Assessee-firm sold assets and discontinued business; department assessed capital gains for 1949-50 under s. 12B. Held that capital gains are not income earned from trading activity, so no exemption under s. 25(3); Tribunal erred in deciding valuation without considering evidence.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
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M/S. KILLICK NIXON & COMPANY
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME· TAX, BOMBAY
May 5, 1967
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[J. C. SHAH, S. M. SIKRI AND V. RAMASWAMI, JJ.]
Indian Income-tax Act (11 of 1922), ss. 12B (2), 3rd provilo, and L5(3) and 32(4)-Tribunal disposing of apper.1-Duty to consider evl· dence-Scope of s. 12B (2) 3rd proviso a·nd s. 25(3).
The assessee-firm sold its assets to two companies and discontinued its business with effect from !st February 1948. For t'he assessment year 1949-50 the income-tax department sought to assess, under s. 12B of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, the capital gains made by the ' lSessee. Capital gains under the section are computed, in a case (a) where there is no dispute about the market value of the asset on the date of transfer and (b) where the assessee has exercised the option under tbe third proviso to the section to adopt the value of the asset on !st January 1939 as its actual cost, by deducting from the market value of the asset on the date of transfer the value of the asset on January !, !!139. In the present case the department ac:epted the market value of the assets on " February I, 1948, the date of transfer, and estimated tbe value of the assets on !st January 1939, at a certain figure and brought to tax the difference between the two, rejecting the assessee's claim under s. 25(3) to the be,1efit of exempt:on from taxability arising from discontinuance of the business. The Appellate Tribunal confirmed the order. It rejected the contention of the assessee that the evidence on the record E showed that the market value of some of the assets on !st January 1939 exceeded the value as estimated by the department and that· therefore the capital gains to be taxed would be much le'.\S, by merely recording a bare conclusion that the value of the assets on !st January 1939 could not be more than the estimated value without considomng the evidence.
The High Court, on reference, (I) held against the assessee that it was not entitled to the benefit under s. 25(3), and (2) held against the F department that the Tribunal misdirected itiielf in not considering the evidence produced before the Income-tax Authorities regarding the valu· ation on !st January 1939. The assessee and the Commissioner of Income-tax appealed to this Court.
HELD : (I) It is only income earned by carrying on business that is entitled to exemption under s. 25 (3). Capital gains, though by the d~finition in s. 2(6C) are income and liable to tax by virtue of s. 6 read G w1tb s. 12B, not being income which arises from a trading activity are not entiiled to such ex-•mption. [980B-C] '
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City I v. Chugandas & Co. [1964)"1! S.C.R. 332 and Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras v. Express Newspapers Ltd. [1964) 8 S.C.R, 189, referred to.
[Whether an .assessee was entitled to exemption under s. 25 ( 3) in H respect of a receipt, such as capital gains, which was not chargeable as income under the Income-tax Act 7 of 1918, not decided.) [979E)
. (2) Under the. scheme of the Income-tax Act, the Appellate Tribunal " the final authority on questions of fact. While the onus lies upon the
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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assessee to prove the mrrrket value of the assets on January 1, ~939 the Tribunal, in disposing of the appeal under s. 33(4) of the Act, is bound to hear the parties and consider the entire evidence produced .before the Income-tax Authorities. In the present case, therefore, the Tribunal had to determine, on a consideration of all the evidence, the value of the assets of the assessee on !st January 1939. [977E-G]
C1v1L APPELLATE Jumso1cnoN : Civil Appeals Nos. 19191920 of 1966. Appeals from the judgment and order dated October 12, 13, 1962 of the Bombay High Court in Income-tax Reference No. 2.1 of 1959.
S. T. Desai, O. P. Malhotra, and 0. C. Mathur, for the appel· !ant (in C.A. No. 1919 of 1966) and the respondent (in C.A. No. 1920 of 1966).
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D. Narsaraju and R. N. Sachthe,v, for the appellant (in C.A. No. 1920 of· 1966) and the respondent (in C.A. No. 1919 of 1966.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
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Shah, J. These are cross appeals from the order passed by the High Court of Bombay recording answers to que5tions submitted in a reference under s. 66 of the Indian Income-tax Act. J 922.
Messrs Killick Nixon & Co.-hereinafter called "the assessee" -was a firm which carried on diverse trading activities in Bombay. The assessee agreed to sell on November 28, 1947 to a Company called "Ki!lick Industries Ltd.;', the benefit of managing agency contracts held by it, shares of limited Company (including 240 shares of the Cement Agencies Ltd.) and debentures, and book and other debts in consideration of 79 ,993 shares of the face value of.Rs. 100/- each of Killick fndustries Ltd. and Rs. 700/- in cash. By another agreement dated January 29, 1948 the assessee agreed to sell to "Killick Nixon & Co. Ltd." goodwill of the business of the assessee freehold and leasehold hereditaments, plant and machinery, stock. in trade and book debts, Government securities and shares and full benefit of all shippiniz and general agencies, distributorships etc. in consideration of 9 .. 996 shares in the Vendce Company of the face value of Rs. 100/each and Rs. 400/- in cash., The assessee was dissolved and it'• business was dhcontinued with effect from February I, 1948.
Tn a proceeding for assessment to tax payable by the assessee for the year 1949-50 (the relevant previous year being the year ending June 30, 1948) the Income-tax Officer assessed the capital gains made by th~ assessee, on the transfer of its capital assets to the two Companies. at Rs. 32,01,747/-. Tn appeal, the Appeal-
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KILLICK NIXON & CO. V. C.I.T. (Shah, J.)
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late Assistant Commissioner modified the order. He was of the view that the assessee had made capital gains amounting to A Rs. 25,40,737 /- by sale of shares to the two com11anies and other assets transferred to Killick Nixon & Co. Ltd. and had suffered a capital loss of Rs. 4,00,530/-, being the difference between the market value of the managing agencies, 240 shares of the Cement Agencies Ltd. and the goodwill on January l, 1939 estimated at Rs. 5 J ,40,802/- and the market value of those B assets on February 1, 1948 estimated at Rs. 47,40,272-/. Debiting the loss against th~ capital gains made by sale of shares, the Appellate Assistant Commissioner brought to tax an amount of Rs. 21,06,455/-. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner re.iected the claim of the assessee to the benefit of s. 25 (3) & ( 4) of the Income-tax Act, 1922. The Appellate Tribunal confirmed the order passed by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner.
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The Tribunal drew up a statement of the case and referred two questioru; numbered (I) & (2) below to the High Court of Judicature at Bombay. Two more questions numbered (3) & ( 4) were submitted pursuant to the order made by the High Court 1mder s. 66(2) of the Act. The questions were :
·• ( 1 ) Whether on the facts and circumstances of the case, the assessee firm is entitled to the benefit contained under s. 25 ( 3) in respect of capital gains assessed to tax under s. 12B of the Incomo-tax Act?
( 2) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case, the asses.see firm is liable to pay capital E gains in respect of profits and gains arising from the sale of its assets to the limited companies ?
( 3) Whether s. 12B of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, at all applied to the applicant's case ?
( 4) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances F of the case, the Tribunal misdirected itself in law and or acted without evidence or in disregard of the most material evidence on record in making the valuation of the applicant's assets on first day of January one thousand nine hundred and thirtynine ?"
The appeal filed by the Commissioner may first be considered. H The assessee contended before the Tribunal, relying upon the evidence on record, that the value of the managing agencies, 240
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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shares of the Cement Agencies Ltd. and the goodwill on January l, 1939 considerably exceeded Rs. 51,40,802/·. The Tribunal observed in paragraph-IO of its judgment:
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· "We do not think it is necessary to deal with in detail the evidence produced before the Income-tax authorities in respect of the valuation as on 1-1-1939. The stand taken by the assessee, in our opinion, is incomistent. A unifom1 method must be adopted both as on the date of the transfer and as on 1-1-1939. It is B not open to the assessee to value an asset by applying one method on 1-2-1948 and another on 1-1-1939."
The Tribunal then observed that since the assets were transferred to a company in which the partners of the assessee were interested, and the transfer was made for a consideration which was less than the market value, it was not open to the assessee to contend that the market value of the assets on January 1, 1939 should be taken into account; that the assessee was not entitled to reduce the capital gain by adopting the valuation of those assets which had a market quotation and in respect of assets which had no market quotation by adopting the sale price; and that "if the goodwill of the business on January 1, 1939 was worth Rs. 8 lakhs its value on February l, 1948 should be higher." The Tribunal recorded its conclusion that :
"For the purpose of this appeal, it is enough to say that if the value . of the assets in question was Rs. 46,40,279/- on 1-2-1948, it could not be higher than Rs. 51,40,802/- as on 1-1-1939. Speaking for ourselves, we think, the Income-tax authorities by allowing the Joss of Rs. 4 lakhs have taken a liberal view of the whole question."
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The Tribunal also observed :
"The valuation placed by the Department, in our opinion, is reasonable. Even if the business was to be valued as a whole, it could not affect the assessment made. The valuation has to be done on the same basis both on 1-1-1939 and J-2,194R"
The High Court in dealing with the questions referred observed that under the third proviSo to s. 12B(2), of the Income-tax Act. 1922 the assessee was entitled to substitute the fair market value of the assets as on January 1, 1939, if the capital assets had been held by the assessee before January 1, 1939 in place of the cost of the assets for the purpose of detennining the capital gain, and that it was conunon ground that the full value of the consideration for which the assets were transferred was Rs. 1,16,75,108/-. The High Court then observed :
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K!Ll,ICK NIXON & co. v. c.r.T. (Shah, J.)
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"ft is clear beyond any doubt that the assessee was entitled to take the fair market value of the three a·ssets, viz. the managing agencies, 240 shares of the Cement Agencies Limited and the goodwill of its business as 011 1-1-1939 for the purpose of the computation of the capital gains and the said capital gains, if any, had to be detennined by deducting the ·said v;iluation as on 1-1-1939 from the full value of the consideration, which the assessee had received and which, it was common ground between the parties, was Rs. 1,16,75,108/-. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner had proceeded to determine the value of its assets as on 1-1-1939. As t1gainst the said valuation arrived at by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner, the asscssee has rais~d ob.iections before the Tribunal which ob.iections the Tribunal had to consider on their merits. In so far as the Tribunal has failed to do so and has proceeded on the erroneous view, which it has taken that it was not necessary to deal in detail with the evidence produced before the Income-tax authorities, the Tribunal has clearly misdirected itself and had also not applied its mind properly to the material on record."
Section 128 which was introduced in the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 with effect from the 31st day of March, 1947, omitting parts not material reads as follows :
"(l) The tax shall be payable by an assessee under the head 'Capital gains' in respect ·of any profits or gains arising from the sale, exchange or transfer of a capital asset effei:ted after the 31st day of March 1946; and such profits and gains shall be deemed to be income of the previous year in which the sale, exchange or transfer took place : ..
( 2) The amount of a capital gain shall be computed after making the following deductions from the full value of the consideration for which the sale, exchange or transfer of the capital as<et is 1iiade, namely; ( i) expenditure incurred solely in connection with such sale, exchange or transfer;
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(ii) the .actual cost to.the assessee of the capital sset, mcludmg any expnditure of a capital nature mcurrd and borne by bun in making any additions or alterat10ns th:reto, but ·excluding any expenditure in respe.c of which _any allowance is admissible under anv prov1s10n of sections 8, 9, 10 and 12.
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SUPREME COURT .RRl'ORTS
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Provided that where a person who acquires a capital asset from the assessee, whether by sale, exchange or transfer, is a person with whom the assessee is directly or indirectly connected, and ·the Income-tax Officer has reason to believe that the sale, exchange. or transfer was effected with the object of avoidance or reduction of the liability of the assessee under this section, the full value qf the consideration for which. the sale, exchange or transfer is made shall, with the prior approval of the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax, be tliken to be the fair market value of the capital asset on the date on Which the sale, exchange or transfer took place:
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Provided further . . . . .
Provided further that where the capital asset became tl)e property of the assessee before the 1st day of January 1939, he may, on proof' of the fair market value thereof on the said date to the satisfaction of the Income-tax Officer, substitute for the actual cost such fair market value which shall be deemed to be the actual cost to him of the asset, and which shall be reduced by the amount of depreciation, if any, allowed to the assessee after the said date and increased or diminished, as the. case may be, by any adjustment made under clause (vii) of sub-section (2) of section 10;"
Computation of the capital gains tinder s. 12B is to be made by deducting from the market value of the consideration of the ·sale, exchange or transfer, expenditure incurred in connection with such sale, exchange or transfer and the actual cost to the assessee of the capital asset or at his option, where the capital asset became the property of the assessee before January l, 1939, the fair market value of the asset on January l, 1939. It is open t<> the Incom&"tax Officer, if it appears to him, that with the object of avoiding ot reducing of the liability of the assessee to pay tax, the full value of the consideration for which the sale, exchange or transfer is made is understated and the person acquiring the capital asset is a person with whom the assessee is directly or indirectly connected, to determine the fair market value of the capital a~set on the date on which the sale, exchange or transfer took place.
The difference between proviso one and proviso three may be noticed .. By virtue of the first proviso the Incometax Officer is, in the conditions set . out therein, entitled to determine the fair market value of the asset at the date of the sale. exchange or transfer. Under the third proviso, ·t!ie asseSjiee when he has exercised the option to adopt the value on January 1, 1939 is, for computation of the actual cost to him of an a~set
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KlLLiCK NIXON &: co. v. C.I.T. (Shah, I.) 977
transferred, required to prove the fair markeb value of the asset on January 1, 1939, when the asset transferred belonged to him before that date.
There was no dispute in the present case about the market value at the date of the transfer of the assets conveyed. The B first proviso therefore did not come into play. The dispute related to the value to the assessee on January 1, 1939 of three assets, viz., the managing agencies, 240 shares of the Cement Agencies Ltd. and the goodwill. The capital gain or loss had to be determined by deducting from the market value of the asset on February 1, 1948 the fair market value of those assets on January l, 1939, proved by the assessee to the satisfaction of the c Income-true Officer.
The Appellate Assistant Commissioner estimated the value of the three assets on January l, 1939 at Rs. 51,40,802/-. The assessee contended that· the evidence on the record showed that the market value exceeded the estimated value. It is true that the D onus lay upon the assessee to prove the fair market value of the assets on January 1, 1939 to .the satisfaction of the Income-tax Officer and therefore of the Tribunal. The Tribunal did not consider the evidence and disposed of the claim of the assessee after observing that the value of the assets could not exceed the amount at which it was estimated by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner.
E U oder the scheme of the Income-true Act, the ·Tribunal is the final authority on questions of fact. The Tribunal in deciding an appeal is bound to consider all the evidence, and the arguments raised before it by the parties. The Tribunal apparently did not consider the evidence : it merely recorded a bare conclusion without setting out any reasons in. upport thereof. It' is threfore not possible to say whether the Tribunal considered the evidence and the contentions raised by the assessee :it cannot be assumed merely because a conclusion is recorded that the Tribunal onsidere? the evidence. The High Court was, therefore right m r7cordmg an answer in the affirmative on the fourth qustion It ~~l()e the duty of the Tribunal in disposing of the appeal unde c mme on a consideration of the evidence the s. . of the Income-true Act to hear the parti vale af d t~ d threterassets on January 1 1939 i th J'gh f e ee s. 12B(2). • n e1 to the third proviso to
In the appeal filed by the has not challen ed h fi d' assessee, counsel for the assessee H (3) and no thmg. g more need t e n mg be recorded on questions · d • Nos · (2) & Counsel claimed that by virtue ; ~~ (Pt fuf °J qestions. a:icctth I ~ssessee is exempted from paying t:X n 1:e ;:[;; e usmess was closed. Reliance is placed upon s. 25 (3)
[1967] 3 S.C.R
SUPREME COURT o&EPOllT~
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of the Jndiun Income-tax Act. It provides. insofar as it 1, ma~rial :
"Where any business, profession or vocation on which u1x was at any time charged under the provisions of the ll\dhm Income-tax Act. 1918. (VI! of 1918), b discontinued, then, unless there has been a succession by virtue of which the provisions of sub-section ( 4) have been rendered applicable, no tax shall be payable in respect of the income, profits and gains of the period between the end of the previous year and the date of such discontinuance . . . . "
rt b common ground that the assessee was assessed to tax in respect of the income from business under the Indian Income-tax Act 7 of 1918 and the case is not one of succession by virtue of which the provisions of sub-s. ( 4) of s. 25 are rendered applicable. Prima facie, the assessee was entitled to the benefit o~ s. 25 (3) i.e. it was exempted from payment of tax in respect of the income, profits and gains earned by carrying on business for the period between the end of the previous year and the date of discontinuance of the business. This Court observed in Commissioner of fllcome-tax, Bombay City I v. Chugantlas anti Co. (1 ) that the exe111ption under s. 25 ( 3) is not restricted only to income on which tax was payable under the head "Profits and gains of business. profession or vocation" under the Act of 1918. Counsel for the assessee contended that even though under the Act of 1918 capital gain was not charged to tax under the Income-tax Act, 1922, as amended i11 1947, si11ce capital gains ea.med by the assessee form part of the income of the assess~ a~ defined in s. 2 ( 6C) of the Act, and are on that account exigible to tax as income of the business, the assessee is .entitled to the benefit of exemption prescribed by s. 25 ( 3) of the Act.
Counsel for the Commissioner contended that on income earned from business which is discontinued, the assessee is entitled to exemption from payment of tax for the period during -which the business was carried on in the year in which the business was discontinued. He conceded that income which qualifies for exemption is income earned by carrying on business and not merely income computed for purposes of tax under s. 10 of the Act, but he contended that the exemption does not apply to receipts which are not earned by carrying on the business. and are only fictionally deemed. income for th~ purp?sc of the Tncom7tax Act. He said that in any even~ cap1t11l gams cannot be said to be income resulting from the activity styled "business", and on that account capital gains are not admissible to exemption under s. 25 (3) of the Act.
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(t)[!964J 8S.CR. 33~~SSLl.R. 17
KIL!.ICK NIXON & CO. v. C.I.T. (Shah, J.1
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A Clwgandas & Company's case(') has, in our judgment, no application to the present case. In that case the assessee firm was charged to tax on its income from business under the Indian Income-tax Act, 1918. The assessee firm discontinued iLs business on June 30, 1947, and in respect of interest on securitic' which formed part of the assessee's business income, exemption ll was claimed under s. 25 ( 3). This Court accepted the contention of the assessee. It was observed at p. 338 :
E It is not necessary for the purpose of these appeals to decide whether an assessee is entitled to exemption under s. 25(3) in respect of a receipt which was not chargeable as inco.me under the Act of 1918, for, in our view, capital gains though they arr income within the meaning of s. 2(6C) as incorporated by Act 7 of 1939, and modified by Act XXII of 1947, are not income earned from trading activity carried on by an assessee, and therr F fore cannot be admitted to exemption under s. 25(3).
In Commissioner of lncome·tax, Madms v. Express Nell's· papers Ltd. (') this Court expounded the true nature of capital gaias at p. 202 : ·
G "Under that section ( s. 128) the tax shall be payable by the assessee under the head 'capital gains' in respet of any profits or gains arising from the sale of a capital asset effected during the prescribed period. lt says frther that such profits or gains shall be deemed to be mcome of the previous year in which the sale etc., H took J?lace. This deeming clause does not lift the capital gams from the sixth head in section 6 and place it ___ under the fourth head. lt only introduces a limited tli 11964] 8S.C.R. 332: s51.r.R. 17 (2i[l964]8S.C. R.189:53 l.T.R.250
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SUPRBMB COURT RBPOllT~
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A fiction, namely, that capital · gains "accrued will be deemed to be income of the previous year in which the sale was effected. This fiction does not make them the profits or gains of the buSines.~."
Ca pita! gaim by the definition under s. 2 ( 6C) are income, and they are liable to tax by virtue of s. 6 read withs. 12B; and if they B are not income arising from a trading activity, the benefit of exemption from taxability arising from the discontinuance of the business will not, in our judgment, be available in respect of that head of income. It is only income which is earned by carrying on business which is entitled to exemption under s. 25 (3) and capital gains not being income which arise from trading activity, they are not entitled to exemption. c Both the appeals therefore fail and are dismissed with costs. V .P .S. A ppea/s dismissed.
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1 issue framed by the court
Whether capital gains assessed under s. 12B are exempt under s. 25(3) on discontinuance of business.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay City I v. Chugandas & Co.Referred¶113
[1964] 8 S.C.R. 332 · Who else cites this
Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras v. Express Newspapers Ltd.Relied on¶119
[1964] 8 S.C.R. 189 · Who else cites this
5 provisions across 1 enactments
Messrs Killick Nixon & Company
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay
J. C. Shah
S. M. Sikri
V. Ramaswami
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
