reason to believe so.

The relevant part of the authorization reads thus :

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"Whereas information has been laid before me of the suspected commission of offence under section 11 read with section 111 of the Customs Act 1962 (52of1962) and it has been made to appear that the production of contraband goods and documents relating thereto are essential to the enquiry about to be made in the suspected offence" ..... :

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Though the words "reason to believe" arc not in terms embodied in the authorisation, the phraseology used in effect and substanr.e meant the same thing.

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The next contention is that on a reasonable construction of the said provision it should be held that the Assistant Colle:tor of Customs should not only give reasons for his belief but also the particulars of the natu:e of the goods and of the documents, for, if the reasons and the particulars are not given the officer authorized may make a roving search of the house which is not in the contemplation of the said section. This argument may be dealt with in two parts. In terms s. 105 of the Act does not say that the Assistant Ccllector shall give reasons. The power conferred on him under s. 105 is not subject to any such condition. Though he cannot make a search or authorize any officer to make a search (I) A.1.R. 1966 S.C. 1209.

OOPIKRISHAN v. COLLECTOR (Subba Rao, C.J.) 343

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A unless he has reason to believe the existence of the facts mentioned in the section, the section does not compel him to give reasons. While it may be advisable, and indeed proper, for him to give reasons, the non-mentior. of reasons in itself does not vitiate the order. Nor can we agree with the appellant that the particulars of the nature of the goods and of the documents should be given

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B in the authorization. Obviously, no question of giving of particulars arises if he himself makes the search, but if he authorizes any officer to do so, he cannot give the particulars of the documents, for they will be known only after the search is made. Doubtless he has to indicate broadly the nature of the documents and the goods in regard to which the officer authorized by him should make a

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c search, for without that his mandate cannot be obeyed. The authoriza;ion issued by the Assistant Collector of Customs in this case clearly mentioned that on information received it appeared that the .. ppellant was in possession of contraband goods and documents relating thereto and also described the office and the resldential premises wherein those goods and documents would be found. In the circumstances of the case we are satisfied that the

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D specifications are sufficient to enable the officer authorized to make the search.

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The next argument is based upon the provisions of s. 110 of the Act. Under s. 110(3) of the Act only a proper officer can seize any documents or goods which in his opinion will be useful for or relevant to any proceedings under the Act. "Proper officer" has been E defined 'by s. 2(34) of the Act thus :

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". "Proper Officer," i'l relation to any functions to be performed under this Act, means the officer of customs who is assigned those functions by the Board or the Collector of Customs."

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F It is contended that, on a true construction fJf s. 2(34) of the Act the Collector of Customs should himself seize the goods, that he has no power to authorize another to do so and that in this case the Collector of'. Customs did not make the seizure. This argument turns upon the terms of the said provision. It is said that the Board only can assign functions to another officer and that the G Collector of Customs cannot assign but can function personally. The controversial.expression ins. 2(34) is "by the Board or theCollector of Customs''. The clause "who is assigned those functions", the argument proceeds, refers only to the Board and not to the Collector. A fair reading of the provision, in our view, is that the preposition "by" refers both to the Board and the Collector. Both the Board and the Collector of Customs can assign functions H to an officer of Customs.

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It is then contended that the search made was void inasmuch as in making the search the relevant provisions of Code of Criminal

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[1967] 2 S.C.R.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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344

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•

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Procedure had not been complied with. This argument is based upon s. 105(2) of the Act. I~ reads :

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"The provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, relating to searches shall, so far as may be, apply to searches under this section subject to the mod;fication that sub-section (5) of section 165 of the said Code shall have effect as if for the word "Magistrate", wherever it occurs, the words "Collector of Customs" were substituted."

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Now, if we look at the Code of Criminal Procedure, s. 165 deals with searches. The relevant part of that section reads :

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(I) Whenever an officer in charge of a police station or a police-officer making an investigation has reasonable grounds for believing that anything necessary for the purposes of an investigation into any offence which he is authorised to investigate may be found in any place within the limits of the police-station of which he is in charge, or to which he is attached, and that such thing cannot in his opinion be otherwise obtuined without undue delay, such officer may, after recording in writing the grounds of his belief and specifying in such writing, so far as possible, the thing for which search is .o be made, search, or cause search to be made, for such thing in any place within the limits of such station.

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(2)

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(3) If he is unable to conduct the search in person, and there is no other person competent to make the search present at the time, he may after recording in writing his reasons for so doing require any officer subordinate to him to make the search, and he shall deliver to such subordinate officer an order in writing specifying the place to be searched and; so far as possible, the thing for which search is to be made, and such subordinate officer may the1 eupon search for such thing in such place.

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( 4) The provisions of this Code as to search-warrants and the general provisions as to searches contained in section 102 and section 103 shall, so far as maybe, apply to a search made under this section.

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(5) Copies of any record made under sub-section (I) or sub-section (3) shall forthwith be sent to the nearest Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence and the owner or occupier of the place searched shall on application be furnished with a copy of the same by the Magistrate.

OOPIKRISHAN v. COLLECTOR (Subba Rao; C.J.)

345

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The argument is that the expression "so far as may be" in s. 105(2) of the Ac;t attracts s. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure and under that section, as the police-officer has to record in writing the grounds of his belief foe Assistant Collector of Customs shall also in authorizing the search record his reasons for doing so. But, in our view, s. 105 of the Act ands. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure are intended to meet totally different situations. While under s. 105 of the Act the Assistant Collector of Customs either makes the search personally or authorizes any officer of Customs to do so, if he has reason to believe the facts mentioned therein, under s. 165(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure the recording of the reasons for believing the facts is only to enable him to make a search urgently in a case where search warrants in the ordinary course cannot be obtained. It is, therefore, not possible to invoke that condition and apply it to a situation arising under s. 105 of the Act. It is not necessary in this case to particularize which of the other clauses or part of the clauses of that section can be applied to a search under s. 105 of the Act. We, therefore, reject this contention also.

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Then it iF contended that s. 105 of the Act confers an unguided) and arbitrary power on the Assistant Collector of Customs to make a search, the only condition being that he has reason to believe in the existence of the facts mentioned therein. It is said that the said belief is practically a subjective satisfaction and the section neither lays down any policy nor imposes any effective control on his absolute discretion. So stated the argument is attractive, but a deeper scrutiny of the provisions indicates not only a policy but also effective checks on the exercise of the power to search by the Assistant Collector of Customs. The object of the section is to make a search for the goods liable to be confiscated or the documents se~Teted in any place which are relevant to any proceeding under the Act. The legislative policy reflected in the section is that the search must be in regard to the. two categories mentioned therein, namely, goods liable to be confiscated and documents relevant to a proceeding under the Act. No doubt the power can be abused. But that is controlled by 0ther means. Though under the section the Assistant Collector of Customs need not give the reasons, if the existence of belief is questioned in any collateral proceedings, he has to produce relevant evidence to sustain his belief. That apart, Ulider s. 165(5) of the Code of Criminal Pr cedure, read with s. 105(2) of the Act, he has to send forthwi,h to the Collector of Customs a copy of any record made by him. The Collector would certainly give necessary directions if the Assistant Collector went wrong, or if his act was gliided by mala .fides. But the more effective control on him is found in s. 136(2) of the Act. It reads :

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If any officer of customs,. ..

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(1967] 2 s.c.R.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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346

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(a) requires a11y person to be searched for goods liable to confiscation or a1.y document relating thereto, without having reason to believe that he has such goods or documents secreted about this person; or

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(b) arrests any person without having reason to believe that he has been guilty of an offence punishable under section 135; or

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.(c) searches or authorises any other officer of customs to search any place without having reason to believe that any goods, docurr,ents or things of the nature referred to in section 105 are secreted in that place,

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he shall be p11nishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees, or with both.

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No doubt he can be prosecuted or.ly with the previous sanction of the Central Government, but his liability to criminal prosecution fo_ dereliction of duty under s: 105 of the Act is certainly an effective control on his arbitrary acts. It is, therefore, clear that not only a policy is laid down in s. 105, but also that the acts of the Asdstant Collector are effectively controlled in the manner stated above. We cannot, therefore, say that s. 105 offends Art. 14 of the Constitution.

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Lastly, it is contended that the Assistant Collector of Customs in fact has not placed any material before the High Court to sustain his reasonable belief. The High Court, on the material placed before it, held that the Assistant Collector had acted with reasonable belief in the facts mentioned in that section. There is no justification for our interference with the findi.ngs of the High Court.

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In the result, the appeal fails a11d is dismissed with costs.

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It is represented to us that three years have elapsed since the documents were seized and it appears that nothing further has been done in the matter. We hope and trust that the Customs Authorities will take appropriate and immediate steps to finish their investigation and return the documents which are not required, to the appellant.

G.C.

Appeal dismissed.