Appeals against framing of charges in a railway timber-supply cheating and conspiracy case. The Court held that offences in pursuance of one conspiracy form one 'distinct offence', so a single charge under s. 233 CrPC was valid; upheld charges against both partners and the Special Judge's territorial jurisdiction over consequential offences.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
I
338 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963] SUPP.
'
IHI the joinder of charges was contrary to the provisions Biri<M BAuiaa of the Code it would be a mis-joinder of charges. Si.,.~Bilw y, Section 537 prohibits the revisional or the appellate court from setting aside a finding, sentence s.h6o Rtu, J. or order passed by a court of competent jurisdiction on the ground of such a misjoinder unless it has occasioned a failure of justice. In this ca5e there was a clear misjoinder of charges against several persons. But the High Court held that there was no failure of justice· and the appellants had their full say in the matter and they were not prejudiced in any way. We, therefore, hold that the High Court was right in not setting aside the convictions of the accused and the sentence passed against them.
In the result the appeal fails and is dismissed.
A.ppe,al di1miased.
Ila N-"', 21,
BANW ARI LAL JHUNJHUNW ALA AND OTHERS
ti.
UNION OF INDIA AND ANOTHER
(And connected appeals)
(K. SUBBA RAo and RAOBUJIAB DAYAL, JJ.)
Crifltilllll lriai-' 11 .. ,., d\alitld oJJ-', Jt-"119 ofO""'fli-.-Covrl trgit1g oJfmce of coupiracy .,,.,. try all oJ/, C0111mit"-<1_ ;,. JllW,.,....., of coupiraey-Iflllian Penal <Jade, 1860 (.Act 46 of 1860), •· 71, a.120-B-OotkofOriminol Protttl,,,., 1898'(Act 5 of 1898), 1 •. 233.
A firm having two partners entered into a contract for the 111pply of 1306.5 · tons of bottom boanh Cor railway wagons a, certain specified varieties of hardwood to tbe Central Railwaf
A
'
2 s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS
339
Administration. The wood was to be supplied at dift'crent places in different quantities. The firm supplied wood of inferior quality. Thomson and other oflicen issued false inspection notes certifying the quality of the wood to be accord· ing to specification. On the basis of thOIC false inspection notes, the Jinn received payment of IU. 3,77,771. The accused were charged under ss. 109,120·B and 420 of the Indian Penal Code and s. (l )(d) read withs. 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, and were sent up for trial to the court of the Special Judge, Kerala. C were aho framed against them. However, the cate was transfened by thls couit to the court of the Special Judge, Poona; The latter amended certain chatReS and aho added a new charge against certain appellants. The accused went in revision to the High Court of Bombay and questioned the legality or propriety of variau1 charges. The High Court ordered certain minor modillcations in the charges and against that order both the accused and the Union of India came to this court by speci&l leaW. It wiu contended on behalf of the accused that the obtainmg of money by submitting each separate bill amounted to one distinct otrence for which a separate charge should have been framed in view of 1. 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and the charge as framed was a combination of a number of charges with respect to oeveral offences of cheating committed by obtaining money on the preseiitatioii of 18 or 19 bills and was, therefore, against the provisions of 1. 233. It was also contended that the charge of cheating should have been framed against that partner who had submitted the bill and obtained money.
1911 "-' lAI Jlnmjlw•UJO/a •• UolM of lollo
Htld, that the expraaion "every distinct oft'ence" in 1. 233 Code of Criminal Procedure has a dift'erent content fi'Oln the eiq>rCllion "every ollCnce" or "each oft'ence" and that oft'enccs would be distinct if they .be not in any way inter-related.
c.r.,,,_ v. fie &ala, A. I. lL 1954 All. 795, approved.
Htld, further that a single charge for the oft"ence of cheat· ing in punuance of conspiracy did not contravene the provisions of 1. 233 of the Code of .Criminal Procedure. The conspiracy <:11~ into by the appellants was not for obtaining diverse amounts by cheating but to ·obtain the . entire C911tract money by clieating. - The -o&ncc of cheating contemplated by· the conspiraton was one otrence of obtaining, by cheating, the full amount due under the 00ntract for the material supplied. While the obtaining of money by cheating on the ix-Dtation of an. individual bill · did Coiistitnte the odmce of <:heating, the obtaining-of the entire money In pursuance of the terms of the single cl>ntrilci and the single compiracy entered Into also
'
340 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1963] SUPP.
1962
Batflll4ri Lal Jlwnjlw•wala •• Union oj lttdia
constituted.'he offence of cheating. When the accused could not be punished for more than one such offence, it could not be the intention of law that he be charged with each of the offences which were iu a way included in the complete offence made up by the entire course of conduct of the accused in pur- suance of the conspiracy.
Bhagat Singh v. The State, [1952] 2 S. C.R. 371, refer- red to.
Empress v. Raghu Rai, (1881) A.W.N. 154, Pooni! Singh v. Madho Bhot, (1886) 1.L.R. 13 Cal. 270,Joan Suhrna v. The King Emperor, (1905) 10 C. W. N. 320 and Promotha Nath Rayv. King Emperor, (1912) 17C. W. N 478, approved.
Both the partners conspired to cheat the Government. The bills were presumably presented on behalf of the firm, and, therefore, both the partners were responsihle for obtaining the money on the presentation of· the bills. Hence, both of them were rightly charl(ed.
A court trying an accused for an offence of conspiracy is ron1pctent to try hi!n for all off~nces committed in pursuance of that conspiracy irrespective of the fact that any or all the other off<::nces were con1mitted within its territorial Jurisdiction. The charge framed by the Special Judge was approved.
Pumshottam D1~ Dalm;a v The Stat. of West Bengal, [1962] 2 S. C R. IOI and L. N. Mukherjee v. The State of Madras, [1962] 2 S. C.R. 116, followed.
Ca1MINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeals Nos. 113, 114 and 190 of 61.
Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated June 16. 1961, of the Bombay High Court in Criminal Revision Applications Nos. 305 and 345 of 1961.
J. O. Bhatt, J. B. Dadachanji, 0. 0. Mathur and Ravinder Narain, fir the appellants (in Cr. A. No. 113/61) and respondents Nos. 1 to 4 (in Cr. A. No. 190of1961).
K. R. Ohauilhuri. for the appellant (in Cr. A. No. 114/61) and respondent No. 5 (in Cr. A. No. 190 /61).
'
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 341
H. R. Khanna and R.H. Dhebar, for the res· pondents (Cr. A. Nos. 113 and 114/61) and appellant (in Cr. A. No. 190/61).
19d2 Bawari Loi Jh1n1jhunwa/4 ... UniM of Indio
RAGHUBAR DAYAL, J.-These three appeals, by special leave, arise out of a criminal case pending in the Court of the Special Judge, Poona, against the appellants in Criminal Appeals Nos. 113 and 114.
Banwari Lal Jhunjhunwala and Champalal Jhunjhunwala, appelfants Nos. l and 2 in Criminal Appeal No. 113 of 1961, are partners in a Firm named Shreeram Ramniranjan. The other two appellants, I. R. Oza and Gajraj Tiwari are the employees of the firm. V. A. Thomson, appellant in Criminal Appeal 114 of 1961, was Assistant Works Manager (Timber Inspection), Central Railways, Matunga, Bombay, at the relevant time.
The aforesaid firm entered into a contract with the Director General of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi, in 1955, for the supply of 1306.5 tons of bottom boards for railway wagons of certain specified varieties of hard wood, to the Central Railway Administration. The total cost for the entire supply was Rs. 3,99,556-8-0. The wood was to be supplied at three places in different quantities. 630 tons were to be consigned to the District Controller of Stores, C. W. E., Matunga, Bombay, 26! tons were to be supplied to the Assistant Controller of Stores, Lallaguda and 650 tons were to be supplied to the Assistant Controller of stores, Jhansi. Prior to . the supply, the wood was to be inspected by the Chief Engineer (Sleeper Passing Branch), Southern Railway, Madras, or an officer acting for him, andthe places of inspection were Kallayi, Mangalore and Vallapatnam. The first and the last of the places
'
342 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963) SUPP.
1962 8-ariLal Jm..;m. .... 1. Y. Union of India
&,lw•• D.,.Z, I.
were in the Kerala State. The payments were to be made by the Pay and Accounts Officer, Ministry of Works, Housing and Supply, New Delhi. The procedure to be followed in obtaining the payment was as follows.
Immediately after despatch, the Contractor could submit his bill and claim 90% of the price. Along with the bill he had to attach the first copy of the inspection note. The balance, viz., 10% of the price, was paid later when two further copies of the mspection note and certain other documents had to be submitted.
Subsequent to the acceptance of the tender, the District Controller of Stores, Central Railways, C. W. E. Depot, Matunga, was also added as the Inspection Authority and Inspection Officer, for the wood to be supplied to D. C. O. S. Matunga. Still later, the Chief Mechanical Engineer, Central Railways, Bombay, was made the Inspection Authority and the Assistant Works Manager, Timber Inspection, C. W. E. Central Railways, Matunga, Bombay, was named as the Inspecting Officer. The places of Inspection were also changed to Bombay, Calicut and Baliapatam. The period of contract was also extended and the total cost of wood to be supplied was Rs. 4,08, 741/-.
The prosecution allegation is that the wood actually supplied was of inferior quality, that Thomson and other officers issued false inspection notes certifying the quality of the wood to be per specification and on the basis of these false inspection notes the aforesaid Firm received payment of Rs. 3,77,771/- from the Pay and Accounts Officer in the Ministry of Works, Housing and Supply, Government of India.
The case against the accused appellants was first sent up to the Court of the Special Judge in
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 343
Kerala. He framed six charges against the accused. Charge No. I was framed against all the accused and was for an offertce under s. 120-B I. P. C. Charge No. 2 was against the two partners of the Firm for an offence under s. 420 I. l'. C. Charges Nos. 3 and 4 were against the two emeloyee-appellants, for an offence under s. 420 read withs. 109 I. P. C. Charge No. 5 for a similar offence was against Thomson. Charge No. 6 was against Thomson for an offence under s. 5( 1 }( d) read with s. 5( 2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act. The second charge for the offence under s. 420 I. P. C. was with respect to the Firm obtaining Rs. 1,41,309/- for the supply of 521 tons of timber. Charge No.•6 stated that Thomson abused his position as -a public servant and obtained for the partner-appellants, on behalf of the Firm, pecuniary advantage.
1962 S.wari Lill J~"1ijh .. WtJJa y, Union •f luill
RA1hu6a1 V.:fGI, J
This Court transferred the case from the Court of the Special Judge, Kerala, to the Court of the ::lpecialJudge, Poona. The SpecialJudge, Poona, amended the chargC!I and also added a 7th charge against the four appellants connected with the firm. for abetting Thomson in his committing the offence under s. 5(l}(d) read with, s. 5(2) of the Prevention of the Corruption Act. Charge No. 2 was amended to the effect that the amended charge referred to the supply of the entire quantity of wood, i.e. 1306! tons of wood and to the i:eceipt of Rs. 3, 77, 771/-. Charge No. 6 was amended, inter alia, to the effect that Thomson, by abusing his position as public servant obtained advantage for himself from the partners of the firm. The accused-appellants went in revision to the High Court of Bombay and questioned the legality or propriety of the various charges. The High Court ordered certain minor modifications in the charges, with which we are not concerned and restricted charge No. 2 to the supply of 521 tons of wood and to the receipt of Rs. 1,41,309/- in accordance with the charge originally framed by the
1962
344 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963] SUPP.
a .. .,.,; c..1 Jhajh .. U1ala v. Union of lndU.
R•ghubor Do>0l, I,
Special Judge, Kerala, as the Kerala Court did not have jurisdiction to try the offence committed in res· pect of the supply of wood to places outside its jurisdiction.
The Union of India has filed Criminal Appeal No. 190 of 1961 against the High Court's order restricting the charge No. 2 to the supply of 521 tons of wood and to the receipt of Rs. 1,41,309/- odd.
The relevant part of the main charge of conspiracy against all tl:ie accused may now be quoted:
"That you all between July 1955 and September J956 at Bombay Baliapatam, Kannanore, Calicut, Ferok, Kallayi ............. .. entered into conspiracy, by agreeing among yourselves ... .. . to commit illegal acts and/or acts by illegal means, to wit, to supply in fulfilment of the contract ..... .'bottom boards' in inferior jungle wood and not in the species of Aine, Kalpine and Haldu, as agreed to supply as per con tract and tender, referred to above, to have the said bottom boards fraudulently passed by accused No. 5, by abusing his position as public servant by corrupt and illegal means to get false inspection notes and certificates from accused No. 5 and others to the effect that the bottom boards were of the species of Aine, Kalpine and Haldu as per species and specifications detailed in the said contract, when to your knowledge they were not, but were of inferior jungle wood and which inspection notes and certificates were issued by accused No. 5 by abusing his position as public servant by corrupt and illegal means to obtain pecuniary advantage for himself and for others i.e., accused Nos. I and 2; to induce the Assistant Pay and Accounts Offo;:er in the Ministry of Works, Housing and Supply ........ . to part with a sum of Rs. 3, 77, 771/- as value
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 345
thereof, by claiming in bills, supported with inspection notes ......... which acts amount to 'offence punishable under ss. 420/109 of the Indian Penal Code and section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, and thereby committed an offence punishable under s. 120-B of the Indian Penal Code ...... "
1961 Bawa; Lal Jfuaj/nmUJ0/4 v. u.u. of l•dia
Raghubar D.,.1, J.
It is contended for the appellants in appeal No. 113 of 1961 that the obtaining of money by submitting each separate bill amounted to one distinct offence for which a separate charge should have been framed in view of s. 233 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and that the charge as framed is a combination of a number of charges with respect to several offences of cheating committed by . obtaining money on the presentation of eighteen or nineteen bills and was therefore against the provisions of s. 233 of the Code. It is also contended that the charge for cheating should have been framed against that particular accused who had su&mitted the bill and obtained money. The High Court considered these objections and held that a schedule giving the details of each item of cheating would sufficiently meet the requirements of law and that . the bills were presumably signed by the Firm ·just as the forwarding letters were and that therefore both the partners could be properly charged for the offence of cheating.
The cheating was in pursuance of the cons· piracy entered into between the various ac~used. The salient. features of the conspiracy were that in pursuance of the coutract for the supply of 1360! tons of specified wood, inferior wood be supplied and that for the success of the scheme false inspection cenificates be obtained from the Inspecting Officers and that such false inspection notes should accompany the bills purponing to be for the supply of wood per specifications. The object of the conspiracy was to obtain the full contract price from the Government
r
346 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963] SUPP.
Bawari/Al Jh"'limmw• v. Unin of lteiia
on supplying material infenor in quality from that undertaken to be supplied under he contract. N aturally, the entire supply could not be made at the same time even if it was to be made at one place.
Actually the supply was to be made at three places. The . wood inspected at a particular place of inspection could be distributed to the various places of supply. The bills could be for the supply made at the particular time by the Firm to one place alone or to places more than one. It is therefore obvious that the conspiracy entered into by the appellants was not for obtaining diverse amounts by cheating but to obtain the entire contract money by cheating. This circumstance justifies the conclusion that the offence of cheating contemplated by the conspirators was one offence and that was of obtaining, by cheating, the full amount due under the contract for the material supplied. . The charge framed for the offence under s. 420 does not contravenes. 233 of the Code.
There is another way of looking at the same question. The obtaining of money for each bill supported by false inspection note, amounted to the offence of cheating in pursuance of the conspiracy. All such individual offences on the basis of the various bills, were of the same kind as the single offence of obtaining the total amount as a result of the presentation of the various bills and, in view of s. 71. I. P. C., the accused could not be punished for more than one of such offences it being provided that 'where anything which is an offence is made up of parts any of which is itself an offence, the offender shall not be punished for more than one such offence unless it be so expressly provided'. Illustration (a) explains this provision and is :
f-
"A gives Z fifty strokes with a stick. Here A may have committed the offence of voluntarily causing hurt to Z by the whole beating, and
I
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 347
also by each of the blows which make up the whole beating. · If A were liable to punishment for every blow, he might be imprisoned for fifty years, one for each blow. But he is liable only to one punishment for the whole beating"
1962 Bnworl Loi J/umjhu.,,,.,. . y, . Unioa ef l•4i•
It is to be noted that the whole beating is considered to constitute one offeoce while each of the blows also amounted to the offence of voluntarily ca1Ling hurt. It can be said, therefore, that while the obtaining of money by cheating on the presentation of an individual bill did constitute the offence of cheating, the obtafuing ofthe entire money in pursu· ance of the terms of th single contract and the single conspiracy entered ,into .also constituted the offence of cheating. When the 'accused could not be punished with the punishment for more than one such offence, it cannot be the intention of law that the accused be charged with each of the offences which were in a way included in the complete offence made up by .the entire course of conduct of the accused in pursuance of the conspiracy.
Section 233 Cr. P,C. reads :
"For every distinct offence of which any person is accused there shall .be a separate charge, and every sucli charge shall be tried separately, except in the cases mentioned in sections 234, 235, 236, and 239."
The expression 'every distinct offence' must have a different content from t'.he expression 'every offence' or 'each offence'. A separate charge is required for every distinct offence and not necessarily for each separate offence.
The <J,Uestion is, what is meant by 'every distinct offence ? 'Distinct' means 'not identical.' It stresses characteristics that distinguish while the word
1962
348 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963] SUPP.
Bawari Lal Jhrmjlrunwal•, •• Union •/ fntlia Rqlta6vr Da;101, J.
'separate' would stress the 'two things not being the same.' Two offences would be distinct if they be not in any way inter-related. If there be some interrelation, there would be no distinctness and it would depend on the circumstances of the case in which the offences were committed whether there be separate charges for those offences or not.
Such a view has been the basis of certain decisions by the High Courts and this Court.
In Ohunrwo V. St.ate (1) Kidwai J., said at p. 797 : "The use of the word 'distinct' is of great significance and the Legislature having inserted it, we must, so far as possible, give it a meaning and not treat it as redundant. 'Every distinct offence' cannot be treated as having the same meaning as 'every offence'. The only meaning that the word 'distinct' can have in the context in which it occuci is to indicate that there should be no connection between the various acts which give rise to criminal liability. If there is such a connection, one action is not 'distinct' from other actions and each of them, even if it constitutes an offence, does not constitute a 'distinct' offence".
In Bhagat Singh v. The State (2), a person hit two others with a single shot from his gun. Faz) Ali, J., said at p. 375 :
"The word 'offence' has been defined in the Criminal Procedure Code as meaning 'any act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force.' There seems to be nothing wrong in law to regard the single act of firing by the appellant as one offence only. On the other hand, we think that it would be taking an extrcmly narrow and artificial view to split it into two offences. There are several reported cases in which a similar view has been (I) A.I.R. 1954 AU. 795. (I) [1952] s.c.R. 371.
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 349
taken and, in our opinion, they have not been incorrectly decided."
We refer to these cases later. It was further stated at p. 376:
"In Sudheendrakumar Rait V. Emperor (l.L.R. 60 Cal. 643) a person who was chased by two constables had fired at them several times, but it seems to have been rightly assumed that the firing did not constitute more than one offence, though the point was not specifically raised or decided."
1962 Ba.wari Cal IJ.,.J""-i. v. U.ln •f l•di• R«1lw6ar Doyal, I.
In Empress v. Raghu Rai (1) the accmed was convicted of stealing two bullocks by one act of theft. It was held that the offence committed was one. The rationale of the decision could be nothing but that the entire transaction of stealing or the entire action leading to the theft of the bullocks was one act and therefore constituted one offence irrespective of the fact that more than one bullock was stolen.
In Poon.it Singh v. Madho Bhot (1 ) a person's furnishing the police with false information against two persons was held to result in one offence under s. 182 I. P. C., as the false statement he had made was one though the information conveyed by the statement related to two persons.
In John Suharria v. King Emperor (") a person, who asked the villagers to pay certain amount per head for signing the.ir parchas was held to have committed one offence of cheating as he did not ask each individual villager, but spoke to them in a body and the contention that he had made as many attempts to obtain money as there were villagers from whom he had sought remuneration was not accepted. In this case it is clear that the accused's act aimed at obtaining money from all the villagers whom he addressed and that act in its entirely was
(1) (1881) A. W. N· 154 (2) (1886) I. L. R. 13 Cal. 270. (S) (1905) 10 C. W, N. 520.
350 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1963] SUPP.
1962 B .. roarii:.I l/ollfJh .. wolo y, u.w. •! lrulia
&,luib• Dtva/, I.
held to constitute one offence even though his asking the villagers in a body could be said to amount to his asking each individual villager for the money and thus to constitute as many offences as there were villagers whom he asked.
In Promotha Natha !lay v. King Emperor(') one charge was frained under s. 406 I. P. C., with respect to dealing with several books of accounts. It was held that the books formed one set of account books of the estate, were found together in two locked boxes the keys being with the appellant, and that therefore they may be fairly regarded as one item of property with which the appellant was dealing in one particular way. It was not accepted that a seperate offence was committed with respect to each of the books. ·
,
We therefore hold that a single charge for the offr.nce of cheating in the circumstances of the case, does not contravene the provisions of s. 233 of the Code.
This view also disposes of the other objection with respect to charge no. 2, it being that with respect to the cheating constituted by the obtaining of money on each bill, only that partner should have been charged for. that offence who had actually signed that bill. Both the partners conspired to cheat the Government. The bills were, as held by the High Court, presumably presented on behalf of the Firm and therefore both the partners would be responsible for the obtaining of the money on the presentation of each bill. The c.harge therefore does not suffer from any defect on this account.
The main contention in the appeal by Thom· son is that the Special Judge, Poona, was not competent to amend the charge No. 6 to the effect that Thomson; by abusing his position as a public
;-
(I) (1912) 17 C. W. N. 479.
2 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 351
servant, had obtained pecuniary advantage for himself, as the sanction given for the prosecution of Thomson dtd not state that he had abused his position for his personal gain. We do not wish to express any opinion on the merits of this contention as it is still open to the prosecution to lead evidence to the effect that the sanction given for the prosecution was based on ·facts which referred to his obtaining money for himself. It may also he open to the prosecution to tlrge that it is a matter of inference from the alleged conduct of Thomson that he obtained benefit for himself. Suffice it to say that the trial of Th!)mson for the charge as framed at present is not illegal.
1961 s .. w.,,ic..J J~ •• U•""'eJ rui•
&1lw6ar Da,al, J,
It has been held by this Court in Purushottam Das Dalmia v. The State of WeBt Bengal (1 ) and L. N. Mukherjee v. The St.ate of Madras (')that a Court trying an accused for an offence of conspiracy is competent to try him for all offences committed in pursuance of that conspiracy irrespective of the fact that any or all other offences were not committed within its territorial jurisdiction. The special Judge, Poona, could try the appellants with respect to the offence of cheating and abetment thereof in connection with the supply of wood to places outside Kerala and for the obtainiQg of the price of that wood. The charge No. 2 as framed by the Special Judge is correct. The order of the High Court restricting the charge to the obtaining of Rs. 1,41,309/- only for the supply .of 521 tons of ~ood is wrong.
In the result, we dismiss Criminal Appeals Nos. 113 and 114 and allow appeal No. 190 of 1961.
Cr, A. Nos. 113 and 114 dismissed. Cr. A. No. 190 allowed.
(I) (1962] 2 8, C.R. IOI.
(2) (1962] 2 S. C. R. 116.
3 issues framed by the court
Whether a single charge of cheating covering multiple bill-based payments under one contract and conspiracy contravenes s. 233 CrPC.
Whether both partners could be charged for cheating though individual bills were presented by the firm.
Whether a court trying a conspiracy offence can try all offences committed in pursuance of it beyond its territorial jurisdiction.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Ohunrwa v. StateReferred¶97
A.I.R. 1954 All. 795 · Who else cites this
Bhagat Singh v. The StateReferred¶98
[1952] 2 S.C.R. 371 · Who else cites this
Empress v. Raghu RaiReferred¶105
(1881) A.W.N. 154
Poonit Singh v. Madho BhotReferred¶106
(1886) I.L.R. 13 Cal. 270 · Who else cites this
John Suharria v. King EmperorReferred¶107
(1905) 10 C.W.N. 520
Promotha Nath Ray v. King EmperorReferred¶114
(1912) 17 C.W.N. 479
Purushottam Das Dalmia v. The State of West BengalFollowed¶125
[1962] 2 S.C.R. 101 · Who else cites this
L. N. Mukherjee v. The State of MadrasFollowed¶125
[1962] 2 S.C.R. 116 · Who else cites this
6 provisions across 3 enactments
Banwari Lal Jhunjhunwala
Champalal Jhunjhunwala
I. R. Oza
Gajraj Tiwari
V. A. Thomson
Union of India
K. Subba Rao
Raghubar Dayal
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
