Gobald Motor Service Ltd. & Another versus R. M. K. Velusw Ami & Others

1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 929

The Notice of Motion to raise other questions in the High Court was rightly dismissed. Apart from the fact that the Notice of Motion was barred by time and there was no application for condonation of delay, the questions which were sought to be raised were rightly held either to be covered by the question answered or they did not arise at all. The constitutional question under Art. 14 of the Constitution cannot be raised in these proceedings because as we have said above this Court is exercising its advisory jurisdiction and its power is confined to the questions which arise in an appeal.

¶3

1961

¶4

Rajputana Textiles (Agencies) Lid. v. Com,nissioner af lncome~tax, Bombay City

¶5

Kapur J.

¶6

This appeal must therefore be dismissed with costs.

¶7

Appeal dismissed.

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GOBALD MOTOR SERVICE LTD. & ANOTHER v.

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R. M. K. VELUSW AMI & OTHERS

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z96r

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April 14.

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(K. SuBBA RAO, RAGHUBAR DAYAL and J. R. MuDHOLKAR, JJ.)

¶13

Fatal Accidents-Negligent act of driver of bus-Acting in the course of employment-Liability of owner-Damages-Principles of ascertainment-Pecuniary loss and loss of expectation of life-If same person could claim under both heads-Fatal Accidents Act, r855 (IJ of r855), SS. I, 2.

¶14

A bus run by the appellant met with an accident as a result of which R died. R's dependants and heirs e.g. the father, widow and sons. brought a suit for compensation under s. I of the Fatal Accidents Act, 1855, for loss of pecuniary benefit sustained by them personally and under s. 2 thereof for the loss sustained by the estate on account of the death of R. The High Court found that the bus was driven at an excessive speed and there was negligence on the part of the driver and that the appellants were liable for the same. On the question of damages, it confirmed the amount of compensation of Rs. 25,000 under s. 1 of the Act for the loss of pecuniary advantage and of Rs. 6,ooo under s. 2 of the Act for loss of expectation of life. The questions for consideration were (r) whether the accident wa> due 117

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[1962]

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930 SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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f

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r96r to any negligence on the part of the driver; (2) whether the courts below were right in awarding compensation under s. r of Gobald Motor the Act for pecuniary loss sustained by the widow and the sons Service Ltd. of the deceased; and (3) whether the sum awarded as damages v. under s. 2 of the Act for loss of expectation of life should go V•luswami towards the reduction of the compensation awarded for pecuniary loss sustained under s. r of the Act, as otherwise it would be duplication of damages in respect of the same wrong.

¶20

Held, that where on the basis of the evidence and on broad probabilities it is found that the speed at which the bus was driven was excessive having regard to the nature of the ground on which the accident happened, there is a presumption that the accident was caused by the negligence of the driver. As the driver was acting in the course of his employment, the master would be liable for such accident, unless the presumption is rebutted by the master.

¶21

In the present case, on account of the negligence of the driver in the course of his employment the accident happened, and, therefore, the appellant was liable for the same.

¶22

Barkway v. South Wales Transport Co. Ltd., [r948] 2 All E.R. 460, Joel v. Morison, (1&34) 6 Car. & P. 501 and Storey v. Ashton, (1869) L.R. 4 Q.B. 476, applied.

¶23

That the actual extent of the pecuniary loss to the aggriev-ed party may depend upon data which cannot be ascertained accurately, but must necessarily be an estimate, or even partly a conjecture. Shortly stated, the general principle is that the pecuniary loss can be ascertained only by balancing on the one hand the loss to the claimants of the future pecuniary benefit and on the other any pecuniary advantage which from whatever sources come to them by reason of the death, that is, the balance of loss and gain to a dependant by the death must be ascertained.

¶24

Davies v. Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd., [1942] A.C. 601 and Nance v. British Columbia Electric Railway Company Ltd., (1951] A.C. 601, followed.

¶25

Where the courts below have on relevant material placed before them ascertained the amount of damages under the head of pecuniary loss by the dependants of the deceased, such findings cannot be disturbed· in second appeal except for compelling ·reason.

¶26

Held, further, that the rights of action under ss. r and 2 of the Fatal Accidents Act are quite distinct and independent. If a person taking benefit under both the sections was the same, he cannot be permitted to recover twice over for the same loss. In awarding damages under both the heads, there shall not be duplication of the same claim, that is, if any part of the compensation representmg the loss to the estate goes mto the calculation of the personal loss under s. r of the Act, that portion shall be excluded in giving compensation under s. 2 and vice versa.

¶27

1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 931

¶28

In the instant case, under s. l of the Act the sum of compensation was arrived at by taking into consideration, inter alia, the reasonable provision the deceased, 1 if alive, would have made for his widow and sons. Under s. 2 the fignre for damages awarded for the loss to the estate represents the damages for the mental agony. suffering and loss of expectation of life; thus there was no duplication in awarding damages under both the heads.

¶29

r961

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Gobald Motor Servi" Lid. v.

¶31

V•luswami

¶32

Rose v. Ford, [1937] A.C. 826, Feay v. Barnwell, [1938] All E.R. 3r, Ellis v. Raine, [1939] 2 K.B. 180 and Secretary of State v. Gokal Chand, (1925) I.L.R. 6 Lah. 451, referred to.

¶33

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Ci~il Appeal No. 419 of 1957.

¶34

Appeal by certificate from the judgment and decree dated January 16, 1953, of the Madras High Court in A. S. No. 164 of 1949.

¶35

M. S. K. Sastri, for the appellants.

¶36

Bishan Narain, S. N. Andley, J.B. Dadachanji and Ravindra Narain, for the respondents.

¶37

April 14. The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

¶38

SUBBA RAO, J.-This appeal by certificate is directed against the judgment of the High Court of J udicature at Madras dated January 16, 1953, modifying the decree of the Court of the Subordinate Judge, Dindigul, in 0. S. No. 7 of 1948, a suit filed by the respondents for compensation under the provisions of the Fatal Accidents Act (XIII of 1855).

¶39

Subba Rao J.

¶40

The appellant, Gobald Motor Service Ltd. (hereinafter called the Company), was engaged in the business of transporting passengers by bus between Dharapuram and Palni, among other places, in the State of Madras. On September 20, 1947, one of the buses of the Company, bearing registration number MDC 2414, left Dharapuram for Palni at about 3 p.m. At a place called. Thumbalapatti between Dharapuram and Palni, one Rajaratnam, along with his brother by name Krishnan, boarded the bus. The bus · met with an accident at about 3 miles from Palni, as a result of which some of:the passengers, including Rajaratnam, sustained injuries. Rajaratnam died of

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932 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1962]

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the injuries received in the accident on September 23, 1947. The first plaintiff, his father; the second Gobald fl.1 otor Service Ltd, plaintiff, his widow; and plaintiffs 3 to 7, his sons, v. instituted 0. S. No. 7 of 1948 against the Company in Vsluswami the Court of the Subordinate Judge, Dindigul, for compensation under s. 1 of the Fatal Accidents Act Subba Rao ]. (hereinafter called the Act) for loss of pecuniary benefit sustained by them personally, and under s. 2 thereof for the loss sustained by the estate on account . of the death of Rajaratnam. They alleged in the plaint that the driver, who was in charge of the bus, was incompetent and inexperienced, that he was guilty of rash and negligent conduct in the driving of the bus, and that the accident was the result of his incom. petence and negligence. The Company in its writtenstatement denied the said allegations and pleaded that the accident was the result of the central bolt of the left rear spring suddenly giving way, that Rajaratnam was also guilty of contributory negligence .and that in any event the damages claimed were excessive. The learned Subordinate Judge came to the conclusion that there was no proof that the bus was driven at a reckless speed at the scene of the accident, but the fact that the accident occurred on the off-side of the road was itself evidence of his negligence and it had not been rebutted by the defendants. He further held that the driver was not proved to be incompetent. On those findings, he held that the defendants were liable for the negligence of their servant, and be awarded damages as follows:

¶43

(1) Plaintiff 1 ... Rs. 3,600 under s. 1 of the Act. (2) Plaintiffs 2 to 7 ... Rs: 25,200 under s. l of the Act. (3) Plaintiffs 2 to 7 ... Rs. 6,000 under s. 2 of the Aot.

¶44

Against the said decree, the defendants preferred an appeal to the High Court and it came to be disposed of by a division bench of that court. The High Court on a review of the entire evidence held that the speed at which the bus was driven was excessive, having regard to the nature of the ground," on which the accident happened, that there was negligence on the part of the

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1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶47

driver, and that the appellants were liable therefor. But the High Court discounted the plea that the appellants, apart from their being constructively liable for the negligence of the drive~, were also negligent in employing Joseph, who was not a competent driver. Both the courts, therefore, concurrently held that the accident occurred on account of the negligence of the driver. On the question of damages, the High Court confirmed the amount of compensation awarded to the plaintiffs 2 to 7 both under ss. I and 2 of the Act, but in regard to the first plaintiff, it reduced the compensation awarded to him from Rs. 3,600 to Rs. 1,000; with this modification, the appeal was dismissed with costs.

¶48

Gobald Ai otor Strvice Ltd. v.

¶49

Veluswatni

¶50

Subba Rao ].

¶51

Learned counsel for the appellants raised before us the following points: (1) The finding of the High Court that the bus was driven at an excessive speed at the place where the accident occurred, based on probabilities, was erroneous. (2) The concurrent finding of the two courts that respondents 2 to 7 would be entitled to damages in a sum of Rs. 25,200 for the loss of pecuniary advantage to them was not based upon any acceptable evidence but only on surmises. (3) The High Court went wrong in awarding damages separately for loss of expectation of life under s. 2 of the Act, as damages under that head had already been taken into consideration in giving compensation to respondents 2 to 7 for the pecuniary loss sustained by them by tbe death of Rajaratnam.

¶52

The first question for consideration is whether the accident was due to any negligence on the part of the driver Joseph. A clear picture of the topography and the physical condition of the locality where the accident took place would, to a large extent, help us in deciding the said question. The accident took place at Puliampatti where the road passed over a culvert and then took a sharp bend with a downward gradient. To the east of the road was a drain and that was marked off by 5 stones 2 feet high. At a distance of 20 or 25 feet from the stones, there were trees. The ·bus after crossing the culvert crashed againt the 5th stone with so much force thatthe latter

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934 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]

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r96r was uprooted and broken. It next attacked a tamarind tree which was stated to be at a distance of 20 or 25 Gobald Motor Service Ltd. feet from the stone, and its bark was peeled off and it v. tra veiled some more distance before it finally came to Veluswami rest. The evidence disclosed that some of the passengers were knocked and thrown down within the bus Subba Rao ]. itself and sustained injuries, while Rajaratnam was thrown out of the bus into the ditch at a place 16i feet south of the tamarind tree. It must be self.evident from the said picture of the accident that the bus must have been driven at a high speed. P.Ws. 3 and 4, two of the passengers in the bus, P.W. 6, a brother of Rajaratnam, who also travelled in the bus, and P.W. 5, who ran a coffee and tea stall at the place of the accident, swore in the witness-box that the bus was being driven at a high speed when the accident happened. Their evidence reinforces the compelling impression of high speed caused by the objective feaures thrown out by the topography of the place of the accident. On the other hand, on the side of the defendants (appellants herein) D. W. 2, who claimed to have travelled in the bus, deposed that the bus was travelling at the usual speed, but his cross-examination discloses that he was an improvised witness. D.W. 3, who was sitting by the side of the driver, deposed to the same effect, but he was an employee of the Company and was obviously interested to support their case. The evidence adduced on the side of the defence is certainly not convincing. An attempt was made to ca.lculate the speed of the bus on the basis of the time given by P. W. 6 as to when Rajaratnam boarded the bus and the time when the ,bus dashed against the tree, and the mileage covered between the two points within the said time. On the basis of such a calculation it was contended that the speed would have been less than 15 miles per hour; but it is not possible to deduce the speed from such a calculation, as the witnesses were speaking of the time only approximately and not with reference to any watch. That apart, it cannot be said that the bus maintained an even pace throughout. The High Court, on the basis of the evidence and on broad probabilities, he.Id that

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1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS ,935

¶56

the apeed at which the bus was driven was excessive, having regard to the nature of the ground on which the accident happened; and having gone through the evidence, we are quite satisfied that the said finding was justified on the material placed before them. It must, therefore, be held that there was negligence on the part of the driver.

¶57

Gobald ft.1 otor Service Ltd. v.

¶58

Veluswami

¶59

Subba Rao ].

¶60

Apart from the positive evidence, in the present ·case the accident took place not on the main road, but on the off.side uprooting the stone at the drain and attacking a tamarind tree 25 feet away from the said stone with such a velocity that its bark was peeled off and the bus could stop only after travelling some more distance.from the said tree. The said facts give rise to a presumption that the accident was caused by the negligence of the driver. Asquith, L. J., in Barkway v. South lf ales Transport Oo. (¹ ) neatly summarizes the principles applicable as to onus of proof in the following short propositions:

¶61

"(i) If the defendants' omnibus leaves the road and falls down an embankment, and this without more is proved, then the res ipsa loquitur, there is a presumption that the event is caused by negligence on the part of the defendants, and the plaintiff succeeds unless the defendants can rebut this presumption. (ii) It is no rebuttal for the defendants to show, again without more, that the immediate cause of the omnibus leaving the road is a tyre-burst, since a tyre- burst per se is a neutral event consistent, and equally consistent, with negligence or due diligence on the part of the defendants. When a balance has been tilted one way, you cannot redress it by adding an equal weight to each scale. The depressed scale will remain down. This is the effect of the decision in Laurie v. Raglan Building Company Ltd., ('), where not a tyrecburst but a skid was involved. (iii) To displace the presumption, the defendants must go further and prove (or it must emerge from the evidence as a whole) either (a) that the burst itself was due to a specific cause which does not connote negligence on their part but points to its (1) (1948] 2 All E.R. 460, 471, (2) (1942) I K.B. I j2.

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I ~ I

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636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS '[1962]

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absence as more probable, or (b) if they can point Gobald Motor to no such specific cause, that they used all reason- Service Ltd. able care in and about the management of their v. tyres."

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Gobald Motor

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' 1

¶71

Veluswami The same principles have been restated in Halsbury's Laws of England, 2nd Edn., Vol. 23, at p. 671, para Subna Rao ]. 956, thus:

¶72

"An exception to the general rule that the burden of proof of the alleged negligence is iu the first instance on the plaintiff occurs wherever the facts already established are such that the proper and natural inference immediately arising from them is that the injury complained of was caused by the defendant's negligence, or where the event charged as negligence 'tells its own story' of negligence on the part of the defendant, the story so told being clear and unambiguous. To these cases the maxim res ipsa loquitur applies. Where the doctrine applies, a presumption of fault is raised against the defendant, which, if he is to succeed in his defence, must be overcome by contrary evidence, the burden on the defendant being to show how the act complained of could reasonably happen wlthout negligence on his part. Where, therefore, there is a duty on the defendant to exercise care, and the circumstances in which the injury complained of happened are such that with the exercise of the requisite care no risk would in the ordinary course of events ensue, the burden is in the first instance on the defendant to disprove his liability. In such a case, if the injurious agency itself and the surrounding circumstances are all entirely within the defendant's control, the inference is that the defendant is liable, and this inference is strengthened if the injurious agency is inanimate."

¶73

• • I

¶74

The said principles directly apply to the present case. Here, the events happened tell their own story and there is a presumption that the accident was caused by negligence on the part of the appellants. But it is said that this presumption was rebutted by proof that the accident was due to the rear central bolt of the bus

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1 S.C.R. SUPREME COUnT RrePoliTS 937

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suddenly giving way. The High Court, after considering the relevant evidence, held that it was not possible to hold that the accident was caused by tho break in the bolt. \Ve have gone through the evidence and we do not see any flaw in that conclusion.

¶77

The scope of the liability of a master for the negligence of his servant has been succinctly stated by Baron Parke in Joel v. Morison(') thus:

¶78

Gobald J{otor Service Ltd. v.

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• Veluswanti

¶80

Sul!ba Rau ],

¶81

'·The master is only liable where the servant is acting in the course of his employment. If he was going out of his way, against his master's implied commands, when driving on his master's business, he will make his master liable; but if he was going on a frolic of his own, without being at all on his master's business, the master will not be liable."

¶82

Again, in Storey v. Ashton (') Cockburn, L.C.J., says: "The true rule is that the master is only responsible so long as the ser;rant can be said to be doing the act, in the doing of which he is guilty of negligence, in the course of his employment as servant." In the same case, Lush, J., said:

¶83

"The question in all such cases as the present is whether the servant was doing that which the master employed him to do."

¶84

In the present case, admittedly, on account of the negligence of the driver in the course of his employment 'the said accident happened, and, therefore, the appellants are liable therefor.

¶85

.,.

¶86

The next question is whether the courts below were right in awarding compensation of Rs. 25,200 for the pecuniary loss sustained by the respondents 2 to 7 by reason of the death of Rajaratnam, under s. 1 of the Act. Section 1 of the Act reads:

¶87

"Whenever the death of a person shall be caused by wrongful act, neglect or default, and the act, neglect or default is such as would (if death had not ensued) have entitled the party injured to maintain an action and recover damages in respect thereof, the party who would have been liable if death had

¶88

(r) (1834) 6 Car. & P. 501; 172 E.R, 1338.

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(2) (1869) L.R. 4 Q.B. 476.

¶90

us

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938 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1962]

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not ensued shall be liable to an action or suit for damages, notwithstanding the death of the person Gobald Motor Service Ltd. injured, and although the death shall have been v. caused under such circumstances as amount in law Feluswami to felony or other crime.

¶93

Every such action or suit shall be for the benefit Suhba Rao ]. of the wife, husband, parent and child, if any of the person whose death shall have been so caused, and shall be brought by and in the name of the executor, administrator or representative of the person decea. sed; and in every such action the Court may give such damages as it may think proportioned to the loss resulting from such death to the parties respectively, for whom and for whose benefit such action shall be brought; and the amount so recovered, after deductng all costs and expenses, including the costs not recovered from the Defendant, shall be divided amongst the before mentioned parties, or any of them, in such shares as the Court by its judgment or decree shall direct."

¶94

This section is in substance a reproduction of the English Fatal Accidents Acts, 9 and 10 Viet. ch. 93, known as the Lord Campbell's Acts. The scope of the corresponding provisions of the English Fatal Accidents Acts has been discussed by the House of Lords in Davies v. Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd.('). There, Lord Russell of Killowen stated the general rule at p. 606 thus:

¶95

"The general rule which has always prevailed in regard to the assessment of damages under the Fatal Accidents Acts is well settled, namely, that any benefit accruing to a dependant by reason of the relevant death must be taken into account. Under those Acts the balance of loss and gain to a dependant by the death must be ascertained, the position of each dependant being considered separately."

¶96

Lord Wright elaborated the theme further thus at p. 611:

¶97

"The damages are to be based on the reasonable expectation of pecuniary benefit or benefit reducible (1) [z942] A.C. 601.

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1 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

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...

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to money value. In assessing the damages all circumstances which may be legitimately pleaded in diminution of the damages must be considered ..... . The actual pecuniary loss of ea.ch individual entitled to sue can only be ascertained by balancing, on the one hand, the loss to him of the future pecuniary benefit, and, on the other, any pecuniary advantage which from whatever source comes to him by reason of the death."

¶102

Gobald Motor Serv£ce Ltd.

v.

Veluswami

Subba Rao ].

The same principle was restated with force and clarity by Viscount Simon in Nance v. British Columbia Electric Railway Company Ltd. (¹ ). There, the learned Lord was considering the analogous provisions of the British Columbia legislation, arid ho put the principle thus at p. 614:

¶107

"The claim for damages in the present case falls under two separate heads. First, if the deceased had not been killed, but had eked out the full span of life to which in the absence of the accident he could reasonably have looked forward, what sums during that period would he probably have applied out of his income to the maintenance of his wife and family?"

¶108

Viscount Simon then proceeded to lay down the mode of estimating the damages under the first head. According to him, at first the deceased man's expectation of life has to be estimated having regard to his age, bodily health and the possibility of premature determination of his life by later accidents; secondly, the amount required for the future provision of his wife shall be es ti mated having regard to the amounts he used to spend on her during his lifetime, and other circumstances; thirdly, the estimated annual sum is multiplied by the number of years of the man's estimated span of life, and the said amount must be discounted so as to arrive at the equivalent in the form of a lump sum payable on his death; fourthly, further deductions must be made for the benefit accruing to the widow from the acceleration of her interest in his estate; and, fifthly, further amounts have to be deducted for the possibility of the

¶109

(1) (1951] A.C. 601.

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940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [19621

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wife dying earlier if the husband had lived the full span of life; and it should also be taken into account _Gobald JI,! otor Service Ltd. that there is the possibility of the widow remarrying v. much to the improvement of her financial position. It Veluswami would be seen from the said mode of estimation that many imponderables enter into the calculation. There- Subba llao ]. fore, the actual extent of the pecuniary loss to the respondents may depend upon data which cannot be ascertained accnrately, hut must necessarily be an estimate, or evP.n partly a conjecture. Shortly stated, the general principle is that the pecuniary loss can be ascertained only by balancing on the one hand the loss to the claimants of the future pecuniary benefit and on the other any pecuniary advantage which from whatever source comes to them by reason of the death, that is, tho balance of loss and gain to a dependant by the death must be ascer- I tained.

¶112

The burden is certainly on the plaintiffs to establish the extent of their loss. Both the courts below found, on the evidence, the following facts: (I) The family owned .a building worth Rs. 2,00,000 at Palni, and 120 acres of nanja land worth about Rs. 1,000 per acre. (2) It was engaged in the business of manufacturing Indian patent medicines from drugs and had been running a Siddha Vaidyasalai at Palni for a period of 30 years and had also branches in Colombo and M•iclras. (3) Rajaratnam studied in the Indian School of Medicine for two years and thereafter set up his own practice as a doctor, having registered himself as a practitioner in 1940. (4) He took over the management of the family Vaidyasalai at Palni. (5) Rajaratnam was earning· in addition Rs. 200 to Rs. 250 per month in his private practice. (6) He had a statns in life, being Municipal Councillor of Palni and sometimes its Vice-Chairman, and was maintaining a fairly good standard of life and owned motor cars. (7) He was aged 34 years at the time of his death and, therefore, had a reasonably long span of life before him, if the accident had not taken place. On the said findings, the High Court summarized the position thus: " ......... the position is that there is here a man of

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age 34 carrying on business as a Doctor, with reasonable prospects of improving in his business. He was living in comfort and by his early death plaintiffs 2 to 7 have lost their prospects of education, position in society and even possible provisio)'l in their favour. Under the circumstances, the award of Rs. 25,000 as damages must be accepted as quite reasonable."

¶118

Gobald Motor Service Lld. v. Veluswami Subba Rao J.

¶119

When the courts below have, on relevant material placed before them, ascertained the said amount as damages under the first head, we cannot in second appeal disturb the said finding except for compelling reasons. Assuming that Rajaratnam had not died, he would have spent, having regard to his means and status in life, a minimum of Rs. 250 on respondents 2 to 7; and his income, as indicated by the evidence, would certainly be more than that amount. The yearly expenditure he had to incur on the members of the family would have been about Rs. 3,000 and the sum of Rs. 25,200 would represent the said. expenditure for just over 8 years.

¶120

In the circumstances, the balance of loss and gain to the dependants by the death of Rajaratnam, in the sense stated by Lord Wright and Viscount Simon, could not be less than Rs. 25,200; indeed, having regard to the circumstances of tho case, it is a moderate sum; it is rather a conservative e.stimate. We, therefore, accept that figure as representing the damages for respondents 2 to 7 in respect of their claim under the head of pecuniary loss to thorn by the death of Rajaratnam,

¶121

The last contention raises an interesting point. Under s. 2 of the Act the respondents 2 to 7 were awarded Rs. 5,000 as damages for loss of expectation of life. It was contended that this amount should go in reduction of Rs. 25,200 awarded under s. 1 of tho Act on the ground that otherwise it would be duplication of damages in respect of the same wrong.

¶122

The second proviso to s. 2 of the Act reads:

¶123

· "Provided that, in any such action or suit, the executor, administrator or representative of the deceased may insert a claim for and recover any

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942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]

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, 1961 pecuniary loss to the estate of the deceased occasioned by such wrongful act, neglect or default, Gobald Motor Setvice Ltd. which sum, when recovered, shall be deemed part v. of the assets of the estate of the deceased." Veluswami While s. 1 of the Act is in substance a reproduction of the English Fatal Accidents Acts, 9 & 10 Viet. Ch. 93, Subba Rao J. known as the Lord Campbell's Acts, s. 2 thereof corresponds to a provision enacted in England by the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision) Act, 1934. The cause of action under s. 1 and that under s. 2 are different. While under s. 1 damages are recoverable for the benefit of the persons mentioned therein, under s. 2 compensation goes to the benefit of the estate; whereas under s. 1 damages are payable in respect of loss sustained by the persons mentioned therein, under s. 2 damages can be claimed inter alia for loss of expectation of life. Though in some cases parties that are entitled to compensation under both the sections may happen to be the same persons, they need not necessarily be so; persons entitled to benefit under s. 1 may be different from those claiming under s. 2. Prima f acie as the two claims are to be based upon different causes of action, the claimants, whether the same or different, would be entitled to recover compensation separately under both the heads. But a difficulty may arise where the party claiming compensation under both the heads is the same and the claims under both the heads synchronize in respect of a particular sub-head or in respect of the entire head. In that situation, the question is whether a party would be entitled to recover damages twice over in respect of the same wrong. In England this question came under judicial scrutiny in Rose v. Ford (¹ ). There the question was w hethcr and to what extent deductions would have to be made in giving compensation both under the English Fatal Accidents Acts and the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provision) Act, 1934. A young woman called Rose was killed in an accident. Her father sued for damages under both the Acts. It was contended that as he got damages for personal loss, he could not be (1) [1937J A,C. 826, 835.

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awarded once again compensation for the loss of expectation of life. Though in that case it was held that the father was entitled under both the Acts, Lord Atkin made the following observations, which are appropriate to the present case:

¶130

Gobald Motor Service Ltd, v. Veluswami

¶131

"I should add that I see no difficulty as to the alleged duplication of damages under the Act ofl934 and the Fatal Accidents Acts. If those who benefit under the last mentioned Acts also benefit under the will or intestacy of the deceased personally, the · damages under those Acts will be affected. If they do not, there seems no reason why an increase in the deceased's estate in which they take no share should affect the measure of damages to which they are entitled under the Act."

¶132

Subba ·Rao J.

¶133

A similar question arose in Feay v. Barnwell('). There, Mrs. Feay was killed in an accident and her husband sued for damages under both the Acts. It was held that, as the husband was the claimant under both the Acts, credit should be given in assessing the damages under the :Fatal Accidents Acts, for what was given to him under the Law Reform Act, 1934. So too, in Ellis v. Raine (² ), where the parents of an infant, who had been negligently killed in an accident, claimed damages under both the Acts, Goddard, L. J., reaffirmed the view that where the parties who would benefit from the damages awarded under the Fatal Accidents Acts were the same as those who would benefit from the damages awarded under the Law Reform Act, the damages under the Fatal Accidents Acts must be reduced by the amount given as loss under the Law Reform Act. Finally the same view has been reaffirmed and restated with clarity in Davis v. Powell Duffryn Associated Collieries Ltd. ('). There Lord Macmillan described the nature of the two heads thns at p. 610:

¶134

"The rights of action in the two cases are quite distinct and independent. Under the Law Reform Act the right of action is for the benefit of the deceased's estate; under the Fatal Accidents Acts (1) (1938] I All. E.R. 31. (2) (1939] 2 K.B. 180 (3) (1942) A.G. 601.

¶135

944 SUPREME COURT REPORTS

L1962]

'

~ I

the right of action is for the benefit of the decea- Gl.'bald Motor scd's dependants. But, inasmuch as the basis of Service Ltd. both causes of action may be the same, namely, v. negligence of a third party which has caused the Veluswami deceased's death, it was natural to provide that the rights of action should be without prejudice the one Subba Rao ]. to the other. lt is quite a different thing to road the provision as meaning that in assessing damages payable to dependants under the Fatal Accidents Acts no account is to be taken of any benefit which the dependants may indirectly obtain from an award under the Law Reform Act through participation in the deceased's estate. . .......... .it is appropriate that any benefit taken indirectly by a dependant by way of participation in an award under the. Law Reform Act should be taken 'into account in estimating the damages awarded to that dependant under the Fatal Accidents Acts."

¶140

Lord Wright addressed himself to the same question and answered it at p. 614 thus:

¶141

"The injury suffered by the individual from the death cannot be computed without reference to the benefit also accruing from the death to the same individual from whatever source."

¶142

The principle in its application to the Indian Act has been clearly and succinctly stated by a division bench of the Lahore High Court in Secretary of State v. Gokal Chand (1). In that case, Sir Shadi Lal, C. J., observed at p. 453 thus:

¶143

"The law contemplates two sorts of damages: the one is the pecuniary loss to the estate of the deceased resulting from the accident; the other is the pecuniary ]oRs sustained by the members of his family through his death. The action for the latter is brought by the legal representatives, not for the estate, but as trustees for the relatives beneficially entitled; while the damages for the loss caused to the estate are claimed on behalf of the estate and when recovered form part of the assets of the estate."

¶144

An illustration may clarify the position. X is the (1) (1925) I.L.R, 6 Lahore 451.

,

I •

945

I S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶149

I '

¶150

income of the estate of the deceased, Y is the yearly expenditure incurred by him on his dependants (we will ignore the other expenditure incurred by him). X-Y, i.e., Z, is the amount he saves every year. The capitalised value of the income spent on the dependants, subject to relevant deductions, is the pecuniary loss sustained by the members of his family through his death. The capitalised value of his income, sub. ject to relevant deductions, would be the loss caused to the estate by his death. If the claimants under both the heads are the same, and if they get compensation for the entire loss caused to the estate, they cannot claim again under the head of personal loss the capitalised income that might have been spent on them if the deceased were alive. Conversely, if they got compensation under s. 1, representing the amount that the deceased would have spent on them, if alive, to that extent there should be deduction in their claim under s. 2 of the Act in respect of compensation for the loss caused to the estate. To put it differently, if under s. I they got capitalised value of Y, under s. 2 they could get only the capitalised value of Z, for the capitalised value of Y + Z, i.e., X, would be the capitalised value of his entire income.

¶151

Gobald Motor Service Ltd.

v.

Veluswami

_Subba Rao ].

'

The law on this branch of the subject may be briefly stated thus: The rights of action under ss. l~.nd 2 of the Act are quite distinct and independent. If a per. son taking benefit under both the sections is the same, he cannot be permitted to recover twice over for the same loss. In awarding damages under both· the heads, there shall not be duplication of the same claim, that is, if any part of the compensation representing the loss to the estate goes into the calculation of the personal loss under s. I of the Act, that portion shall be excluded in giving compensation under s. 2 and vice versa.

¶157

)

¶158

In the instant case, under s. 1 of the Act both the' courts gave compensation to plaintiffs 2 to 7 in a sum of Rs. 25,200. This sum was arrived at by taking into consideration, inter alia, the reasonable provision the deceased, if alive, would have made for them. II9

¶159

• , I

¶160

1

¶161

946 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1962]

¶162

Under s. 2 both the courts awarded damages for the loss to the estate in a sum of Rs. 5,000. That figure Gobald Motor Service Ltd. represents the dama.ges for the mental agony, sufferv. ing and loss of expectation of life. There was no Veluswami duplication in awarding damages under both the heads. No material has been placed before us to en- Subba Rao ]. able us to take a different view in regard to the amount of compensation under s. 2 of the Act. The judgment of the High Court is correct and the . appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.

¶163

Appeal dismissed.

¶164

I96I U. UNICHOYI AND OTHERS v. April z4.

¶165

THE STATE OF KERALA

¶166

(P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR, A. K. SARKAR, K. N. WANOHOO, K. C. DAS GUPTA and N. RAJAGOPALA AYYANGAR, JJ.)

¶167

Minimum Wages-Notification fixing wage structure-If ultra vires-Validity of enactment-Capacity of employer to pay, if relevant consideration-Minimum Wages Act, 1948 (XI of 1948), ss. 5, 9·

¶168

..

¶169

The petitioners, representing certain tile factories, challenged the validity of the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, as also the notification issued by the Kerala Government prescribing mini- mum rates of wages in respect of employment in the tile industry on the report of a committee constituted under the Act and consisting of the representatives both of the employers and employees who agreed with its recommendations. The case of the petitioners was that the notification had in effect fixed not minimum wages but fair wages and since neither the committee -nor the Government in fixing them had considered the capacity ol the employers to pay, the notification was void.

¶170

Held, that in view of the decisions of this Court the constitutional validity of the Act could no longer be in doubt and any hardship that may be caused to employers by the wages fixed under the Act or their incapacity to pay the same are irrelevant consid~rations in fixing such v.·ages.

Gobald Motor Service Ltd. & Another v. R. M. K. Velusw Ami & Others

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Gobald Motor Service Ltd. & Another v. R. M. K. Velusw Ami & Others

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