Constitutional challenge to the Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, a land ceiling and agrarian reform measure. The Supreme Court held the Act was protected by Article 31A since it affected rights in relation to an estate, rejected the claim that it was colourable legislation, and dismissed both appeals.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
724
I •
SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1962)
SONAPUR TEA CO., LTD.
April 4.
v.
MUST. MAZIRUNNESSA
(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, A. K. SARKAR,
K. N. WANCHOO, K. c. DAS GUPTA
and N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR, JJ.)
land Holding-Fixation of ceiling-Enactment, if a colourable legislation-Constitutional validity-Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holding Act, r957 (Assam r of r957), ss. 4, 5, r6, r8Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, r886 (Regulation I of r886). ss. 3(g), 9-Constitution of India, Art. JIA(z)(b).
These appeals arose out of two petitions filed in the High Court under Art. 226 of the Constitution challenging the constitutional validity of the Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holding Act, 1957· The High Court in dismissing the petitions held that the impugned Act was protected by Art. 31A of the Constitution. The Act was a measure of agrarian reform and imposed limits on land to be held by persons in order to bring about its equitable distribution. The Act as originally passed as also its subsequent amendment received the assent of the President and this satisfied the requirement of the proviso to Art. 31A(1)(a) of the Constitution. The question, therefore, was whether the rights of the appellants which were taken away or abridged by the impugned Act were "rights" in relation to an estate within the meaning of Art. 31A(2)(b) of the Constitution.
•
•
Held, that the expression" 'rights', in relation to an estate" in Art. 31A(2)(b) of the Constitution is of a very wide amplitude and construed liberally, as it must be, and considered in the light of the provisions of ss. 3(g) and 9 of the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886, the existing law relating to tenures, and the relevant definitions contained in the impugned Act, there could be no doubt that the rights of the petitioners, which the impugned Act extinguished, fell within the expres- sion.
Thakur Raghubir Singh v. The State of Ajmer, [1959] Supp. l S.C.R. 478, Sri Ram Ram Narain Medhi v. The State of Bombay, [1959] Supp. l S.C.R. 489 and Atma Ram v. The State of P.unjab, [1959] Supp. l S.C.R. 748, referred to.
A colourable legislation is one in which the Legislature transgresses the lawful limits of its legislative powers and conceals its real purpose under the cover of apparently legitimate and reasonable provisions and thus seeks to do indirectly what it cannot do directly.
K. G. Gajapathi Narayan Deo v. The State of ,Orissa, [1954] S.C.R. 1, referred to.
• •
1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 725
.. \
It was not correct to say that the impugned Act was a colourable legislation whose concealed purpose was to make profit by disposing of land in the manner provided ~y Ch. III or that by pith and substance it was a profit makmg measure or that ss. 16 and r8 of the Act were devices to that end. This is broadly contradicted by the whole object of the Act which is a measure of agrarian reform, writ large on all its pro- visions and clearly negatived bys. 4 of the Act which provides that in no case can the payment made by the tenant m gettrng the settlement exceed the amount of compensation payable by the Government in acquiring the land.
Sonapur Tea Co., Ltd. v. Must.
M azirunnessa
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos. 235 and 236 of 1960.
Appeals from the judgment and decree dated January 23, 1959 of the Assam High Court at Gauhati in Civil Rules Nos. 138 and 139 of 1958.
N. C. Chatterjee, Amjad Ali and K. R. Chaudhuri, for the appellant (in C. A. No. 235 of 1960).
•
D. N. Mukherjee, for the appellant (In C. A. No. 236 of 1960) .
S. M. Lahiri, Advocate.General, Assam and Naunit Lal, for the respondents.
•
GAJENDRAGADKAR, J.-These two appeals arise out Gajendragadkar ]. of two writ petitions Nos. 138 and 139 of 1958 filed respectively by the two appellants, Sonapur Tea Co. Ltd., of 15-D Sambhunath Pandi Street, Calcutta 9, and Musst. Mazirunnessa, wife of Abdul Gafur of Village Bhoknamari, District Kamrup, in which they challenged the validity of the Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act I of 1957 (hereafter called the Act). The said writ petitions have been dismissed by the Assam High Court substantially on the ground that since the impugned Act falls within the protection of Art. 31A the challenge made by the two appellants to th"e several provisions of the Act under Arts. 14, 19(1)(f) and 31(2) cannot be entertained. Having dismissed the writ petitions principally on this ground the High Court granted certificates to both the appellants to come to this Court in appeal,
726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]
'96 ' and so it is with the said certificates that the two appeals have been brought to this Court. Sonapur Tea co., Ltd. It is not necessary to set out the material facts leadv. ing to the two writ petitions in any detail. It would Must. be enough to say that under s. 5 of the impugned Act Mazfrunnessa notices had been served on both the appellants by G a1en.d raga dk ar 1 'Kthe amruprespondent ca ll" mgDeputy upon t em o su hCommissioner t b . m1t aand returnCollector g1vrng . .of the particulars of all their lands in the prescribed form and stating therein their selection of plot or plots of land (not exceeding in the aggregate the limits fixed under s. 4) which they desired to retain under the provisions of the Act. The appellants contended before the High Court that the impugned Act under which this notice had been served on them was invalid and ultra vires and so they wanted the notice issued under s. 5 to be quashed. That is the only relevant fact which needs to be stated for deciding the present appeals.
The Act received the assent of the President on December 7, 1956, and was published in the official State Gazette on January 16, 1957. Subsequently it was amended by the amending Act XVII of 1957 and assent was obtained to the amendment thus made on November 8, 1957. By a notification issued by the State Government on February 7, 1958, the amended Act came into force on February 15, 1958.
It is relevant to consider briefly the broad fea. tures of the Act. It has been passed because the Legislature deemed it necessary to make provision for the imposition of limits on the amount of land that may he held by a person in order to bring about an equitable distribution of land. That being the object of the Act the principal provision of the Act imposes a ceiling on existing holding by s. 4. The Act extends to the seven Districts specified in s. 1(2), and from its opera ti on are excepted the lands specified in els. (a) to (e) of s. 2. These clauses refer to !"ands belonging to any religious or charitable institution of a public nature, lands held for special cultivation of tea or purposes ancillary thereto and lands exceeding 150 highas utilised for large scale cultivation of citrus in a. c0mpact block by any person before January 1, 1955, lands
•
,
727
1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS
.T ) ,,
•
•
utilised by efficiently managed farms on which heavy r96r investments or permanent structural improvements have been made and whose break np is likely to lead Sonapu. Tea to a fall in production, and lands held by a sugar fac- Co.,vud. tory or a co-operative farming society for cultivation Must. of sugarcane for the purpose of such factory .. It Mazirunnessa would thus be noticed that the measure of agrarian . -- reform introduced by the Act has made exceptions in Ga1endragadkar J . regard to lands which it thought should be left out of the operation of the Act in the interest of the economy of the State. Section 3 is the definition section. It defines land as meaning land which is or may be utilised for agricultural purposes or purposes subservient thereto and includes the sites of buildings appurtenant to such land. Under s. 3(g) the word 'landholder' has the meaning assigned to it in the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886 (Regulation I of 1886). 'Landlord' under s. 3(h) is a person immediately under whom a tenant holds but does not include the Government; and 'owner' under s. 3(i) includes proprietor, land-holder or settlement-holder as defined in s. 3 of the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation I of 1886 but it does not include Government. Section 3(o) defines 'tenant' as meaning a person who holds land under another person and is, but for a specfal contract would be, liable to pay rent for that land to the other person, and includes a person who cultivates the land of another person on condition of delivering a share of the produce. These are the only definitions which are relevant for our purpose.
Section 4 which is the key section of the Act prescribes ceiling on existing holding. The limit prescribed is 150 bighas in the aggregate subject to its provisos. Section 5 empowers the appropriate authorities to call for submission of returns by persons holding lands in excess of the ceiling. Section 8 empowers the State Government to acquire such excess lands by publishing in the official gazette a notification to the effect that such lands are required for public purpose, and such publication shall be conclusive evidence of the notice of acquisition to the person or persons holding such lands. Acquisition of excess lands prescribed by s. 8 is followed by the vesting of the said
L ,-
I
728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]
'96 ' lands in the State nnder s. 9. On publication of the Sonapur Tea notification under s. 8 all such excess lands hall stand C o., Ltd. transferred to the State Government from the date of v. the publication of the said notification free from en- Must. cumbrances by their original owner or owners. Under Mazirunnessa s. 11 the Collector is authorised to take possession of G a;en raga.a--dk ar 1 .the said lands. Section . .12 prescribes the principles of compensat10n and provides the manner in which the said compensation should be apportioned between the owner and the tenant; and s. 13 provides for the manner of payment of such compensation. Under s. 14 ad interim payment of compensation can be made as specified. These are the relevant proviions in Chapter II which deals with ceiling on existing holding and acquisition of excess land.
Chapter III deals with the disposal of excess land. Under s. 16(1) if there is any cultivating tenant in occupation of the land acquired from an owner then he shall have the option of taking settlement of such land within a prescribed period on the following conditions, namely, (a) that the area of land so settled together with any other lands held by him or any member of his family either as tenant or as owner shall not exceed in the aggregate the limit fixed under s. 4, and (b) that he shall pay to the State Government in one or more equal annual instalments not exceeding five an amount fixed by it but not exceeding the compensation payable by the State Government for acquisition thereof, provided that he shall have the right to adjust any amount which he is entitled to receive as compensation under the provisions of the Act against an equal amount which he is liable to pay under cl. (b). Section 16(2) provides that on payment of full amount under sub-section (1) above the land shall be settled with a tenant with the status of a landholder. Under s. 18 it is provided that if a tenant in occupation of any land acquired under s. 8 does not take settlement of such land he shall acquire no right, title and interest in the land and shall be liable to be ejected. Chapter IV deals with excess land under annual lease and provides for its taking over. Chapter V puts a ceiling on future
•
•
I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 729
o( .
..
acquisition, and Chapter VI provides for ceiling for r96r resumption of land from tenants for personal cul ti va- .c h Sonapur Tea tion by the land l d or . C hapter VII provi es d ..:or t e Co. Ltd. establishment of a Land Reform Board, and lays v. down its functions, while Chapter VIII contains mis- Must. cellaneous provisions. That briefly is the scheme of Madnrnnessa " the Act. .
Ga1endrngadka' . J ·
Th . e quest.ton w . h' 10 h arises 1or . c our d . . e01s10n IS . w h e- ther this Act is protected under Art. 31A of the Constitution. This Article has been construed by this Court on several occasions iu dealing with legislative measures of agrarian reforms. The object of such reforms generally is to abolish the intermediaries between the State and the cultivator and to help the actual cultivator by giving him the status of direct relationship between himself and the State. Article 31A(l)(a) provides that, notwithstanding anything contained in Art. 13, no law providing for the acquisition by the State of any estate or of any rights there• in'or the extinguishment or modification of any such rights, shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes a way or abridges any of the rights conferred by Art. 14, Art. 19 or Art. 31, ·' provided that, where such law is a law made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this Article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent. We have already seen that the assent of the President has been obtained both for the Act as it was originally passed and for the amending Act which subsequently modified some of the provisions of the original Act, aud so the requirement prescribed by the proviso to Art. 31A(l)(a) is satisfied. That raises the question as to whether the rights of the appellants which are undoubtedly taken away Ql' abridged constitute rights in relation to an "estate" as 'aefined by Art. 31A(2)(b).
vVe have already seen the definitions of land, landholder, landlord and tenant prescribed by s. 3(f), (g), (h) and (o). It is common ground that the lands sought to be acquired fall within an "estate" as defined by Art. 31 " A(2). Do the rights vesting in the appellants amount 92
•
730 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]
r96r to rights in relation to an "estate"? For deciding this question it would be necessary to consider the provi- sonapur Co. Ltd. Tea sions o t e existing aw re f h 1 1 ating to tenure in iorce in c v. Assam at the relevant time. The existing law relating Must. to land tenure is to be found in the provisions of the Mazirunnessa Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886 (Regula. -- tion I of 1886). Section 3(g) of the said Regulation Ga;endragadkar J. provides that a 'landholder' means any person deemed to have acquired the status of a landholder under s. 8. Now, when we turn to s. 8 we find that it provides the manner in which the status of a landholder can be acquired; and s. 9 provides for the rights of such landholders. Under s. 9 a landholder shall have a permanent, heritable and transferable right of use and occupancy in his land subject to the payment of revenue, taxes, cesses and rates from time to time legally assessed or imposed in respect of the land. The remaining two clauses of this section need not be considered. It would be noticed that the expression "rights in relation to an estate" is of a very wide • amplitude and as such the 'context requires that it must receive a very liberal interpretation. Thus considered there can be no doubt that the rights of the appellants which have been extinguished undoubtedly constitute "rights in relation to an estate" as- defined by Art. 31A (2) (b). Indeed this position is not seriously disputed by Mr. Chatterjee who fairly conceded that having regard to the decisions of this Court in Thakur Raghubir Singh v. The State of Ajmer (Now llajasthan) (1 ), Sri Ram Ram Narain Medhi v. The State of Bombay(') and Atma Ram v. The State of P.unjab (3 ) he would not be able to contend that the view taken by the High Court is erroneous.
'
'·
...
Faced with this difficulty Mr. Chatterjee attempted to argue that tho Act is a colourable piece of legislation and should be struck down as such. His argument is that though ostensibly it purports to be a measure of agrarian reform its principal object and indeed its pith and substance is to acquire the property covered by its provisions and make profit by disposing of the
(1) [1959] Supp. r S.C.R. 478. (2) [1959] Supp. I S.C.R. 489. (3) [1959] Supp. r S.C.R. 748.
I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS
731
· same in the manner provided by Chapter III. Mr. r96r Chatterjee seemed to suggest that the Legislature shou Id not ave h ma d e it. necessary or t e f h tenants to Sonapur Tea Co. Ltd. exercise an option for taking settlement under s. 16 v. because the exercise of the said option involves the Must. liability to pay the prescribed amount though in five Mazirunnessa instalments, and that, according to Mr. Chatterjee, . - indicates that the State wanted to make profit out of Ga;endragadkar f. the bargain. Mr. Chatterjee's grievance is against the provisions of s. 18 also under which a tenant who does not opt for settlement is liable to be evicted. We are not impressed by this argument. The doctrine of colourable legislation really postulates that legislation attempts to do indirectly what it cannot do directly. In other • words, though the letter of the law is within the limits of the powers of the Legislature, in substance the law has transgressed those powers and by doing so it has taken the precaution of concealing its real purpose under the cover of apparently legitimate and reasona• ble provisions (Vide: K. G. Gajapati Narayan Dea v . The State of Orissa) (' ). This position is not and cannot be disputed. •
Is Mr. Chatterjee, however, right when he contends • that the pith and substance of the Act and indeed its main object is to acquire property and dispose of it at a protit? That is the question which calls for our decision. In our opinion the answer to this question must obviously be against the appellants. The whole object of the Act which is writ large in all its provisions is to abolish the intermediaries and leave the lands either with the tiller or the cultivator. With that object. ceiling has been prescribed by s. 4, provisions have been made for the acquisition of excess lands, and disposal of excess lands in favour of the tenants have been provided for. It is significant that in settling the lauds upon the tenants it is expressly provided that the payment which the tenant may have to make -and that too in one or more easy instalments not exceeding five-will never exceed the compensation payable by the State Government for acquisition
" '
(1) [1954] S.C.R. t.
732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]
| '96' SbnapurTea Co.Ltd. v. |
thereof. This provision clearly negatives the assump- tion madebyMr.Chatterjeethatanyprofit is intend- ed to be made inthematterofdisposalofexcess lands. The State is paying compensationtothe per. |
|---|---|
| Must. | sons dispossessed under the principles prescribedby |
| Maziruunessa | s.12;amongstthepersons entitled to sunh compensa- |
| -- _Gajendra"adkar] _ b |
tion tena.nts are included, and whentheState pro- . d tl ] d . h cees to se t e an s on tenants1texpectstemtopay a fair amountofprice fortheland and puts a ceiling onthispricethatitshall never exceed the amountof |
| compensation payable in respectofthesaid land.In our opinion this provision is very fairandreasonable anditwould be idletoattackitas a pieceofcolour. able legislation. We have already seenthatthe settlementoflandonthetenants would makethem |
|
| landholdersandthatis the basic ideaofthe Act.Ifa | |
| tenantdoes not agreetotakesettlement it cannot be helpedandsotheland wouldthenhave to be takenfrom himandgiven overtosomebody else who would be prepared to take settlement.Itisthusclear |
|
| • | thattheobjectofputtingceiling on existing holding is to take over excess lands and settle them on actual cultivators or tenantsandthatistheessential feature |
| ofagrarian reformundertakenby several States in thecountry. The Act conforms tothepatternusually followed inthatbehalfandtheattack against its validity onthegroundthatitis a colourable pieceof legislation must therefore fail. Intheresultweholdthatthereis no substance inthe two appeals. They are accordingly dismissed withcosts-onesetofhearing. |
•
Appeals dismissed.
•
2 issues framed by the court
Whether the rights extinguished by the Assam Ceiling Act constitute rights in relation to an estate under Article 31A(2)(b)
Whether the Assam Fixation of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act is colourable legislation
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Thakur Raghubir Singh v. The State of AjmerReferred
[1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 478 · Who else cites this
Sri Ram Ram Narain Medhi v. The State of BombayReferred
[1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 489 · Who else cites this
Atma Ram v. The State of PunjabReferred
[1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 748 · Who else cites this
K. G. Gajapathi Narayan Deo v. The State of OrissaReferred
[1954] S.C.R. 1 · Who else cites this
5 provisions across 3 enactments
Sonapur Tea Co., Ltd.
Musst. Mazirunnessa
P. B. Gajendragadkar
A. K. Sarkar
K. N. Wanchoo
K. C. Das Gupta
N. Rajagopala Ayyangar
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
