Dismissed¶133

Indore Malwa United Mills v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, (Central) Bombay

Supreme Court19 Nov 19651965 INSC 257 · [1966] 2 S.C.R. 6511965 INSC 257

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

Indore Malwa United Mills v. Commissioner of Income-tax (Central) Bombay, Supreme Court, November 19, 1965 (Bachawat J.; Civil Appeals Nos. 1006-1011 of 1963): receipt of payment by cheque sent by post - post office as creditor's agent; non-resident assessee; taxable receipt on posting of cheques in British India; s. 4(1)(a), s. 66(1) and s. 66(4) Indian Income-tax Act 1922; Revenue allowed to raise new contention at reference stage; implied agreement to send cheques by post; relied on Ogale Glass Works, Jagdish Mills, Norman v. Ricketts, Thirlwall; distinguished New Jehangir Vakil Mills and Keshav Mills; appeals dismissed with costs.

What did the court decide?

Appeals dismissed with costs, one set (against the appellant assessee). ¶133

Indore Malwa United Mills versus Commissioner of Income-Tax… — Income Tax | Supreme Court (1966)

What the court decided

AI extract

Outcome

Appeals dismissed with costs, one set (against the appellant assessee).

¶133

Issue for consideration

Whether the post office was the agent of the assessee to receive the cheques representing the sale proceeds on its behalf, and whether the assessee consequently received the sale proceeds through its agent in British India. +1 more

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Court's answer

If by an agreement, express or implied, between creditor and debtor, or by a request, express or implied, by the creditor, the debtor is authorised to pay the debt by a cheque sent to the creditor by post, the post office is the agent of the creditor to receive the cheque and the creditor receives payment as soon as the cheque is posted to him.

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Ratio / Principle

Where the question of law referred to the High Court is the broad question whether the assessee is liable to tax on the ground that the sale proceeds including profits were received in British India, the Revenue authorities may be permitted to argue for the first time at the hearing of the reference, on the facts found by the Tribunal, that the post office was the assessee's agent and that the sale proceeds were received in British India where the cheques were posted.

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Key takeaways

Clause 9 of the contract read with the prescribed bill form and the payment instructions showed an implied agreement that the Government of India would send the cheques by post; the Government was entitled to ignore the assessee's subsequent request for cheques on an Indore bank, and the assessee received payment of the price as and when the cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay were posted in British India in accordance with the contract.ratio¶111
The post office was the agent of the assessee for receiving the cheques; the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques were posted; consequently the profits in respect of the sales were taxable under s. 4(1)(a) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, and the High Court rightly answered the question in the affirmative.ratio¶116

Detailed headnote1 paragraphs

Non-resident assessee manufacturing textiles at Indore (then an Indian State) supplied goods to the Indian Stores Department, Government of India, which paid by crossed cheques drawn on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay and posted to the assessee at Indore. Held: (i) where the referred question is the broad one whether the sale proceeds including profits were received in British India, the Revenue could argue for the first time at the hearing of the reference that the post office was the assessee's agent; (ii) where by express or implied agreement or request the debtor is authorised to pay by cheque sent by post, the post office is the creditor's agent and payment is received on posting; (iii) clause 9 of the contract, the prescribed bill form and the payment instructions disclosed an implied agreement that cheques would be sent by post; the Government could ignore the assessee's later request for cheques on an Indore bank, and receipt occurred when the cheques were posted in British India; the profits were taxable under s. 4(1)(a), Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. Ogale Glass Works, Jagdish Mills, Norman v. Ricketts and Thirlwall relied on; New Jehangir Vakil Mills and Keshav Mills distinguished. Appeals dismissed with costs.

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INDORE MALWA UNITED MILLS

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COMMISSIONER OF INCOME·TA:X, (CENTRAL) BOMBAY

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November 19, 1965

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[A. K. SARKAR, J. R. MUDHOLKAR AND R. S. BACHAWAT, JJ.]

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Income-tax Act, 1922, s. 4(1) (9)-Assessee a non-resident-Receiving cheques by post from Government of India-Post office whether agent of assessee or of Government of India-Income whether taxable in British India.

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The appellant-company carried on the business of manufacturing textile goods at Indore and had offices at Indore and Bombay. During its account years 1942 to 1947 it supplied goods to the Indian Stores c Department, Government of India. The purchase orders were placed by the latter with the appellant at Indore which was !hen in an Indian State. On receipt of bills from the appellant the Government of India used to draw cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, in favour of the appellant and used to send them by post to the appellant at Indore. The appellant used to deposit the cheques with the Imperial Bank of India Indora for the purpose of realisation from the Reserve D Bank of India. In connection with the assessment years 1943-44 to 1948-49 the question that arose in 'income-tax proceedings was whether the profits of the appellant-a non-resident-in respect of the supplies were received by the appellant in British India and therefore taxable under s. 4(1) (a) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. The departmental authorities held that the payment was received by the appellant at Bombay where the cheques were e11cashed but the Appellate Tribunal took the view that the payment was received at Indore. In reference the E High Court held on the basis of this Court's decision in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Kirloskar Bros. Ltd. (1954) 25 I.T.R. 547 which had meanwhile been delivered that the cheques \Vere received by the assessee through its agent, the post office in British India and further held that the Revenue authorities were entitled to raise the contention for the llr!t time in the High Court. With certificate the appellant came to this Court.

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F HELD: (i) Whereas in the present case the question of law in issue between the parties and referred to the High Court is the broad question whether or not the assessee is liable to pay tax on the ground that the sale proceeds including the profits of the sale were received by the assessee in British India, the Revenue authorities may be. permitted to argue for the first time at the hearing of the reference that on the facts folllld by the Tribunal, the post office was the. agent of the assessee for the purpose of receiving the cheques repre'>enting the sale proceeds and the asscssee G received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques! were posted though this aspect of the question was not argued before the Tribunal and though the, only point the_-e argued was that the proceeds we:~ received at Bombay where the cheques were encashed. (655 HJ

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Commissioner of Income-tax v. Mis. Ogale Glass Works Ltd. [1955] 1 S.C.R. 185, Zorasw & Co. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, [1961] 1 S.C.R. 210 and Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Scindia Steam H Navigation Co. Ltd., [1962] 1 S.C.R. 788, referred to.

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The New lahanglr Vakil Mills Ltd. v. Commission.r of Income-tax [1960] 1 S.C.R. 249 and Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, [1965] 2 S.C.R. 908, di•tinguished.

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(1%6] 2 S.C.R.

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SUPREME COURT .R.EPOllTS

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652

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(ii) If by an agreement, express or implied, between the creditor A and the debtor or by request, express or implied, by the crediior, the debtor is authorised to pay the debt by a cheque and to send the cheque to the creditor by post, the po•t office is the agent of the creditor to receive tlte cheque and the creditor receives payment as soon as the cheque is posted to him. (656 G] Commissioner of Income-tax v. Mis. Ogale Glass Works Ltd., (1955) I S.C.R. 185, Jagdish Mills Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, B [1960) I S.C.R. 236, Norman v. Ricketts, ( 1886) 3 Times Law Reports 182 and Thairlwa/l v. The Great Northern Railway, [1910) 2 K.B. 509, relied on. (iii) In the in.slant case cl. 9 of the terms and conditions of the contract read with the prescribed form of the bills and the instructions regarding payment showed that the parties had agreed that the assessee would submit to the Government of India, Department of Supply, New c Delhi, bills in the prescribed form requesting payment of the price of the supplies by cheques together with signed receipts and the Government of India would pay the price by crossed cheques drawn in favour of the assessee. Having regard to the fact that the assessee. was at Indore and the Supply Department of the Government of India was at New Delhi, the parties must have intended that the Government would send till> cheques to the assessee by post from New Delhi, and this inference was supported by the fact the cheques used to be sent to the assessee by D post. In the circumstances there was an implied agreement between the parties that the Government of India would send the cheques by post. The Government of India was entitled to ignore the subsequ0'1t request of the assessee fur cheques on an Indore bank and the asscssce recei~ed payment of the price as and when the Cbe<Jues on the Reserve Bank of India Bombay, were posted in British India in accordance with the contract. (657 D; 658 A] Thalrlwall v. The Great Narthern Railway, (1910) 2 K.B. 509 and • Commissioner of Income-tax v. Patney cl Co. (1959) 36 I.T.R. 488, referred to. On the above view the profits in respect of the sales were taxable tinders. 4(l)(a) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. Crvru APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 10061011 of 1963. F Appeal from the judgment and order dated September 25, 1959 of the Bombay High Court in Income-tax Reference No. 36 of 1955. G. S. Pathak, B. Dutta, R. J. Ko/ah and J.B. Dadachanji, for the appellant. G Niren De, Addi. Solicitur-General, Gopal Singh and R. N. Sachthey, for the respondent.

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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by Bacbawat, J. These appeals arise out of proceedings for assessment of income-tax of the appellant Company (hereinafter H referred to as the assessee) for the assessment years, 1943-44, 1944-45, 1945-46, 1946-47, 1947-48 and 1948-49, the relevant

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INDORE MILLS v. C.I.T. (Bachawat, J.)

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653

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A accounting years being the Calendar years, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1946 and 1947 respectively.

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During the relevant accounting years, the assessee was a nonresident. It carried on the business of manufacturing textile goods at Indore then situated in an Indian State, and had offices at Indore and Bombay. The assessee supplied goods to the B Indian Stores Department, Government of India, under purchase orders placed by the latter with the assessee at Indore. Duplicate copies of the purchase orders signed on behalf of the assessee at Indore used to be sent to the Government of India in British India. The goods used to be inspected at Indore by an inspecting officer c of the Government and the inspection certificates were issued at Indore. One of the conditions of the contract was that the delivery would be F.O.R., Indore, and the freight from Indore would be borne by the Government of India. The goods used to be despatched by railway from Indore station and the railway receipts used to be made out in the name of a representative of the Gov- D ernment. There were two types of purchase orders, namely, ( 1) purchasewar order and (2) bulk purchase order. Clause 9 of the bulk purchase order was in these terms :

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"9. Payment : Unless otherwise agreed between the parties, payment for the delivery of the stores will be made on submission of bills in the prescribed form in E accordance with the instructions given in the Acceptance of Tender by cheque on a Government Treasury in British India or on a branch in British India of the Reserve Bank of India or the Imperial Bank of India transacting Government business."

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F From the judgment of K. T. Desai, J. it appears that in the High Court both parties agreed that the aforesaid cl. 9 was one of the terms on which all the goods were supplied by the assessee. In paragraph 2 of the petition for leave to appeal to this Court and paragraph 3 of the appellant's statement of case also, the assessee stated that the contracts between the parties were subject to the G aforesaid cl. 9. The prescribed form of the bill (Form No. WSB. 116) which the assessee was required to submit to the Government of India, Department of Supply, contained inter alia, the following receipt clause :

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',Receivedpayment	oneanna receipt stampon original	Please to -~~!_	pay by cheque _.on Ba~~-
	only	Bank	Treasury
Contractor's signature		at.......... Contractor	........... 'ssignature."

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SUPREME COURT ll.EPOll.TS [1966] 2 S.C.R.

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654

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Instructions Nos. 13 and 14 with regard to payment were as follows :

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"13. If payment is desired to be made to the Contractor's Bankers or other parties, the endorsement must be completed on the Bill Form (W.S.B. Form No. 116) and signed separately and the word 'Self scored out; in addition, a power of attorney will be necessary in such cases, except when payment is desired to a Bank mentioned in the second schedule to the Reserve Bank Act.

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Payment in all cases will be made to the Contractors by the Accounts Officer named in the Acceptance of Tender by means of crossed cheques, unless a specific request is made to the contrary for the issue of an open cheque on the bill."

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The asscssee used to make out bills in the prescribed form. The receipt clause in the completed bill used to be in the following terms : "Please pay by cheque to self on a bank at Indore."

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The receipt clause in the bill used to be signed in advance on behalf of the assessee on a one anna stamp. The bills with the signed receipts of the assessee then used to be sent to the Controller of Supplies, New Delhi after the latter was debited with the amounts of the bills in the books of the assessee. On receipt of the bills, the Government of India used to draw cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay in favour of the assessee and used to send them by post to the assessee at Indore. On receipt of the cheques, the assessee used to credit the Controller of Supplies in its books with the amount of the cheques, _and then used to deposit the cheques in their account with the Imperial Bank of India, Indore, and thereupon, the Bank used to credit the assessee in the aforesaid account with the amount of the cheques.

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The question is whether on these facts the profits of the assessee, a non-resident, in respect of the supplies were received by. the assessee in British India and, therefore, taxable under s. 4(1)(a) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. Before the Appellate Tribunal and at all stages of the assessment proceedings, the contention of the revenue authorities was that the profits· were received at Bombay where the cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay were encashed. By its order dated March 13, 1953, the Appellate Tribunal negatived this contention, and held that the amounts of the cheques were received by it at Indore. On the application of the Commissioner of Income-tax, Central

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INDORE MILLS v. C.I. T. (Bachawat, J.)

655

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A Bomba)' under s. 66 ( 1) of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922, the Tribunal by its order dated March 4, 1955 referred the following question of law to the Bombay High Court :

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"Whether the assessee Company is liable to pay tax

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in the taxable territories on the ground that the sale

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B proceeds, which included the profit element therein, were received in the taxable territories ?"

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In its order dated March 4, 1955, the Tribunal referred to the decision of this Court in Commission.er of Income-tax v. Kirlpskar BrQ3. Ltd.(') decided on April 19, 1954, and stated that on the C facts of the case, a contention might arise that the assessee had requested the Government to send the cheque by post and the post office as the agent of the assessee, had received the cheques in British India, but the Tribunal pointed out that this contention had not been raised before it.

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The reference under s. 66 ( 1) was heard by a Division Bench D of the Bombay High Court consisting of J. C. Shah and S. T. Desai, JJ. J. C. Shah, J. answered the question referred to the High Court in the affirmative, whereas S. T. Desai, J. answered it in the negative. The matter then went before the third Judge, K. T. Desai, J. who agreed with J. C. Shah, J. and answered the E question in the affirmative. The majority of the Judges held that the cheques were received by the assessee through its agent, the post office in British India and the Revenue authorities were entitled to urge this contention for the first time in the High Court. The assessee now appeals to this Court on a certificate granted by the Bombay High Court.

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F In the appeals before us, the following two questions arise : (1 ) Was the post office the agent of the assessee to receive the cheques representing the sale proceeds on its behalf, and did the a5sessee consequently receive the sale proceeds through its agent in British India; and (2) whether the Revenue authorities could raise this contention for the first time at the hearing of the referG ence before the High Court, though this contention was not raised by it before the Tribunal or at any stage of the assessment proceedings?

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Where, as in this case, the question of law in issue between the parties and referred to the High Court is the board question li whether or not the assessee is liable to pay tax on the ground that the sale proceeds including the profits of the sale were received

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(I} (1954) 25 I.T.R. 547.

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656

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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[1966] 2 S.C.R.

by the assessee in British India, the Revenue authorities may be A permitted to argue for the first time at the hearing of the reference that on the facts found by the Tribunal, the post office was the agent of the assessee for the purpose of receiving the cheques representing the sale proceeds and the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques were posted, though B this aspect of the question was not argued before the Tribunal and though the only point there argued was that the sale proceeds were received at Bombay where the cheques were encashed. See The Commissioner of lncome-tax v. Messrs. Ogale Glass Works Ltd(¹ ) Zoraster & Co. v. Commissioner of Income-tax(² ). See also Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Scindia Steam Navi- c gation Co. Ltd. (⁸ ). The decision in The New lehangir Vakil Mills Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax(') relied on by the assessee is distinguishable. There, the question of law referred to the High Court was "Whether the receipt of the cheques at Bhavnagar amounted to receipt of sale proceeds in Bhavnagar ?", and this question was not broad enough to cover the enquiry D whether there were postings of the cheques at the request of the assessee and receipts of the cheques by the assessee through the post office in .British India. The precise point decided by this Court in the New lehangir Vakil Mills'(') case was that the High Court has no jurisdiction under s. 66 ( 4) to direct the Tribunal to collect evidence not already on the record and to make it a E part of a supplementary statement of case, and this decision was fo1Iowed and affirmed recently in Keshav Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of lncome-tax("). But, in the instant case, the High Court did not call for any supplementary statement of case. Nor is the question of law refered in this case a narrow one as in tl;te New /ehangir Vakil Mills' case(') so as to exclude consideration P of the contention that the assessee received the sale proceeds through its agent, the post office in British India. We are, therefore, satisfied that the Revenue authorities can raise this contention for the first time in the High Court.

The next question is whether the post office was the agent of the assessee to receive the cheques representing the sale proceeds and whether the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques were posted. Now, if by an agreement, express or implied, between the creditor and the debtor or by a request, express or implied, by the creditor, the debtor is authorised to pay the debt by a cheque and to send the cheque to the creditor

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(I} [19SSJ 1 S.C.R. 185. (3) [1962) I S.C.R. 788, 814.

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(2) (1961) I S.C.R. 210.

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(4) [1960) I S.C.R. 249:

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(5) [1965] 2 S.C.R. 908.

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INDORE MILLS v. C.I.T. (Bachawat, J.)

657

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A by post, the post office is the agent of the creditor to receive the cheque and the creditor receives payment as soon as the cheque is posted to him. See The Commissioner of Income-tax v. Messrs. Ogale Glass Works Ltd.(¹ ), Jagdish Mills Ltd. v. The Commissioner of lnce>me-tax(') approving Norman v. Ricketts(³ ), Thairlwall v. The Great Northern Railway('). In Messrs. Oga/e Glass

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B Works' case('), there was an express request by the assessee at Aundh to its debtor in Delhi to remit the amount of the bills by cheques. In Jagdish Mills case(² ), there was a stipulation between the assessee and its debtor that the debtor in Delhi should pay the assessee in Baroda the amount due to the assessee by cheques, and this Court held that there was by necessary impli-

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C cation a request by the assessee to the debtor to send the cheques by post from Delhi, thus constituting the post office its agent for the purpose of receiving the payments. In the instant case, cl. 9 of the terms and conditions of the contract read with the prescribed form of the bills and the instructions regarding payment show that the parties had agreed that the assessee would submit

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D to the Government of India, Department of Supply, New Delhi, bills in the prescribed form requesting payment of the price of the supplies by cheques together with signed receipts and the Government of India WOl!lld pay the price by crossed cheques drawn in favour of the assessee. l!aving regard to the fact that the assessee

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t was at Indore and the Supply Department of the Government of India was at New Delhi, the parties must have intended that the Government would send the cheques to the assessee by post from New Delhi, and this inference is supported by the fact that the cheques used to be sent to the assessee by post. In the circumstances, there was an implied agreement between the parties

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F that the Government of India would send the cheques to the assessee by post.

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Mr. Pathak argued that the assessee had requested the Gov-

¶102

ernment to pay money by cheques on a bank at Indore and as that request was not complied with and the Government of India

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G sent instead cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, there was no effective request by the assessee to the Government to send the cheque by post. But independently of any subsequent request by the assessee, the contract between the parties authorised the Government of India to pay the price by cheques drawn on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay and imported a request by the

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H assessee to the Government of India to send the cheques by post.

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(1) [1955] 1 S.C.R. 185.

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(2) [1960] 1 S.C.R. 236. (4) [1910] 2 K.B. 509.

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(3) (1886) 3 Times Law Reports. 182.

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1966] 2 S.C.R.

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6 58

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The Government of India was entitled to ignore the subsequent request of the assessee for cheques on an Indore bank and. the assessee received payments of the price as and when the cheques on the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay were posted in British India in accordance with the contract. In Thairlwall v. Great Northern Railway(') Lord Coleridge, J. observed :

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"The real question is whether the posting of the warrant was payment of the amount of the dividend. To establish that it was, the defendants must prove a request by the plaintiff or an agreement between the plaintiff and the defendants that payment should be made by means of a warrant posted to the plaintiff. If such a request or agreement is proved, then payment is established by posting even although the instrument is lost in the post: Norman v. Rlcketts(² )."

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Mr. Pathak contended that the assesseee and the Government of India had agreed that the sale proceeds would be paid to the assessee in Indore outside British India, and therefore the rule in Messrs. Ogale Glass Works' case(') did not apply, having regard to the decision in Commission·er of Income-tax v. Patney & Co.(⁴ ). We are not inclined to accept this contention. There is nothing on the record to show that there was any express agreoment between the parties that the sale proceeds would be paid to the assessee at Indore. We are satisfied that the post office was the agent of the assessee for the purpose of receiving the cheques representing the sale proceeds and the assessee received the sale proceeds in British India where the cheques were posted, and consequently, the profits in respect of the sales were taxable under s. 4(1)(a). The High Court, therefore, rightly answered the question in the affirmative.

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Mr. Pathak and following him Mr. Kolab submitted that the assessee would have led additional evidence to disprove the contention that the post office acted as its agent, had that contention been raised before the Tribunal, and the Revenue authorities should not, therefore, have been a!lowed by the High Court to raise the new contention. On being asked what additional evidence would have been led by the assessee, counsel said that the assessee would have Jed evidence to show {a) that the purchase orders were accepted by the assessee under compulsion of the

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(2) (1886) 3 Times Law Reports 182. (4) (1959) 361.T,R. 488.

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(1) (1910) 2 K.B. 509. (3) (1955) I S.C.R. 185.

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INDORE MILLS v. C.I.T. (Bachawat, J.) 6 59

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A Defence of India Act and Rules and consequently there was no voluntary request by the assessee for payment by cheques, and (b) t!Ie Imperial Bank of India, Indore, as t!Ie statutory agent of the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay, paid t!Ie amount of the cheques to t!Ie assessee at Indore. But counsel was unable to show any provision of t!Ie Defence of India Act or Rules under B which t!Ie assessee was obliged to accept the purchase orders, and we need not, tlierefore, enquire into the correctness of counsel's assumption t!Iat acceptance of the purchase orders under compulsion of law would have negatived t!Ie contention tliat the post office acted as the agent of tlie assessee. And if the assessee received payment by cheques posted in British India, the fact tliat C subsequently t!Ie Imperial Bank of India, Indore as the statutory agent of the Reserve Bank of India, Bombay paid the amount of tlie cheques at Indore would not take tlie case of the assessee out of t!Ie purview of s. 4 (I )(a) . We are, tlierefore, satisfied that tlie assessee was not prevented from adducing any material eviD deuce by reason of the omission of the Revenue authorities to argue the new point before the Tribunal. We do not, therefore, think it necessary to express any opinion on the question whether the Court should refuse to allow the Revenue authorities to raise a new contention where by reason of tlieir omission to raise the contention before the Tribunal, the assessee had been prevented E from adducing material evidence on the point.

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In the result, the appeals are dismissed witli costs, one set.

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Appeals dismissed.

Indore Malwa United Mills v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, (Central) Bombay

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

Indore Malwa United Mills v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, (Central) Bombay

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

Why is it important?

What the court decided

Issues for consideration

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