Cement sold in Mysore against Government authorisations was supplied from factories outside the State under contracts requiring cross-border movement. The Supreme Court held such sales were inter-State sales immune from State sales tax under Article 286(2) and allowed the appeal in part.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
SUPREME dOUR'i' R~POR'l'S 777 3 s.c.:R.
under Art. 226, the High Court can exami~e the merits of the order passed by appellant No. Im such cases.
The result is though we agree with the appellants that the orde; passed by the. H~gh ourt was not justified, we refrain from settmg it aside for the reasons just explained. There would be no oder as to costs.
Beard of 1!I iltfi SchtJOI &. /nlmntdi.te Etl111Jatitm U.P. v. Bt1gleshwar Prasai -
-~-
THE CEMENT MARKETING CO., OF INDIA LTD. AND ANOTHER
l9G2 Augtiil . 28 •
v.
THE STATE OF MYSORE AND ANOTHER
(S. K, DAS, J. L. KAPUR, A. K. SARKAR, M. HIDAYATULLAH and RAGHU:SAR DAYAL, JJ.)
...
Sales Tax-Sale of goods-Transactions involving move· ment of goods across the border from one State to anotherLiability to tax-Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948 (Mysore 46 of 1948)-Constitution of India, Art.286(2);
The second appellant was a manufacturer of cement and at the material time it had over a dozen factories in different parts of India none of which was in the State of Mysore. The first appellant was its sales manager and ad its head office in Bombay with a branch office at Bangalore in the State of Mysore. Cement was a controlled article· and everyone wishing to buy cement had to get an authorisation from the appropriate Government authorities in a standard form which authorised the first appellant to sell cement in quantities mentioned therein and the cement had to be supplied from the factory therein mentioned. The purchaser had to place an order with the first appellant stating the requirement, where the goods were to be sent and how they were to be sent. In the present cae, all the goods were sent against the authorisations from the various factories belonging , to the second appellant which were all outside the. State of Mysore and were received in the State of Mysore by the various
·. •
778 SUPREME OOURT REPORTS [1963j
196B purchasers. The Sales Tax Officer by his order dated March 31, 1958, took the view that though the property in the goods 01mtnt Market_ing passed to the dealers and consumers outside the State pf C•., of f,.rlia Ltd • Mysore, since the goods had actually been delivered in the .•. ' State of Mysore as a direct result of such sales for purposes ·st•te oj Jly.-or11 of consumption in the· State, the sales must be deemed to have taken place in that State and, therefore, the sles .effected by the first appellant as the sales manager of the second appellant,_ to customers in Mysore State amounted to intra-State sales and liable to tax under provisions of the Mysore Sales Tax Act, 1948. The High Court held that as the actual delivery to the purchasers was within the State of Mysore, the cement loaded outside the State and despatched to the purchaser did not convert the sales into interState sales but were intra-State sales.
Held, that the sales which tookplace in the present case in which the mov~ment of goods was from one State to anoiher as a result of a convenant or incident of the contract of sale, were in the course of inter-State trade or commerce and felt within Art.286(2) of the Constitution of India. Consequently, the imposition of sales tax on such sales was unconstitutional.
Mfs. Mohan Lal Hargobind v, Th• State of Madhya. Pradesh, [1955] 2 S.C.R. 509, followed.
Endapuri Narasimhan & 80n v. The Stale of OriBaa, [1962].1 S.C.R. 314, Bengallmmunitg Go. Ltd. v. The State of Bihar, [1955] 2 S.C.R. 603 M/s. Reim Narain & Sons v. Assistant Commissioner of Sales Tax, [1955] 2 S.C.R. 483 and Tata Iron and Steel Go. Ltd. Bombay v. S. R. Sarkar, [1961] I S.C.R. 379, relied on.
Rohtas IndustrieB Ltd. v. The State of Bihar, [1961] 12 . S.T.C. 615, distinguished.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 255 of 1961.
Appeal from the judgment and order dated March 21, 1960, of the Mysore High Court in Writ Petition No. 14 7 of 1958.
,,,
R: J. Kolah, J. B. Dadachanji, O. C. Mathur and Ravin.der Narain, for the appellants.
3 S.d.:R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 119
0, K. · Daphtary, Solioitor-General of India, J3. R. L. Iyengar and P. D. Menon, for respondents.
19112
Ciim111I Marluting e-,,., of lndis Ltd. v. SliJu of Mjsori
KAPUR, J.-This is an appeal against the judgment and order of the HigQ. Court of Mysore in Writ Petition No.147of1958 dismissing the appell· ant's petition under Arts. 226 and 227 of the Constitution for quashing the order of assessment for the period of assessment 1955-56 i.e, from April 1, 1955, to March 31, 1956. In this appeal -because of the Validating Act (VII of 1956) the appellants did not cballange their liability for the period April 1, 1955, to September 6, 1955.
). .
The facts necessary for the decision of this appeal are these : Appellant No. 1-The Cement Marketing Co. Ltd-are the Sales Managers of the second appellant-The Associated Cement Co. Ltd. -appointed under an agreement dated April 21, 1954. The High Court has described the first appellant to be the Distributors of the second apppellant. The second appellant is a manu· facturer of cement and at the material time it had over a dozen factories in different parts of India, none of which was in the State of Mysore. The head office of first appellant is at Bombay and it had then a branch office at Bangalore in the State of Mysore. The first appellant was registered as a dealer under the Mysore Sales Tax Act 1948, hereinafter called the ·•Mysore Act". At all material times cement was and still is a controlled article. Whether the sale was to a Government Dep• artment i.e. _to the Director General of Supplies & Disposal, Government of India., New Delhi, or to a person authorised by the said Officer or to the public it was effected on authorisations given to the buyers by appropriate Government authorities and
' .
780 SUPREME COUR'r RlllPOR'.l'S [l963j
.·1962
.·1962 produced hY' them in the office of the first appellant. Cemt MarleJing Both in regard to purchases by the public and t}Je C •• of lndi• Ltd. v • Govern:nent the modus operandi was more or less . li.W. of liJ .. ,, identical. It was this : Every one wishing to buy cement had to get an authorisation in a standard form which authorised the first appellant to sell cement in quantities mentioned, therein and the cement had to be supplied from the factory therein mentioned. That document was in the following form which actu~lly ralates to a Rale to a Government contractor.
"Government of India-Ministrary of Commerce & Industry.
Office of the Regional Honorary Cement Adviser 4/12 Race Course Road, Coimbatore. Central Quota. Dated 8-10·1955. Authorisation No. RA/CT/28/CMI/ 17 2 CQ.
(CENTELEC)
Period IV/55 The Cement Marketing, Name of Suppliers : Co. of India P. Box No. 613, Sugar Company BuldingBangalore-2.
.~
You are authorised to sell cement in quantity mentioned b~low under this authorisation. The sale will be a direct deal between yourself and
3 S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 781
.... '
| the purch'tSe responsibility |
r.The Governme ofanynaturewh |
nt undertakes no atsoever:- |
|---|---|---|
| Name and address oftheperson in whose favour authorisation is issued. |
Nameofthe Quan- cement tity factoryor company requiredto supply cement. |
NameofRly. Re- Stn.towhich marks cementisto be booked. |
| I | 2 3 |
5 |
| M/s.G.S. Duggal&Co Ltd.Kngi- neers&Con- tractors, JalhalliP.O. Bangalore. |
Mudhukkarai 300 Shahabad tons |
Bangalore |
1963
Gemme '11 arketi.1g Co., of India Ltd.. •
Stale of Mya111
KapurJ.
Ref: No. J/117/115 date 29-9-55 from the above indentors-]for manufacture of the tiles for the Bharat Electronics Ltd. Supply rPoommended by the Commander Works Engineers(B.E.I.P.), Jalahalli.
Full details of the purpose for which and the place at which cement will actually be consumed; Priority, Defence work.
Sd. C.C. Ramanath, Reg, Hon. Cement Advisor (Coimbat ire)
Copy to I. The indentor.
.,...;
••
782 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963)
1912 This authorisation was subject to the following conditions: It was to be utilised within C1m1nt Mark1ting Co., of India Lfd, 15 days; the cement released could be used •• only for the purpose for which it was given; Stat1 of Mysor1 the authorisation was not transferabl'l; the Eapur J. issuing authority could, if necessary, revoke the authorisation at any time and even the orders booked under the authorisation could be cancelled. The purchaser or the indentor had then to place an. order with the first appellant as Sales Managers of the second appellant stating the requirement, where the goods were to be sent and how they were to be sent. The seller entered into a contract with the first appellant. This contract is in a standared form and gives conditions of sale. Thereupon the first appellant instructed its Bombay office to · despatch the cement in accordance with the instructions of the buyer and the authorisation. In this letter they had to mention the number of the authorisation and the person who had issued it and also to whom the goods were to be sent and how and c~rtain other details which are not necessary for the purposes of this appeal were also to be given.
f
Each instruction indicates that it was issued for and on behalf of appellant No. 2 by appellant No. I as its Sales Managers. A copy of the letter of instruction was sent to the factory from where the goods were to be despatched and the particularR of the authorisation had to be mentioned therein. Thereafter the first appellant sent an advice to
3S.C.R.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 783
,.
the purchaser enclosing therewith the Railway Receipt for the goods and this advice also mentioned the parti0ulars of the authorisation against which the goods were being sent. Both the contract of sale and the advice above mentioned stated that the goods were being despached at the buyer's risk from the time the delivery was ma.de by the factory to the carriers and the railway receipt was obtained for the goods. In the present case all the goods were sent, as indeed they had to be sent, against the authorisations from the various factories belonging to the second appellant which at the relevant time were all situate outside the State of Mysore and were received in the State of Mysore by the various purchasers.
1962
Cement Markrti•i Ch., of lndi;1, Ltd. "'· State of Mys.,-.
KapurJ
The position of the first appellant is as was accepted by the Sales tax Officer in his order dated March 31, 1958, that of Sales Managers of the second appellant but in regard to the nature of the transactions the Sales ta.x Officer found: -
>-.
"Though the property in the goods pa11s to tbe dealers and consumers outside the State immediately the goods are h11.nded over to the carriers outside the l::ltate and railway receipt is taken out since the goods have actually been delivered Jn Mysore State as a direct result of such sale for purposes of consumption in the State, sale is deemed to have taken place in Mysore State".
and a.gain he said:-
)" .
"Thus the sales of cement manufactured by A.C.U. Factories situated outside Mysore State effected by the dealers M/s. Cement Marketing Company of India Ltd. Bangalore, to dealers and customers in Mysore State • amounts to intra-State sales and therefore liable to Mysore Sales Tax Act 48".
784 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963)
1952 In its judgment the High Court took into consi- Cem1nl Marktting deration the faot that the first appellant had a Co., of India v. Lid. branch office at Bangalore within the State of State oj Mysor1 Mysore and that the public placed their orders with the first appellant for supplies of cement against
Kapur J. permits granted to them; that the first appellant, who after accepting the offer for the supplies of Cf'ment, oollected the price from the intending purchasers and then directed one of the factories of the second appellant to supply cement to the purchasers and actual delivery to the purchaser was whhin the State of Mysore and therefore the contention that cement was loaded outside the 8tate of Mysore and despatched to the pnrohaser did not not convert sales into inter-State sales but were intra-State sales. It appears that the true nature of the transaction was not correotly considered by the High Court.
The modus operandi above mentioned shows that before an intending purchttser could obtain cement he had to get what is called an authoririation from a Government authority which nominated the factory from whioh the intending purohaser had to get his supplies of cement. That authorisation with an order had to be given to the first appellant; and after a contract in the standard form was entered into the first appellant sent the order to the factory named in the authorisation and that factory then supplied the requisite goods to the purchaser. The factory from where the cement was to be supplied was not in the hands or at the option of the first appellant, but was entirely a matter for the Government authority to decide, so that the cement which was supplied from a particular factory was supplied not at the choice of the first appellant but pursuant to the authorisation.
It was contended that the sales which took place in the present case in which the movement of
.. "'
3 S.C.H.. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 785
'->-···
goods was from one State to ar1other as a result of a covenant or incident of the contract of sale fell within Art. 286(2) of the Consitution and therefore the imposition of Sales tax on such sales was unconstitutional. The Article applicable at the relevant time i.e., before its amendment was as follows:-
1962
Cemonl Ma•fretint l'o , of lndia Ltd. v. Stat1 of Myso r•
KapurJ.
286 (1) "No law of a State shall impose or authorise the imposition of a tax on the sale or purchase of goods where such sale or purchase takes place.
.J '
>·
Provided ...................................... ~ ......... '~
The Article had since been repealed and another substituted in its place by the Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act but the sales in question were prior to the amendment.
.,, .
In the present case the contract itself involved the movement of goods from the factory to the purchaser i. e. across the broder from one State to another because the factories were outside the State of Mysore and the ref ore transactions were
. -
786 SUPREME OOURT REPORTS [1963)
1961 cle&rly transactions of sale of goods in the oourse of inter-State trade or commerce. Taking the Ctml'nt M orketing Co., of India Ltd. nature of the transaction and preliminaries which .. are necessary for the sale or purchase of cement it Slate of My101e cannot be said that the sale itself did not occasion Eopur J. the movement of goods from one State to another. The essential features of the contracts proved in the preeent case are itnalogous to those in Mfs. Mohan Lal Hargovind v, The State of Madhya PradeBh.(') In that case the assessees were a firm carrying on business of making and selling bids in Madhya P111desh. In the course of their business they imported finished tobacco from dealers in Bombay State, rolled it into biiis and exported the biris to various other States. Both the exportern of tobacco from Bombay :State who .supplied the assessees and the asseseees were registered dealers under the C. P. & Berar Sales Tax Act, 1947. It was held that the assessees imported the finished tobacco into Madhya. Pradesh from persons who were carrying on in the State of Bombay busines~ of processing tobacco and selling the goods and there was, as a result of these transactions move ment of goods from the State of Bombay to the State of Madaya Pradesh and therefore the transactions involved movement of goods across t be State border and they were not li&ble to be taxed by virtue of Art. 286 ( 2) of the Constitution. In The State of Travancore Cochin &: Others v. The Bombay Co Ltd.(') which was a case under Art. 286 ( 1) ( b j i. e. sale and purchase in the course of export trade, Patanjali Sastri, C. J., observed:--
,, A sale by export thus involves a series of integrated activities commencing from the agreement of sale with a foreign buyer and ending with the delivery of the goods to a common carrier for transport out of the (l) (1955) 2 s. C. R. ~Qt>. (2) (1952) S. C.R. IIJ2,
. ;..
. ""
. "'
3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 787
..J '
>·
country by land or sea. Such a sale can~ot be dissooia.ted from the export without which it cannot be effectuated, and the sale and resultcJ.nt export from parts of a single transaction".
At p. 1120 the learned Chief Justice again observed: "We accordingly hold that whatever else may or may not fall within article 286 (1) sales and purchases which themselves occasion the export or the import of the goods, as the case may be, out of or into the territory of India come within the exemption and that is enough to dispose of these appeals".
Thus a sale to fall within Art. 286 (1) (b) has to be a sale which occasions the export. Again in the State of Travancore Cochin & Others v. Shammugha Vilas Cashew..:\ ut Factory & Others (1 ) the words ''in the course of" were interpreted to mean a sale taking place not only during the activities directed to the end of exportation of the goods out of the oontury but also as a part of or connected with such activities. At p. 63 the learned Chief Justice explained the words ''integrated activities" as follows:-
"The phrase "integrated activities" was used in the previous decision to denote that "such a sale" (i. e. a sale which occasions the export) "cannot be dissociated from the export without which it oanot be afrectuated, and the sale and the resultant export form parts of a single transaction". It is in that sense that the two activities-the sale and the export-were said to be integrated".
1968
Cement ark1ting Oo., of India Ltd. V• Slat1 •f M ysli'6
Kapur J,
In Endupuri N arasimham &: Son v. The State of Orissa, (2) it was held in the case of sales covered (I) (1954) S. C. R. 53. (2) (1962) I S. C. R. 314,
788 SUPRE~iE COURT REFO&TlS [963]
1962
1962 by Art. 286 ( l) (b) that only sale or purchase of Cnnenl Marketing goods which occasions the export or import of the Co., of India Ltd. goods out of or into the territory of India were •• State of .M.Jao11 exempt from the imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods and in regard to prohibition
Jra;urJ. against · imposition of tax on inter-State sales the test, it was said, was that in order that a sale or purchase might be inter-State it is essential that there must be transport of goods from one State to another under the contract of sale or purchase. The following observatins from the Bengal Immunity Co. Ltd. v. The State of Bihar (I) were quoted with approval in support of the proposition:·-
., -
" A s11le could be said to be in the course of inter-State trade only if two conditions concur: (1) A sale of goods, and (2) a transport of tnose goods from one State to another under the contract of sale. Unless both these conditions are satisfied, there can be no sale in the course of inter-State tiade".
Thus the tests which have been laid down to bring a sale within inter-State sales are tha,t the transaction must involve movement of goods across the border (Mohanlal Hargovind's case (2 ) ); transactions are inter-State in which as a direct result of suoh sales the goods are actually delivered for consumption in another State; Mjs Ram Narain & Sons v. Assistant Commissioner of Sales tax (') a contract of sale must involve transport of goods from one State to another under the contract of ale; Bengal Immunity Go' case('). In the case of sals m the course of export or import the test laid down was a series of integrated actiTities commencing from an . agreement of sale and ending with the delivery of goods to a common ll) (1955)2 S. C.R. C03, 784•5. (2) 11»55) 2 S.G R.509. (SJ (1955) 2 S, C.R. 483, 504.
' l.
3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 789
carrier for export by land or by sea ; The Bombay Go. LfJJ, case (1). •'In the course of" was explained to mean a sale taking place not only during the activities directed to the end of the exportation of the goods out of the country but also as part of or connected with such activies and "integrated activities" was explained in similar langauage. This Court again accepted these tests in Endupuri N arasimham's case (2 ). In s. 3 of the Central Salos Tax Act, 1956 (Act 74 of 1956), the legislature has accepted the principal governing inter-State sales as laid down in Mohan Lal Hargovind's case (3 ). The principles for determining when a sale or purchase of goods ta.kes place in the course of inter-state sale or commerce outside the state are :
19611
Cement Marlceting Co., of lndia Ltd. v. State of My1or1
KapurJ,
"S.3 A sale or purchase of goods shall be deemed to take place in the course of interState trade or commerce if the sale or purchase -
In Tata Iron & Steel Go. Ltd, Bomb(Lp v. S.R. Sarkar & Another (4 ) Shah, J., in explaining what sales are coyered by cl. (a) of s.3 above said :
"Cl. (a) of s. 3 covers sales, other than those included in Cl. (b), in which the movement of goods from one btate to another is the result of a convenant or incident of the contract of sale, and property in the goods passes in either State".
iii .
As stated above under the contracts of sale in the present case there was transport of goods from (1) If52 s C.R. r112. l2} (1962) I s.c.R. 314. l3J (19551 2 s.c.R. 509. ' t+J \1S61J 1 s.c.R. 379, 391.
790 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963]
1962 outside the State of Mysore into the State of Cenunt M ark1ting Mysore and the transactions themselves involved Co., •f India Ltd. movement of goods across the border. Thus if the State of M v. yaore goods moved under the contract of sale, it cannot be said that they were intra-State ~ales. It was
KapurJ. not the volition of the first appellant to supply to the purchaser the goods from any of the factories of the second appellant. The factories were nominated by the Government by authorisations which formed the basis of the contract between the buyer and the seller. Applying these tests to the facts of the present case we are of the opinion that the sales were in the nature of inter-State sales and were exempt from Sales tax. In these circumstances the contracts of sale in the present case have been erroneously considered to be intra-State sales.
The decision in Rohtas Industries Ltd. v. The State of Bihar(1 ) to which reference was made by the respondent does not apply to the facts of the present . case because the agreement between the first appellant and the second appellant is different from that which existed between Rohtas Industries Ltd. and the Cement .Marketing Co of India in the case above cited. Un an examination of the agreement bet.ween those two companies this court held that the relationship which exis_ted between the two was of seller and buyer and not of principal agent. In the present case the agreement is quite different. In the first clause of the agreement between the two appellants and the Patiala Cement Co. dated April 21, 1954, the first appellant was appointed the sole and exclusive Sales Manager of the second appellant and as such the first appellant was entitled to enter into contracts of sale, receive payment of the same and do all acts and things necessary for the effective management in connection with the contracts of sale entered into on behalf of the principals. The sale price and the terms and conditions of sale were to be (I) (1961) 12 S.T.C. 615.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS 791
3 S.C.R.
determined by the principals. The Se.les Manager was to keep its administrative and technical staff at such places in India as was determined by the principals. All the establishment charges and other expenses of the Sales Managers were for and on behalf of the principals and were to be defrayed by the " , principals in proportion to their annual sales. At the end of every month the Sales Managers were to submit to the principals accounts showing sales contracts by it on behalf of each one of the principals. At the end of each financial year ending July 31, the Sales Managers had to make a proper account of all their operatione during the year and after submit• ting them for confirmation to the principals had to pay the price of annual sales relizations to each of • the principals to whom they happened to relate. Clause 10 provided that subject to imtructions of the principals the Sales Managers were to make all necessary arrangements to secure speedy and economicial transport of cement. These terms are quite different from those in the case of Rohtas Industries Ltd. and therefore that decision has no application to the facts of the prese-qt <'ase.
In the result, the impoeition of the Sales tax on the appellant for the year of assessment except for the period April 1, 1955, to ~eptember 6, 1955, was illegal and was not leviable for that period. The appeal is therefore allowed to that extent and the petition of the appellants succeeds but it will not effect the tax paid for the period abovementioned. In view of the partial success of appellants they will be entitled to half costs of the appeal .
> .
196!
Cetr.ent A1a1ketin11 Ce., of India Lttl. v. State of Mysore
Eapur J.;
.Appeal allowed in part.
(l) (1961 l 12 S.T.C. 6!5.
1 issue framed by the court
Whether sales of cement despatched from factories outside Mysore against Government authorisations were intra-State sales taxable under the Mysore Sales Tax Act or inter-State sales exempt under Artic
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
M/s. Mohan Lal Hargovind v. The State of Madhya PradeshFollowed¶103
[1955] 2 S.C.R. 509 · Who else cites this
The State of Travancore-Cochin & Others v. The Bombay Co. Ltd.Explained¶103
(1952) S.C.R. 1112 · Who else cites this
The State of Travancore-Cochin & Others v. Shanmugha Vilas Cashew Nut Factory & OthersExplained¶113
(1954) S.C.R. 53 · Who else cites this
Endupuri Narasimham & Son v. The State of OrissaRelied on¶118
[1962] I S.C.R. 314 · Who else cites this
Bengal Immunity Co. Ltd. v. The State of BiharRelied on¶124
[1955] 2 S.C.R. 603 · Who else cites this
M/s. Ram Narain & Sons v. Assistant Commissioner of Sales TaxRelied on¶125
[1955] 2 S.C.R. 483 · Who else cites this
Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., Bombay v. S.R. Sarkar & AnotherRelied on¶135
[1961] I S.C.R. 379 · Who else cites this
Rohtas Industries Ltd. v. The State of BiharDistinguished¶142
[1961] 12 S.T.C. 615
4 provisions across 3 enactments
The Cement Marketing Co. of India Ltd.
Associated Cement Co. Ltd.
The State of Mysore
Second respondent
S. K. Das
J. Kapur
A. K. Sarkar
M. Hidayatullah
Raghubar Dayal
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
