The Court addressed the validity of Coal Mines Regulations passed without consulting a West Bengal Board. While the majority upheld the regulations, Subba Rao, J., dissented, holding that regulations affecting West Bengal were invalid because a West Bengal Board was not consulted and Section 12 consultation was mandatory prior to Section 59 regulation-making.
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This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
JHI
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904 St1PRtml: COtIBT REPORTS {1963)
M•vl.
KALIPADACHOWDHURY
!I.
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UNION OF INDIA
( B. P. Snnu, C. J., P. B. GAJ.B:NDBA.GA.DXA.B, K. SUllB.A R..i.o, K. N. W &NCHOO and J. C. SHA.H, JJ. )
Mi,.ing R.gu1ation-Mining Boards, OOMUlt.Uion wilhOtmatitution of boarda, if obligatory-&gulatiooA maM. toitlwut oonatituting Mining Boarda-Valiclit!I of- Coal Minu .RegulationA, 1957 tefl. 127 (8)-Mine• Act, 1952 (85 of 1952), ... 12, 69.
Section 12 of the Mines Act,. 1952, provides that the Central Government may constitute a Mining Board for any part of the territories to which the Act extrndcd or for any group or clasa of mine·. In 1957 only one mining board i.e. the Bihar Mining Board was in e:Wtence and other mining boards were not constituted. Section 57 empowers the Central Government to make Regulations. Section 59(3) as it then stood, provided that before the draft of any regula'tion was published it should be referred to every Min• ing Board concerned and th~t it ahall not be published uritil each such Mining Board had had a reasonable opportunity of reporting on it. The Central Government referred the draft of the (',oal Mines Regulations to the Bihar Mining Board which circulated the draft to all .the membera of the Board and the members communicated their opinions individually to the Central Government. Thereafter, the Regulations were duly published and came into force. The petitioner's, who were being prosecuted In Bengal for violation of the Regulations, contended that the Regulations were invalid as 1 (i) it was incumbent upon the Central Government under a. 12 of the Act to constitute all the Mining Boards and to refer the draft Regulations to all the Boards before they could be published under s. 59, and (ii) the communication of opinions by individual members o( the Blhar Mining Board did not amount to consultation with the Board within the meaning of s. 59(3).
Held (Per majority, Subba Rao, J., ciiaaeflling), that the Coal Mines Regulations, 1957, had been duly framed and publlahed. Section 59(3) merely provided that if a 1 Mining Board was in exiatence at the relevant time it waa ohlipl«)' Oil lhc CCAtral Government to comwt h before
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the draft· Regulation was published. But s. 12 was not mandatory and it was not obligatory on the Central Govern· m•nt to constitute any or all of the Mining Boards. There was nothing in the Act or in the context which justified reading the word "may" in s. 12 as·"shall". The Mining Board constituted under s. 12 had to perform two functions, viz., to make a report in respect of regulations or rules rcferr· ed to it and to decide cases which may be referred. to it under s. 81. The .working of the Act 1vas not dependent on the constituting of Mining Boards, This construction of s. 12 did not render the· provisions of s. 59(3) nugatory. Apart from consulting the Boards, all parties affected by the draft had an opportunity to make_ their suggestions or objections and these had to be considered before t!;e draft was settled and the regulations were finally made.
1908 Kaliflad• Cloo""""".1 •• Union of lnl.ia
Banwarilal Agarwalla v. Stat~ of Bihar, [1962J l S;C.R. 33, explained.
He/,d, further, that the requirement• of s. 59(3) had been complied with in referring the draft Regulations to the Bihar Mining Board. All that s. 59(3) required was that a reasonable opportunity should be given to the Board to make its report. How the Board chose to make its report, was not a matter which the C~ntral Government could control.
Per Subba Rao, J.-The Coal Mines.Regulations were not validly made. The Supreme Court had directly decided .in Banwarilal v. State of Bihar that the Regulations were bad as there was no consultation with any Mining Board under s. 59 (S) as . the Boards were not in existence. A fair construction of ss. I 2 and 59 ( 3) of . the Act also showed that if the Central Government wanted to make regulations under s. 57 it had to appoint Mining Board• .and to refer the regulations to. them before publication. If the Central Government wanted to exercise • the power under s. 59 it had first · to exercise the· power under s. 12. The power to make regulations was coupled with a duty to consult the Mining Boards, and to dts<iharge its duty it was incumbent upon the Central Govermnent to appoint the Mining Boards. Apart from this,· the Regul· atiom is so far as they purported to regulate· mines in West Bengal had not been validly made as· no Mining Board for the West Bengal area had been consulted before making the Regulations. The . Act did not empower . the Central Government to make regulations in regard to miri,es in one part of the country by consulting a Board constituted for another part of the Country. '
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906 SUPREME COt::RT RFPCJM'S [1963]
1161 B1111wanlal .dg11no<Ula v. Stau q/ Bihar. [ 1962] I S. c. Kolil~.1 . R. 33, followed. rr.;;qf1"41• Akoc.1: Aahdown It Co. v. The Chief Revmu AuUwrity, Bombay, A. I. R. 1923 P. C. 138, referred to. ORIGINAL JumsDIOTION : Criminal Appeal Writ Petition No. 15 of 1962
Petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution of India for the enforoement of Fundamental Right.a.
B. Sen andK. L. Halhi for the petitioner.
C. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General of India, B. R.L. Iyengar and R.H. DMbar, for the respondents.
S. Chaudhury, S. C. Banerjee and P. K. Chatt£rjee for the Intervener.
Goi<ndra'}al>.or J. GAJENDRAGADKAR, J .-The four petitionel'll who are in charge of the working of the mine owned by the colliery known as Sa.lanpur '•A". Sea.m Colliery in the District of Burdwan, are being prosecuted for tbe alleged oontraventiori of the provisions of Hegulation 127(3) of the Coal Mines Hegula.tions, 1957, framed under the Mines Act, 1952 (35 of 1952! (hereinafter called the Act). By their petition filed under Art. 32 of the Constitution, the petitioners pray that an order or writ in the nature of prohibition should be ill81led quashing the said criminal proceedings on the ground that the said proceedings contravene Art. 21)( l) of the Constitution and as such, are void. To this petition have been impleatlcd as opponents 1 to 4, the Union of India, the Chief Inspector of Min011, Dhanbad (W.B.), the Regional Inspector of Mines, Sitarampur and the Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Aaanaol, respectively. The proseoution of
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 907
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the petitioners has Mmmenoed at the instance of opponens 2 a.nd 3 and the case against .tem i~ ·being tried by opponent No. 4. The pet1t1oners contention is that Regulation No. 127(3) whose alleged contravention ,has given rise to the present proceedis against them is invald, uUra vires ~r;id inoperative and so, the prosecution of the pet1t10ners contravenes Art. 20( 1) of the Constitution. It is on this basis that they want the said proceedings to be qua.shed and ask for an order restraining opponents 2 and 8 from proceeding with the case and opponent No. 4 from trying it. The case in question is C. 783 of 1961 pending in the court of opponent No. 4.
Ka!ipada Chowdhury v. Union of India
G•jendra1adka1 J.
Regulation 127(3) is a. pa.rt.of the Coal Mines Regulations framed by opponent No. 1 in exercise of the powers conferred ·upon it by section 57 of the Aot, the same having been previously published as required, by sub-section (1) of s. 59 of the said Act.· Regulation 127(3) provides that no working which hag approached wit,hin a distance of 6tl metres of any disused or abandoned workings (not being workings which have been examined and found to be free from accumulation of water or other liquid matter), whether in the same mine or in an adjoining mine, shall . be extended further except with · the prior permission in writing of the Chief Inspector and subject to such conditions as he may specify therein. There is a proviso ·and explanation attached to this provision, but it is unnecessary to refer to them. The ca8e against the petitioners is that they have contravened the provisions of Regulation 127(3) in that they extended the working of the mine further than the permitted limits without the prior permission in writing of opponent No. 2. The petitioners' case is that this Regulation is invalid and inoperative and so, its contravention cannot validly be made
908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963]
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Xa'ifJrida CJt<,wdhuT' •• Un;on of Tntlia
Gafendrag?d~ar J,
the basis of their prosecution having regard to the provisions of Art. 20(1) of the Constitution.
Ac<'ording to the petitioners, opponent No. 1 is no doubt conferred with the power of making Regulations under s. 57 of the Act, buts. 59(3), as it stood at the rfolevant time, has imposed an obJi. gation on opponent No. I that the draft of the ea.id Regulations shall not be publishPd unless the Mining Boards therein specified have had a reason· able opportunity of reportinl!' to It as to the expediency of making the Regulations in question and· as to the suitability of its provisions. The petitioners a.liege that at the relevant time, when the Regulations were made in 1957, no Mining Bo11rds had been established under s. 12 of the Act. Three Boards had been established under s. IO of the Indian Mines Act of 1923, but as a result of the subsequent amendments made in the provisions of s. 10, the composition of two of the said Boards became invalid with the result that two of them could not bf" treated as Boards validly constituted. These invalid Boards were the Madh.va Pradesh Mining Board and the West Bengal Mining Board. A third Boa.rd existed at the relevant time and that is. the Bihar Minin!!' Board. This Board had been constituted on the 22nd February, 1946 und"r s. 10 of the earlier Aot as it then stood. The petititioners' case is that it was obligatory for opponent No. I to consult all the throe Boards and since to out of the three Boards were not properly constituted, the fact that reference was ma.de to the individual members of the said two invalid Boards did not satisfy the requirement of s. 59(3). According to the petition, a. reference was made to the Biha.r Mining Board, but the Board did not make a. report to opponent No. I as a Board but its individual members communicated their opinions to opponent No. I. Therefore, on the whole, s. 59(3) hau not been complioJ 1vith and that makes the whole body
909
SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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of Regulations issued in 1957 invalid and inopera· tive. That, in brief, is the basis on which the peti: tioners want the criminal proceedings vending against them to be qua8hed.
The respondents dispute the main contention of the petitioners that s. 59(3) has not been com· plied with. According to them, H. 59( 3) has been duly complied with and the Regulations made are valid. The respondents concede that two of the three existing Boards were invalid; but their case is that it is only the validly existing Board that had to be consult.ad and the Bihar Mining Board, which was the validly existing Board at the rele· vantr time, had been duly consulted. The respon· dents allege that the fact that individual members of the Bihar Mining Board communicated their opinions to opponent No. 1 does not introduce any infirmity in the Regulations which were ~ubsequ ently published in the Gazette and which, under s. 59(5) have, in consequence, the effect as if enacted in the Act.
1962
Kali'pada Choudhury Y. Union of lndi4
Gojendragadkar J.
On behalf of the petitioners, Mr. Sen con·. tends thats. 59(3) imposes an obligation on-the Central Government to consult the Boards therein specified and he argues that reading s. 12 of the Act in ~he light of s. 59(3), it followq that the Cen· tral Government bas to constitute Mining Boards for the areas or mines in respect of which the Regulations are intended to be made and since two of the Boards had not been validly constituted, s. 12 had not been complied with and s. 59(3) had been contravened. Mr. Sen suggested that his contention about the mandatory character of the provisions contained in sections 12 and 59(3) is concluded by a rec1Jnt decision of this Court. On the other hand, the learned Solicitor ·General for the respondents contends that the said decision has no material or direct bearing on the question about the construction of s. 12. He concedes that
910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963]
1962 the said decision has concluded the point that the requirement of s. 59(3) is mandatory. It is, there· alipoda Chowdhur,J . •. fore, necessary, in the first instance, to exmine the Union of I ndin effect of the said decision. Gaje.dragadkarJ. In "Banwari Lal Agarwalla v. State of Bihar'' (1 ), this Court bad occasion to consider the validity of the prosecution launched against the appellant on the.ground pf the contravention of one of the Regulations ma.de in 1957. It appears that in that case, the respondents stated before the Court that the Mining Boards constituted under s.10 of the Act of 1923 were continuing to operate at the time the relevant Regulations were framed and that there was full consultation with the said Mining Boards before the said Regulations were framed. The respondents, no doubt, contended that. s.59(3) was directory and not mandatory and according to them, no obligation had been imposed upon the Central Gover!JmPnt to consult Mining Boards even if they were in existBnce. Alternatively, it was suggested that the i\lining Boards which had been constituted under the earlier Act were continued under the A<lt by virtue of s. '24 of the Genera.I Clauses Act and that the said Boards had been duly consulted. On the other hand, the appellant urged that the Boards to which the respondents referred were not validly contituted under the Act and bad not been properly ronsulted. It was also argued on his behalf that both sections 12 and 59(3) were mandatory. It is in the light of th~se facts th:it the effect of the decision of this Court in Banwari Lal's case(') has to be appreciated.
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Das Gupta., J., who spoke for the Court set out in his judgment the argument of the appellant that both sections 12 and 59 were mandatory, but, as the judgment shows, the Court considered tha question as to whether s.59 (3) was mandatory and came to Pl 11962) 1s.c.R.33,
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 911
19~1 -- di Kalip ... da ('/ww .ur.} , . Union •f India
the concluion that it was. The Court did not con· sider whether s.12 was mandatory and in the course o the judgment, there is no reference f at all either to te questian of construing s.12 or to its ffect. Havmg held that s.59 (3) was mandatory, the Court reman ed the case to the learned Magistrate before d w.hom. the proceedings were pending with a d1rect10n that he should ·try the issue as to whether the Boards constituted under the earlier Act validly functioned under the Act and whether they had been duly consulted. It would be noticed that if the Court had considered the .question .about the mandatory charaoter of the provisions· of s.12, it would have construed ·the said provi8ions and would have addressed itself to the question as to whether the failure of the Central Government to constitute valid Boards as suggested by the appellant in that case itself. made the impugned Regulation invalid. This course was not adopted obviously for the reason that the respondents pleaded that the requisite Boards were in existence and had· been consulted and , so, the controversy between the parties was narrowed down to the question as to whether s. 59 (3) requires that the Central Governments must consult existing Boards or not. Apparen- · tly, the respondents contended that even if Boards have been constituted under s.12, it is not obligatory on the Central Government' to consult them under • s.59(3). The requirement about the said consulta· ti on is directory and not mandatory. It is this con· tention which has been rejected by the Court and havin'g held that s.59(3)· was mandatory and that existing Boards must be consulted before Hegulations are framed, the question of fact which ihen fell to be considered was remitted to the trial Magistrate for his decision. . Therefore, we are satisfied that the effect of the decision of this Court in Banwari Lal Agarwalla's case is that if a Board is in existence at the relevant time, it is obligatory on the Central Government to consult it before a draft
Gojaidragadkar -- J.
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912 SUPREME CX>URT REPORTS (1963]
190• Regulation is published and in that sense s.59(3) is mandatory. It would, we think, pot be right to Kolipah CMwdltur' v. assume that the contention of appellant that s.12 llni.otr t1f India like s.59(3} is mandatory was decided without discus- Gafentl•attlflAar J. sing the question about its construction and its effect. The facts pleaded hy the respondents in that case made it unneceBBary to decide the appellant's contention based on the mandatory character of s.12. Therefore, we do not.think Mr. Sen is justified in contending that the point which he seeks to raise in the present appeal about the effect of s.12 is concluded by the decision in Banwari Lal Agarwalla's case. That being so, we must proceed to examine Mr. Sens contention on the merits.
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At this stage, it is nece888.ry to read both sections 12 and 59. Section 12 deals with the constitution of Mining Boards. Section 12( l) provides tb~t the Central Government may oonstitute for any part of the territories to which the Act extends, or for any group or class of mines, a Mining Board consisting of seven persons as specified in clauses (a) to(e). The point which calls for our decision is whether the first part of s.12(1) imposes· an obligation on the Central Government to constitute Board when it is proposed to make &gulations to which s.59(3) applies.
Section 59 as it stood in the Act prior to its amendment in 1959 read thus:-
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made will be taken. under oonsideration, , shall not be. less than three months from the date on which the draft of the proposed regulations or rules is published for general information.
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1!62
KalipadiJ CAou:dhury •• Union of India
GojendrtJgadka1 J.
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914 SUPREME COURT RE.PORTS [1963]
1961
KaliP•rl.s Chowdhury •• Union of India
Caje11drag!ldka., J.
The petitioners' contention is that in construing section 12, we must have regard to the provisions. of s.59(3).
By an amendment made in I 9f.9 by Act 62 of 1959, sub. s(3) of B. 59 has been deleted and combined provision is made both for regulations and rules by sub-section (4) by making a suita.blo amendment in the said sub-section so as to include both regulation~ and rules within its scope. Sub-section (4) thus amended reads thus:
"59(4). No regulation or rule shall be made unleSB the draft thereof has been referred to every Mining Board constituted in th11t part of the territories to which this Act extends which is affected by the regulation or rule anq unleBB each such Board has had a reasonable opportunity of reporting as to the expediency of making the same and as to the suitability of its provisions."
Before construing s.12, it may be useful to refer to the relevant provisions of the Act which confer power on or assign some duties or functions to the said Boards. Section 14(1) provides inter alia that a. Board constituted under a. 12 may exercise such of the powers of an Inspector under this Act a.s it thinks neoeseary or expedient to exeroise for the purpose of deciding or reporting upon any matter referred to it. 8ection 14(2) confers upon the Boa.rd the pow.era of a Civil Court for the purposes therein specified. It would thus be seen that the Boards constituted under s. 12 may have occasion
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS
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either to make a report · in respect of regulations or rules referred to them under s. 59, or they may have to decide cases sent to them under s. 81. Section 59 which speaks of reference of the rules and regulations to the Boards has already been cited. Section 81( l) provides that if the court trying any case instituted at the instance of the Chief Inspector or other officers therein specified is of opinion tliat the case is one which should, in lieu of a prosecution, be referred to a Mining Board, it may stay the criminal proceedings, and report the matter to the Central Government with a. view to such reference being niade. Section 81(2) authorises the Central Government either to refer the case to the Mining Board· or to direct the· court to proceed with the trial.· Thrts, if the Central Govern· ment decides to refer a pending criminal case to the Board, the Board has to decide it. That is the two-fold function which may be assigned· to the Board under provisions of the Act.
1962
Kalipada Chowdlu.r; v. Union OJ·lndia
Gaiendrr gadl ar J
Mr. Sen contends that if s. 59(3) is mandatory, it follows that consultation with •the relevant Board was treated as essential by the legislature before the Central Government finalised the regulations ; and from this obligation imposed by s. 59(3), it must follow as a corollary that the relevant Boards must be.constituted by the Central Government under s. 12. In other words, the argument is that s. 59(3) postulates the existence of the ·relevant . Boards and makes it obligatory on the Central Government to. consult them and this can be satillfied only if the Central Government is compelled to constitute Boards under section 12. Prima facie, there is some force in this contention: .But, on the other hand, if s. 59(3) is read as imposing an obligation' on the, Central Government to consult the Board if it is in existence, then no corollary would follow from the mandatory character of the said provision as
916 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963]
19111
KaiiJada Cltowihur7 v. Unicn of India
is suggested by Mr. Sen. Section 59(3) as it stooci before the amendment of 1959, provides that every Mining Board which, in the opinion of the Central Government, is concerned with the subject dealt with by the regulation, Rhall be consulted ; and this means that there should be a Mini11g Board before it is consulted and that the said Mining Board should, in the opinion of the Central Government, be concerned with the subject dealt with by the regulation, This provision does not mean tlaat a Mining Board muat be constituted, for that is the subject-matter of the provisions contained in s. 12. If s. 12 is not mandatory, then s. 59(11) muat be read in the light of the position that it is open to the Central Government to constitute the Board or not to constitute it, and that being so, s. 59(3) would then mean only this and no more that if the Board is in existence and it is concerned with the subject, it must be consulted.
Similarly, s. 59(4) as it stands after the amendment of 1959, requires that 'the dr!!oft of the rule or regulation shall be referred to every Mining Board constituted in that part of the territories to which the Act exteuds which is affected by the regulation or rule. Thlit again means no more than this that if a Board is constituted in the part of the territories which is affected by the regulation, it shall be consulted. It is not as if this construction adds any words in s. 59(3) or s. 59(4); it merely proceeds on the basis that s.12( 1) is not mandatory. Therefore, in our opinion, in construing s. 12 (I) it would not be logical to assume thats. 59(3) or e.59(4) imposes an obligation on the Central Government to constitute a Board, because as we have just indicated the constitution of the Boards is not the subject·matter of s.59 (ii) or s. 59 (4); that is the subje<lt-matter of s. 12 and, so, whether or not it is obligatory on
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the Central Government to constitute a Board must be determined in the light of the construction of s. 12.
. Reverting then to the material words used in s. 12 itself, if, it seems clear that the said· words do not permit the construction for which Mr. Sen contends. It is not disputed that the context may justify the view that the use of the word "may" means "shall''; but if we substitute the word" shall" for "may" in s. 12(1), it would be apparent that the argument about the mandatory character of the provisions of s. ·12(1) would just not work. To say that the Central Government shall constitute for any part of the territories to which the Act extends or for any group or class of.mines a Mining Board, would emphatically b"ing out the contradiction ·between the obligation sought to be introduced by the use of the word "shall" and the obvious dis' oretion left to the Central Government to constitute the Board for any part of the territories or any group or class of mines. The discretion left to the Central Government in the matter of constitution of Boards which is so clearly writ large in the operative part of the said provision indicates that in the context, ••may" cannot mean "shall". Section 12(1) really leaves it to the discretion of the Central Government to constitute a Boe.rd for any part of the territories and that means, it may not constitute a Board for some parts of the territories. Likewise, discretion is left to the Central Government to constitute a Board for a group or class of mines and that means that for some groups or classes of mines, no. Board need be constituted. Whether or not Boards should be constituted for parts of territories or for groups· or classes of mines, has been le!t to be determined by the Central Government according to the requiremen ts of the territories or the exigencies of the groups or classes of mines. Therefore, we are
Kalipada Ohowdhur_y •• Union of Indio
OaJendragad!ar J.
918 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963]
/Ca/;pada Cli.wdhu,., •• Unioti oJ Indio
Cajtndragadlcar J.
unable to a.ocopt the argument thats. 12(1) imposes a.n obligation on the Central Government to constitute Boards in order that in ma.king regulations, there should be appropriate Boards who ha.vo to be cousulted under s. 59(3). The diroctory na.t ner of the provisions of s. 121 ( l) rather strengthen the construction placed upon s. 59(3) by this Court in the case of Ba.nwa.ri La.I Agarwalla. that if there are Boards ih existenoe, they must bo consulted before dra.ft regula.tions are published under section 59. But that is very different from sa.ving tha.t Boards must be constituted in all- a.reas or in respect of a.II groups or cl&l!ses of mines which are intended to be covered by the regulations proposed to be made by the Central Government ..
Mr. Se.n relied on section 5 for showing that the use of the word "ma.y" in that section really means "shall"·· The ea.id section provides that tho Central Government may a.ppoint such a person as possesses the prescribed qua.lifioations to be the Chief Inspector of Mines for all territories to which the Act extends; and it may be conceded tha.t the implementa.tion of the ma.teria.1 provi~ions of the' Act depends upon the appointment of tho Chief Inspector of Mines and so, in the context, "ma.y" in s. 5 would rea.lly mea.n "she.II" so fa.r a.s the appointment of the Chief Inspector is concerned. But this section itself shows tha.t "may" may not necessa.rily mean "shall" in regard to the appointment of Inspectors contempla.ted by the latter pa.rt of the said section. Whether or not the word. "may" mt1ans "may' or it mea.ns "shall" would inevitably d11pend upon the oontext in which tho ea.id word occurs a.nd a.a we have just indicated, the context of s. 12(1) is not in favour of the construction for which Mr. Son contends. It oa.nnot be said that like the appointment of the Chief Inspector of llfines, the constitution of the Boards.
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2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS· 919
1962 --- If alip ,,dii Ohl)UJdhu ' •• Unit.n of In.d1a Gajratla<lkar J . ·
is essential for the working of the Aot, for, with· out the constitution of the Boards, the working of the Aot can .smoothly prooeed apace. We have already pointed out that there are only two funo· tions which can be assigned to the Boards;. under s. 81(2) it is discretionary for the Central Govern· meut to refer a pendinir criminal case to the Board or not, and under s. 59(3) oonsultation with the Board is necessary only if the Board is in existence. Therefore, the working of the Act is not necessarily dependent on the constitution of the. Boards, and that distinguishes the conte;t or s. 12 from the context of section 5.
There is another provision of the Act to which reference may he made in this connection. Seotion 61 deals with the making of the bye-laws. Section 61(1) provides that the owner, agent or manager of a mine may, and shall; if called upon to do' so by the Chief Iilspeotor, or Inspector, frame and submit to the Chief Inspector or Inspector a draft of bye-laws in the manner indicated in the said sub-sec· tion. Section 61(2), inter alia, authorises the Chief Inspector or the Inspector to propose amend· ments in the s<.Lid draft. Section 61(3) then lays down that if within a period. of two months from the date on which any draft bye-laws pr draft amendments are sent by the Chief Inspector or Inspe·ctor to the owner, agent or ·man~ger under sub-section { 2). and the Chief Inspector or· Inspector and the owner, agent or manager are unable to agree as to the terms of the bye.Jaws to'he made under sub-section ( l); the Chief· Inspector or Inspector shall refer.the draft bye-laws for settlement to the Mining Board, or.where there is no Mining Board, to such officer or authority as the Central Government may, by general or• special order, ~ppoint in this behalf. It would be noticed that this sub-section assumes that there may not be in existence a Mb1ing Board in the area where the mine
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IraJ;/Jat/o Ch=dlii<r7 •• Union of Indio
in question is situated or for the group or ola~s of mines to which the said mine belon2R. Now, if thfl petitioners' construction of e. 12 read with s. 59t3) is accepted, it would follow that in order to make the regulations binding on all the minee situated in the whole of the country, there must be Mining Board in respect of all the said mines either territory-wise or group-wise or claaa-wise; and tha.t would not be consistent with the assumption made by sPction 61(3) that in certain aree.e or in respect of certain groups or cl&880s of minee a Mining Board may not be in existence. It is in this indirect way that s.61 (3) eopports the construction which we a.re disposed to pla.ce on section 12(1). ,
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It is then urged tha.t if the respondents' con· •truction of s.12 is upheld, s. 59(3) ors. 59(4) would be rendered nugatory and the whole purpose of consulting the Boarda would be defeated. We are not impressed by this argument. In testing the validity of this argument, it is neceS&ary to recall the scheme of s. 59. Section 57 confers power on the Central Government to make regulations and s. 58 confers power on the said Government to mAke rule• as therein specified respectively. Section 59( I) requires that the power to ma.ke regulations is subject to the condition tbat the said regulations would be made after previous publication. Section 59( 2) thE>n provides for the period which has to pass before the said draft can be taken into consider&· tion. Section 59(3) refer to th., consultation with the Boards. Lo1rically, con•ultation with the Boards is the first step to be taken in making regula.t.ions ; publication of the draft regulatiom is -the seoond step ; allowing the prescribed period to pass before the draft is considered is the third step and publishing the regulations after considering them is the le.et step. After the regu · lations are thus published, they shall have effect as if enacted in the Act. That is e. 59,5). The
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 921
)
first publication is tha publication of the draft under s. 23(3} of the Ganeral Clauses Act and it is significant that tha object oC- this publication is to invite objections or suggestions from person9 or bodies affected by the draft regulations. Section "d 23(4) of the· General Clauses Act prov1 es that the authority having power to make the rules or regulations shall consider any objection or suggestion which may be received with respect to the draft before the date "specified therein, so that t: .•. a whole object of publishing the draft is to giv£ notice to the parties concerned with the regulations which a.re intended to be framed and the object of the requirement that the said draft will not be considered until the prescribed period has passed is to enable parties concerned to file their objections. Therefore, the scheme of s. 59 clearly shows that apart from consulting the Boards to which s. 59(3) refera, a.II parties affected by the draft would have an opportunity to make their suggesti!)ns or objections and they would be considered before the draft is settled and regulations a.re finally made. Therefore, in our opinion, it would not be correct to say that the construction of s. 59(3) for which the respondents contend would enable the Central Government to make regulations without consulting the opinion of persons affected by them. The result then is that s. 12(1) is directory and not mandatory and s. 59(3), or s. 59(41 after the amendment in 1959 is mandatory in the sense that· before the draft regulation is published, it is obligatory for the Central Government to consult the Board which is constituted under s. 12. If no Board is constituted, there can be, and need be, no consultation. ·
1962
Kalipadav~h.wcl/Jur' Union of rrnua Oai1nriragadkar J.
It is in the light of this· position that the grievance ma.de by the petitioners against the validity of their prosecution has to be judged. We have already noticed that it is common ground
922 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963]
1961
Kol pada CMu:dhu•y •• Union?/ India
between the parties that the Madhya. Pradesh llfin11ing Board and the West Bengal Mining Board which were constituted under s. IO of the Act of 1923 ha.ve become invalid after the amend· ment of s. IO by the Amending Act 5 of 1935. Under s. I 0 as it originally stood, the Board was constituted by the Provincial Government and it was composed of five members. After the amend. ment, a. Board had to be constituted by the Central Government and it was to consist of seven members. Th11.t is why the respondents concede that the Madhya. Pradesh and West Bengal Mining Boards could not be ea.id to be validly constituted for the purpose of s. 12 even by the application of s. 24 of the Genera.I Clauses Act. The position then is that at the time when the regulations were framed in 1947, there was only one Board which properly constituted and that is the Bihar .!\fining Board.· It was constituted in 1946 and by virtue of s. 24 of the General Clauses . Act, it continued as a valid Board under s.12. This Board has been consulted by the Central Government before the regulations were ma.de. It is not disputed that the draft regu· lations were sent by the C<Jntral Government to the Bihar Mining Boa.rd through the State Governm mt. It appears that after the Boa.rd received the Bllid draft, it was circulated by the Chairman of the Board to all the members of the Board and the membr communieated their · opinions individually. It is argued that the communication by individual members of the Boa.rd of their opinions to the Central Government cannot be said to amount to the consulation with the Boa.rd and so, it is urged th11.t the requirement of s.59( 3) has not been complied with. We do not think there is any substance in this argument. All that s.59(3) requi~es is that a reBfonable opportunity should be given to the Board to make its report as to the expediency or the suitablity of the proposed regulations. How
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j
SUPREME COURT REPoRTS 923
2 S.C.R.
the Board chooses to make its report is not a matter 1 whi<ih the Central Government can control. The Central Government has discharged its obligation as soon as it is shown that a copy of the draft regulations was sent to the Board, and if the Board thereafter, instead of making a collective report, chose to sent individual opinions, that cannot .be said to constitute the contravention of s.59(3). Indeed, s.59(3) does not impose an obligation on the Board to make any report at all. It is true that since nnder s.14, the Board is empowered to make a report, it is unlikcly that any Board, when consulted, would refuse to make a report. But, nevertheleSB, the position still remains that if the Board refused to make a report, that will not introduce any infirmity in the regulations which the Central Govemment may ultimately frame and publish under s.69(5). We . must accordingly hold that the regulations framed in 1957 have been duly framed and published under s.59(5) and as such, they shall have .effect as if enacted in the Act.
19~·
KalipJda Cii.wdlru,, •• Union oj India
Gojendragadkar J,
The result is, the petition fails and is dismissed.
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SUBl!A RA.o, J.-I regret my inability to agree. The facts relevant to the question raised lie in a small compass. The petitioners are in.charge of the working of a mine, known as Salanpur "A" Seam Colliery, in the District of Burdwan, West Bengal. On the allegation that they contravened the provisions of Regulation 127(3) of the Coal Mines Regulations, 1957 (hereinafter called the Regulations), a criminal complaint was filed against them in the Court of Sub-divisional · Magistrate, Asan11ol, and the said Magistrate has taken cogni· zance of the said complaint under s. 190(l)(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, read with s. 73 of the Mines Act; 1952 (herein.after ca.lied the Act). The petitioners challenge the validity of the la.id Begula.tfons on the ground that they were
s..w..11 .. J.
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924 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963]
..
11161 made in contravention of tl1e provisions of s. 59(3) of the Act. Section 59( 3) of the Act imposes a
lr•lipada Cliowdhury condition ou thll Ce!ltral Govcrnm<'nt to give a •• Utti•n oflnrlia reas•1nahle opportunity to a. l\lioing Board before Sa6bo&oJ. making regultLtions in "xeroise of the power conferred on it by tho Act. Under s.10 of the Indian Mines Act, 19J3, th:i Central Government in the ye-.r 194,; constitnt<'d the Bihar Mining Board with jurisdiction over the area. covered by the Provinct• ai Bihar. The Central Government sent the draft Regulations to the said Boa.rd. The Chairman of the Board circulated the said draft Regulations to al I the members of the Boa.rd and the members communicated their opinions individually to tile C..nt1al Governm~nt. Th<>reafter the Central Governmont made tho 8&id Regulations governing the whole of India, exceptJammu and Kashmir, and to every coal mine therein, in compliance with the other provisions of s. 59 of the Act.
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The, qu"stiuu in this petition is whether the R6gulatiuud so made aft.,r consulting the Bihar Board aloue wuuld be valid and in foroe in the West Bcng'Ll area so as to sustain a. criminal prosecution ou the basis of an infringement of the said 1~eguia.tiun in respect of a mine in that area..
This question may be di>ided into two parts, namely {l) where the CE"ntral Government has not ooIJstitutcd a Mining Boar<l, can it ignore the condition lait!I <lown under s. 59(3) of the Act ? and (2) if giving a reasonable oppor~unity within the meaning of s. 511(3) of the Act is ueeessary condition for the validity of the Regulations made thereunder, can the Central Government validly make a regulation in r,.spect of-West Bengal after giving such a. rea.sonable opportunity to a Mining Boa.rd constituted for Bihar f
In my view, the first question is directly
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2 S.C.R.. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 925.
)
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covered by the decision of this Court in Banwari Lal v. State of lJihar ('). There, Das Gupta .J., delivered the judgment of the Court. As it is contended that the ~aitl deoitiion should be confined only a. oa.se where a Mining Boa.rd has been validly constituted under the Act a.nil should not be applied to a oaee where such a. Boa.rd has not been constitu-· ted, it would be necessary to scrutinize the decision carefully to a.scertain the· exact scope of the ea.id 'decision. The facts of that case where there wa.s a.n accident in the Central Bhowra Colliery in Dha.nba.d in Bihar, as a result of which 23 persons lost their lives ; the Regional lnspecwr of Mines, Dhanba.d filed a complaint against the appellant for allegedly committing an offence under s. 74 of the Mines Act, 1952, i.e., for contravening regulations 107 a.nd 127 of the Coal Mines Regulations; 1957 ; after the Sub-Divisional Offioer took cognizance of the complaint, the appellant made. an application to the Patna. High Court under Act. 226 of the Constitution contesting the validity of the said proceedinga on the ground, inter alia, that there wa.s no Mining · Board constituted under s. 12 of the Act a.nd therefore the Central Government ha.d made the Regulations without consulting Mllling Boa.rd a.s it sh )Uld do under. 8. 59 ( 3) of the Act. The second ground on which a prayer for qua.Bhing the proceedings was based, wit}). which a.lone we a.re now concerned, was stated in the judgment thus : ••the Coal Mines· Regulations, 1957, a.re invalid having been framed in contravention of s. 59(3) of the Mines Act, 1952." The. conten• tion of lea.med counsel, who ela.bota.ted this ground, was stated thus ; "As regards the other contention that the regulations are invalid the appellant's argu· ment is tha.t the provisions of s. 12 a.nd 8. 59 of the Mines Act, 1952, a.re mandatory." Then the learned Judge quoted in extenso s. 59(3) of the A'ot and
--
~ ·v. u""" of Iuia
66o a .. J.
(I) (1962) I S.C .... p,
I_ '
928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (I 963)
19 61 proceeded to state the relevant basio faots and ,.,i;;ida cA.wdhu~ posed the question raised in the case thus :
•• '1.Uoo of India "It was not disputed before us that when the Regulations were framed, no Board as required under s. 12 had been constituted and so, neceBSarily there had been no reference t.o any Board as required under s. 59. The question raised is whether the omiBBion to make such a refer~ce make the rules invalid."
It is manifest from the question so posed that the question considered by the Court was whether the making of the Regulation without reference to a Mining Board, as it was not in existenoe, would be invalid. Then the leamed Judge considered the language of A. 59(3) of the . Act and observed at p. 851 :
" ............ it i.e legitimate to note that the language used in thi8 case is emphatic and appears to be designed to expreSB an anxiety of the legislature that the publication of the regulation, which is condition preoedent to the making of the regulations, should itself be subject to two conditions precedent-first, a reference to the Mining Board concerned, and secondly, thall' sufficient opportunity to the Board to make a report as regards the expediency and suitability of the proposed regulations."
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The learned Judge then prooeeded to considered the reasons for imposing such a 6ondition and observed:
"Even a cursory examination of the pur· poses set in the 27 clauses of s. 57 shows that that most of them impinge heavily on the actual working of the mines. To mention only a few of these .................. are sufficient t<>
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2 S.C.R.
j
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 927
show that the very purpose of the Act may well be defeated unless suitable and practical regulations are framed to help the achievement of this purpose."
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Iralipada C1"111tlhw,_ •• Unien •f lniia Sulik RaaJ.
Then he pointed out that s. 12 of the Act unabled the Government to appoint Boards providing representations for different interests which would be in a position to help the Central Gov:ernment to make suitable and practical regulations. In the wortis of the learned Judge,
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· "The constitution is calculated to ensure that all aspects including on the one han!'l the need for securing the safety and welfare of labour and on the other hand the practicability of the provision proposed from the point of view of the likely.expense and. other considerations can be throughly examined. It is certainly to the public benefit th11.t Boards thus constituted should have an opportunity of examining regulations proposed in the first place, by an administrative department of the government and of expressing their opinion."
According to him, tho constitution of the Board in the manner prescribed served a real purpose and, therefore, the consultation by the Central Government with such a Bo1ud was made a condition of the making of the Regulations. ·When it was con' tended that the insistence upon consultation might effect the public welfare under emergent ciroum. stances, he pointed out that under . s. 60 . of the Act; which provided for such a contingency, the Central . Government mi1?ht make regulations without previous reference to1 Mining Boards and therefore no such consideration could prevent the Court from. holding that the giving of an opportunity to the Boa.rd was a condition precedent to the exeroise of the power of ma.king regulations. The learned Jildge summarised his re&Boning thus ;
, .
928 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963)
.
1962
1962 "An axamination of all the relevant circumstances viz., the language used, the . scheme of the legislation, the benefit to the UnUm Qf India public on insisting on strict compliance as well Sul1b , If•• .! • as the ri8ks to public interest on insistence on such compliance leads us to the conclusion that the legislativo intent was to insist on these provisions for consultation with the Mining Board as a. prerequisite for the validity· of the regulations.
This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that in s. 60 which providing for the framing of regulations in certain cases without following the procedure enjoined in s. 59, the lt1gislaturo took care to add by a proviso that any regulation so made "shall not remain in force for more than two yeat'8 from the making thereof'. By an amendment ma.de 111 1959 the period has boen changed to one year.
It is not unreasonable to read this proviso a.a expressing by implication the legislature's intention tha.t when the speoial oiroumeta.noes mentioned in s. 60 do not exist and there is no scope for the application of that section no regulation ma.de in contravention of s. 59 will be valid for a. single day."
The learned Judge concluded his discussion thus, a' p. 853 :
"For all the reasons giving above, we are of opinion that the provisions of s. 59(3( of the Mining Act, 1952, are ma.ndRtory."
PRusirg here for a moment., I find it very difficult to bold thi<t thiA CCturt held, expreBBly or by necessary impliation, thats. 59(3) of the Act ws maDd81 (IJ'V ()D)y if I be C(ll!Cl'Jncd ll<1ard ..... ID exit!tntt: 'Jbe al(\lllf'llt 'ld'tHlf(~. tile q~Mil>ll
j ) """ ~
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SUPREME COURT REPORTS. 929
2 S.C.R.
posed, the reasons given and ~he conclusion arrived at were all against giving suoJi· a limited scope to the said judgment.
It was contended that both s. 12 and e: 59 were mandatory. In posing the question to be decided, the learned Judge olearly referred to "the omission to make auch a reference". The word "such" clearly refers to the omission to make a reference, as no Board was constituted under s. 12 of the Act. So, as regards the posing of the question there was absolutely no ambiguity and /f the learned Judge had clearly in mind what the Court was asked to decide upon. The reasons given by the learned Judge for holding that it was obligatory of the Central Government to consult the Board before the making the regulation would equally apply whether the Boa.rd existed or not. The conclusion arrived at by the lea.med Judge that consultation with such a Board was a condi' tion precedent for the exercise of the power would .apply to both the cases. If it was a . conditfon precedent for the exercise of the power, how could it cease to be one if a Board was not in existence? The condition is not the existence of the Board, but the consultation with a Board. In one case, the Government would not consult the Board though it existed, and in the other c;tse it would not cClllsult, as the Board did not exist. In either oase, the , condition was broken. But it fa said that the la.st three paragraphs of the judgmen1; make it clear that the learned Judge was not considering the case where a Board had not been oomtituted. There, the learned Judge was considerinj( the question · whether the Mining Boards constituted under s. 10 of the Mines Act, 1923, were continu' . ../ ing to operate at the ti<ne the Regulation were made and there was full consultation with the Mining. Boards before the Regulatio. ns we. re framed. But the ltllnled lallp wae aot able~ deciide ti.
1962
X alipada ChowJAurt: • Uninn of IUia
E ubh Ru J.
930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963]
1961
1961 question, as there was not sufficient material on the Kalipoda C~u:dl111ry record. Therefore, this Court directed the Magis-
v. trate to decide that question. I fail to see how
i:,.ion of /Mia these paragraphs in any way help us to hold that Stil ba Rao J. this Court confined its decision only to a cue where a Board has been con~tituted. On the other hand, the observations in the first of these three paragraphs clearly indicate to the contrary. The relevant observations are :
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"As has been pointed out above, it was not disputed before us that at time when the regulations were fr.amed to new Mining Board had been constituted under the Mines Aot, l 9f>2 and consequently no consultation with any Mining Board constituted under the 1952 Act took place."
t
Thie shows that the entire judgment up to that point proceeded on the basis that there was no consultation with the MiniDg Board, as no auoh Board wa..s constituted. Thereafter the le&rDed .T udge was only considering the alternative contention advanced by the St11.te, namely, that the pre.existing Board was consulted and that that consultation was sufficient compliance with . the provisions of s. 59( 3) of the Act. If I might analyse the mind of the learned Judge, the prooeaB of reasoning may be summarized thus: On behalf of the appellant it was argued that there was no ' consultation with the Board as it was not constituted under s. 12 of the Aot and, therefore, the Regulatiom made under the Aot without euoh consultation were void. The learned Judge accepted the contention. Then it was argued for the Government that thoUih there was no consultation with the Board constituted under s. 12 of the Aot, consultation with a pre-existing Board would be enough compliance with the section. As there was no material on the record, the learned Judge could
2 S.C.R. SUPEME COURT REPORTS 931
19~2
Kalipar/a Ohowtlhwy " Union of India
Subba RaoJ.
To my mind, the judgment of the Coart is clear and unambiguous on this point and it decided that, as there was no consultation with any Mining Board under a. 59(3) of the Act, as the Board was not in existence, the Regulations were bad. The present argament is an attempt to persuade u_s to go back on a clear pronouncement on the point by a Constitution Bench of the Court. .. ·
That apart, I am satisfied on a trne construction of the provisions of s. 12 and s. 59(3) of the Act that. the Central Government has to exercise the power under s. 12 if it intends to exercise the power under s. 59 of the Act. Under s. 12~-"the Central Government may constitute for any part " of the territories to which this Act extends or for any . group or class of mines, a Mining Board", consisting of persons with specific qualifications representing different interests in the miues. Under q. 59, the power to make regulation con• · ferred by s. 57 is subject to the condition of the regulations being made after previous publication, • --{ and under sub-fl. (3) thereof "Before the draft of any regulations is published under this section it shall be re~erred to every Mining Board which is, .in the opi_nion of the Central Government, COJl·
932 SUPREME OOURT REPORTS [1933]
1961
]( alipaia Chowdhuv
••
Uriion of lnJ.-a
S .bl>o Rao J.
cerned with the subjeot dealt with by the regulation, anrl the regulation shall not be so published until each such Board has had a reasonable opportunity of reporting as to the oxpediency of making the same and as to the suitability of its provisions". As interpreted by this Court, the said condition is a condition precedent for the making of the Regulations under the ssid section. If the contention of the learned Solicitor-General be accepted, the condition may have to be diSBnnexed from the power by a situation brought about the concious withholding of the exercise of the connected power bv the Central Government under s. 12 of the Act. central Government by its own default can ignore the condition impoaed in public interest. The construction leading to this anomlous result cannot be accepted unleBB the provisions compel us to d0 so. It is a well 11ettled principle of construction that when it is po88ible to do so, it. is the duty of the Court to construe provisions which appear to conflict so that th1:>y harmonies. To put it differ1>ntly, of two possible oonetrutions, one which givl's a consistent meaning to different part~ of an enactment ~hould be preferred. In the instant case, the two sections can be harmonized without doing violence to the language used. ~eotion 12 is an enabling provision under it a power is given to the Central Government to appoint a Mining Boa.rd. Section 57, read with s. 59, confers.;,another power on the Central Government to make regulation subject to, among others a condition that the draft of the regulations shall be referred to a Mining Board. These two powers are con. nected: if they are read together, as we should do in an attempt to reconcile them, it could be reason: ably held that the power conferred under s. 12 has to be exercised by the Central Govl'rnment if it intends to make regulations. under s. 57 of the Act. Thia oonairuct.ion carries out \he full inttntion of LegiBlature i'1 enacting a.fill ae inte1 p1eted by thia
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2 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 933
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Court. Both the powers can be exercised without tho one detracting from the other. The conatruc tion suggested by the respondents enables the Central Gvvernment to defeat tho public purpose underlying the imposition of the condition_ under e.59 of the Act and tha.t suggested by the petitioners enables the <'Xercise of the two powers without the one coming into conflict with the other. I would on the principle of harmonious construction, prefer to accept the latter construction to the former.
Let us took at the provisions from a different perspective. It is a well established doctrine that when the power is coupled with a duty -of the person to whom it is given to exercise it, then the exercise of the power is imperative: see Maxwell on interpretation of Statutes, Il th Ei:ln., p. 234. It has · also been· h1>ld that "if the object for which the power is conferred contemplates giving of a right, there would then be a duty cast on person to whom tho power is given to exercise it for the benefit of the party to whom the right is given when required on hi8 behalf." Dealing with s. 51, Income-tax Act, 1918, which provides that. the Chief Revenue Authority "may" state tho case to High Court Lord Phillimore observ€d in Alcock Aslul.<Ywn & Oo. v. The Okie/ Rel!<'nue Authority Bombay('}:
"No doubt that the section does not say that the authority "shall" state . the case, it only says that it may and it is rightly urged that "may" does not mean "shall", only tho capacity or power is given to the authority. But when a capacity or power is given to a public authority there may be circumstances which · couple with the -power a duty to exercise it, and where there . is a serious j ' • (I) A. I. R. 1923 P. C. 138.
Ka/ipada Ohowdhury v. Unioti of India
·ubba Rao J.
934 SUPREME OOUR'I' REPORTS [1963]
1116t
A alitad• Cloowdiu..y •• Union of India Subba RaoJ.
point of law to be considered there does lie a duty upon the Revenue authority to state a OQ86 for opinion of the Court and ifhe does not a.ppreoia.te that there is such a !klrious point, it is in the power of the t..:ourt to control him a.nd to order him to state the case."
Under the Act, there a.re two conneotod powers - a. power to appoint a Mining Boa.rd and a power to make regulations subjer:t to a. condition. The condition imposed on the power confel'8 a right on a. Mining Board to be oonsultcd before a regulation is made. A combined rea<ling of H. 12 and ss. 57 and 59 shows that the power or powers conferred on the Central Government are coupled with a. duty to consult the Bo~rd whenever the Central Government seeks to exeroise the power under s.:"i7. T have no hesitation in holding that the power is coupled with a. duty and that the power has to be exercised when the duty demands it. The Central Government in ma.king the Regulations has a duty to consult the Mining Board a.nd the Mining Boa.rd has a right to be so consulted; and to discharge its duty it is incumbent upon the Central Government to exeroise the connected pawer by appointing the Board.
It is said that under s. 59 of the Act, tho Regulations and tho Rules shall be referred to a Mining Board and that under s. 58 the Central Government ha.I! the power to make a rule providing for the appointment of the Chairman and members of the Mining Boa.rd and thf\t if s. 59 is mandatory, the Government ean never exercise the power under s. 58(a). No such difficulty could arise unrler the Act before its amendment in 1959. Under s. 59(3), as it stood then, the condition of consultation with a Mining Board was :mposed only on the power of tho Gov<'mm1mt to mak~ a. regulation and that s. 57 of the Act which confers a
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2 S.C.R. SUPREME OOURT REPOR'l'S 935
power on the Central GovE>rmnent to make regulations did not contain any olause corresponding to cl. (a) of s. 58 of the Act. That a.part, s. 58 (a) may legitimately be invoked by the Centre.I Government only- after a Boa.rd had been constituted in regard to the future appointments. Anyhow, this argument may have some bearing when this question of construction of the provisions of s. 59 was raised before . this Court on the last occasion and none at present, as the true contruction of the said s~ction wa.s finally settled by this Court. I
1961
Kali/Jada Chowdhury v. Union of India
Sabba Rao J.
That a.part, a. comparative study of the other provisions of the Act ·would also lead to the same ce>nclusion. Under the Act, there are many enabling provisiOns empowering the Centre.I Government to appoint specified authorities to discharge different duties and functions described in various sections. Sheuld it be held that the Central Government need not appoint the authorities under any circumstances, the Act would become a dead letter. Even the appointment of the Chief Inspector and Inspectors is left to the discretion of the Centre.I Government: see s. 5 of the Act. If the Government need not appoint the Chief Inspector or the Inspec\ors, the duties and functions allotted to them could not be discharged or performed. A ' reasonable construction would, therefore,· be that if the said duties and functions have to be performed, the Go:vernment has to appoint the officers. So too, if the Central Government seeks to exercise the powers under s. 57 of the · Act, read with s. 59 thereof, it has to appoint the Board. I, therefore, hold on a. fair construction of ss. 12 and 59 of the Act, that the Centre.I Govermnent ha.a a dnty to appoint the Mining Board if it seeks to exeroise its power under s. 57 of the Act.
The next argument is that the Bnla.r Boa.rd has been consulted in the manner presoribed by
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936 i:suPREME couRT B.:EiioRfs frn6a1
1962
1962 s. 59(3). of the Act and, ·therefore, the regulation made after such consultation are .valid. I cannot Kalipada Choudhu'Y · . v. agree with this co1 tention either. The said Board Unwnofl.,,J;a was appointed under s. 10(1) of the Indian Mines su117:;- J __ Act, 1923 and it is not disputed that the Board ' "" · ' must be deemed to have been duly constituted under the present Act. It is also not disputed .. -that the 'said ·Board was only constituted to have jurisdiction over the area comprised in the present . Bihar State, that is, it· hlls no jurisdktion .over West Bengal •. Under s. 12 of the Act, the Central Government may constitute for any part of the ' territories to which this Act extends or for any group or class of a Mines, --- a Mining Board. Under s. 59, the Central Government shall _ refer the draft to every Mining Board which, in the opinion of the Central Government, is concerned with the subject dealt with b.r the regulation. Now, can it be said that the Board constituted for a part of the territories to which the Act extends, namely, - to tho State of Bihar, could be a Board concerned with the . subject dealt with by the regulations, . namely, the mines in West Bengal area? The - entire object o( s. 59 is to consult the persons intimately connected with the mining operations of a particular area so that suitable regulations may , be made. to govern the working of th ode mines. It could never have been the intention : of the Legislature to empower the Government to make regulations in regard to mines in one part of the · . country - by consulting a Board constituted for another part of the country. Such an intention could :r;iot be attributed to the Legislature. Indeed, the Central Government, when it is constituted the Boards, expressly indicated its intention that all the Boards, including the Board · functioning in West Bengal, should be consulted, but as the Board _ constituted there was not one constituted legall.i:: under the Act, the consultation with.the said Board.
_,...,.
2 s.c.n.. SUPREME COURT REPOR'l'S 93'1
had become futile. I, therefore, hold that the Regulations in so far as they purport to· regulate the mines situate in West Bengal have not been validly made under the Act inasmuch as a. condition precedent imposed. by s. 59. of the Act on the exercise ofthe Government's power to make a regulation was not complied with.
1968
Kalipada Chowdhur,,11 · . v. U 11ion of India Bubba Ra• J,
In the result, I direct the issue of a writ of prohibition against respondents 1 to 4 res training them from proceeding with · the criminal case launched against the petitioners. The petitioners will have their costs. · ' "'
BY ComtT : In view of the majority opinion of the Court the Writ Petition fails and is dismissed.
THE NATIONAL STEEL WlJRKS LTD.
. v.
1968
M'!JI 3 •
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, BOMBAY
(S. K. DAS, J. L. KAPUR,. A. K. SARKAR, M. HrnAYATlJLLAH and RAGHUBAR DAYAL, JJ.)
Income-tax-Agreement by qunla·holder to aupply steel to manufacturer at a certain royalty fl'r to" -Receipt of lump aum • in lieu of royaUy-Asaessm1mt on amounl received-'-!/ according lo Zaw-Oapital receipt and revenue receipt-Distinction-'Indian Income·tax Act, 1922,(11of1922), s, 66A (2).
The assessee company was receiving quota of coal and steel from the Government but had no factory. It entered into a partnership with a penon who had a factory but no quota. The latter agreed to pay a royalty of Rs. 50 per ton of steel supplied to the firm under the quota. A few years later,. .that agreement was modified and the assessee agreed to receive a lump sum of Rs. 60;000 in consideration of waiving the· roy~~ . . •• '
3 issues framed by the court
Whether the statutory requirement under Section 59(3) obliges the Central Government to constitute Mining Boards under Section 12 before publishing draft regulations.
Whether the effective consultation with the Bihar Mining Board satisfied Section 59(3) when regulations covered an area (West Bengal) where no Board existed, as valid consultation with that Board was
Whether consultations made with individual members of a Mining Board, rather than a collective report by the Board as an entity, constitute lawful compliance with Section 59(3).
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Banwarilal Agarwalla v. State of BiharFollowed¶66
Banwarilal Agarwalla v. State of Bihar [1962] 1 S.C.R. 33 · Who else cites this
Alcock Aashdown & Co. v. The Chief Revenue Authority, BombayReferred¶275
Alcock Aashdown & Co. v. The Chief Revenue Authority, Bombay
2 provisions across 1 enactments
Kalipada Chowdhury
Union of India
Gajendragadkar
Subba Rao
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
