Raja Bahadur Visheshwara Singh and Othehs. versus Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bihar and Orissa

3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOR'l'S 287

deriving the agricultural income" are used in the latter. 196.0 If anything the words of the former Act are more .t: bl h d The Commissiontr 1avoura e to t e respon ent. , . of Ag>icultural In Travancore Rubber and 'I ea Company Ltd. v. Income-ta.> Commissioner of Agricultural Income Tax, Kerala ('), v. which was an assessment under the Travancore The Calva'Y Cochin Act, we have decided the question of deducti- Mount Estates bility of sums expended for purposes of forking, (P,ivat<) Ltd. manuring etc .. of immature rubber trees. That judg- Kapu' J. ment will govern this case also. This appeal therefore fail.s and is dismissed wi~h costs in this courL and the High Court.

¶3

Appeal dismissed

¶4

RAJA BAHADUR VISHESHWARA SINGH AND OTHEHS.

¶5

Decetnbe" z5.

¶6

v.

¶7

COMMISSIONER OE' INCOME-TAX, BIHAR AN'D ORISSA

¶8

(J. L. KA!'UR, M. HIDAYATULLAH and J.C. SHAH, JJ.)

¶9

Income Tax-l'urihase and sate of shares and scwrities with surplus tn.oney-Such transactions, if amount to investment or busi· ness in shares~Test-Excess sale proceeds-If amou,nt to business profit or mere accretion to capital-Indian Income-tax Act, 1922 (II of 1922), s. 66(2).

¶10

The appellant used to invest his cash surplus in shares and securities and maintained an account book called Book No. l relating thereto. During the period from 1930 to 1941-42 he purchased a large number of shares and securities which by the accounting year 1941-42 were of a value Rs. 14·91 lacs. He sold certain shares and se<;urities of the value of several lacs and made certain amount of profit on those sales. In 1940 the appellant borrowed a large amount of money from his brother, the Maharaj a of Darbhanga and opened a new account named account No. 2 \vhich contained all entries regarding shares purchased and sold out of the money borrowed from the Maharaja. In the assessment year 19-14-45 to 1948-49 the profits made by ti)e (1) [i961] 3 S.C.R. 279.

¶11

288

¶12

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶13

[1961]

¶14

1960 appellant from purchase and sale of shares amounted to several lacs and the Income-tax Officer held those to be liable to income· Raja Bahadur tax as business profits. The Appellate Assistant Commissioner Visheshwara Singh upheld the assessments but excluded the profits for the years & Another 1944-45. On appeal by both the ;>arties the Appellate Tribunal v. held on the evidence that the appellant was to be regarded as a Cominissioner of dealer in shares and securities and therefore the profits were Income-ta<, Bihar assessable to income-tax. The High Court stated the following & Orissa two questions under s. 66(2) of the Income-tax Act and answered them in the affirmative:-

¶15

"(r) Whether in the circumstances of the case, there is material to support the finding of the Appellate Tribunal that the assessee was a dealer in shares and securities with respect to each of the aecount and, therefore, liable to be taxed?

¶16

(2) Whether having regard to the finding of the Appellate Tribunal in respect of 1941-42 assessment, it was open to the Appellate Tribunal in the present case to hold that the profits and transactions of sale and purchase of shares and securities amounted to profits of business and so liable to be taxed?" On appeal by special leave the appellant contended inter alia, that being a Zamindar the buying and selling of shares was not his normal activity and he did not carry on any such business but his purchases and sales were in the nature of investments of his surplus monies and therefore the excess amounts received by sales were capital receipts being merely surplus and r;ot profits.

¶17

Held, that on the materials produced and on the facts proved the appellant mu;t be held to have been rightly assessed. The principle applicable to such transactions is that when an owner of an ordinary investment chooses to realise it and obtains a higher price for it than t.he original price paid by him, the enhanced price is not a profit assessable to income tax, but where as in the present case what is done is not merely a realisation or a change of investment but an act done in what is truly the carrying on of a business the amour.t recovered as appreciation will be assessable.

¶18

G. Venkataswami Naidu 0- Co. v. The Commissioner of lncome-ta:c, (1959] Supp. I S.C.R. 464, Oriental Investment Company Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, [1958] S.C.R. 49, Raja Bahadur Kamakshya Narain Singh v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Bihar and Orissa, (1943) L.R. 70 I.A. 180, discussed.

¶19

The substantial nature of the transactions, the manner in which the books were maintained, the magnitude of the shares purchased and sold and the ratio between the purchases and sales and the holding justified the Tribunal to come to the conclusion that the appellant was dealing in shares as business. The High Court could not interfere with those findings and it rightly answered the questions in the affirmative.

¶20

There is no such thing as res judicata in income-tax matters

¶21

3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶22

289

¶23

and it was quite open to the Appellate Tribunal to give the finding that it did.

¶24

Iy6o

¶25

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeals Nos . ..¹¹ aJa Hahad~r 137 to 141 of 1958. J 1Sh'5hwaraSrngh-

¶26

J 1Sh'5hwaraSrngh& Others

¶27

Appeals by special leave from the judgment and order dated April 26, 1956 of the Patna High Court in Misc.Judicial Cases Nos. 362 to 366 of 1955.

¶28

v. Cu111misio11er of J11cv;netax, B:har ~-- Orissa

¶29

A. V. Viswanatha Sastri, S. ](. }1Jajumdar and I. N. Shroff, for the appelhtnts Nos. 2 to 4 (In all the appeals).

¶30

Harda.yal Hardy and D. Gupta, for the respondent (In all the appeals).

¶31

December 15. The Jucjgment of the Court was delivered by

¶32

KAPUR, J.-The assessee who is the appellant has brought these five appeals agltinst the judgment and order of the High Court of Pa,tna by which it answered the two questions stated under s. 66(2) of the Indian Income-tax Act against the appellant and in fiwour of the Commissioner of Income-tax.

¶33

Kapur J.

¶34

The appellant is the son of the late Malrnraj:tdhirn,ja of Darblurnga and the brother of :the present l\Iaharaja. The fo.ther died in 1929 and the appellant was given by way of maintenance the Estate .of lfajw•gar. He \ras also given a yearly allowance of Hs. 30,000 ,,-hich was later raised to Rs. 48,000 .. From 1929, the appellant invested his cash surplus in shares and securities, the account of which was entered in what is called Account Book No. 1. From the yc>tr 1930 onwards up to the year 1941-42 the appelim1t purchased a ln,rge number of shares and securities which by the accountir.g year 1941-42 were of the value of Rs. 14'91 lacs. During this period the appellant sold shares and securities in the accounting years 1936-37 and 1939-40 of the value of 1·48. lacs and l ·69 lacs respectively. He made certain amount of profits on these sales but under orders of the Commissioner of Income-tax in the former case and of the Income-tax Tribunal in the latter case, these sums were not assessed to income-tax. In the

¶35

37

¶36

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1961J

¶37

290

¶38

_' _⁹⁶⁰ RajaBahadur VisheshwarnSingh .Others	accounting purchased entries in	yea and Acco	rs 1942-4 sold some unt No. 1	3to1946-47 sharesand stood asfoll	the appellant securities. The ows:-
v. _Comniissioner_o/ Income-tax, Bihar&Or issa	Year	Tot shares at begin	alvalueof &securities costatthe ning ofthe year.	Total cost of shares and securitiespur- chasedduringthe year.	Total costofshares andsecurities sold duringtheyear.
Kapurj.	r350 Fs. r942-43	Rs.	rf66lacs	Nil	Rs.4·68lacs (r3 items)
	r35r _ Fs. r943-44	Rs.	9·98 lacs	Rs. 2·37 lacs. (4items)	Rs. 4·r6 lacs (r2 items)
	r352 Fs. r944-45	Rs.	8·20lacs	Rs.3•05lacs. (2items) and othercallmone	y. Rs._0·69_lacs (3items)
	r353 Fs. 1945-46-	Rs.	ro·52 lacs	Nil	Rs.ro3lacs (3items)
	r354 Fs" 1946-47	Rs.	9·50lacs	Rs.IS83lacs. (9items)	Rs. 3·39 lacs (2items)

¶39

and in all these years the appellant made profits which varied from Rs. 2,56,959 in the accounting year 194243 to Rs. 33,174 in the accounting year 1946-47.

¶40

On July 16, 1940, the appellant arranged a.n overdraft with the Mercantile Bank of India and actually withdrew Rs. 10,000 for the purchase of aha.res. But his brother the M:aharaja advanced to him witpout interest Rs. 10 lacs and thus the overdraft was pa.id off. A new Account was opened in the books of the appellant named No. 2 Investment Account which contained all entries in regard to shares purchased a.nd sold from out of the money borrowed from the M:aharajadhiraj. In this account entries of the different yea.rs were as follows:-

¶41

291

¶42

3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶43

Year.	Tot share at begi	alvalueof s&securities costat'the nning of the year.	Total cost of sharesand securitiespur- chasedduringthe year.	Totalcost andz.ecurit duringth	ofshares ies sold eyear.	1960 RajaBahadur Visheshwara Singh &Others
.1347F~ 1939-40		Nil	Rs. 6·05 lacs (8items)	Ni	l	v. Comniissionerof
1348^Fs. 1940-41	Rs.	6-05 lacs	Rs. 6·2 r lacs (32items)	Rs.r7 (1it	8lacs em)	Incon1e-tax, Bihar&Orissa
1349^Fs. 1941-42	Rs.	10·47l,acs	Nil	N	il	Kapur].
1350 Fs. 1942-43	Rs.	10·55 lacs	Rs. o 24 lacs (Iitem) (Darbhanga Sugar)	Rs.y6oI lacs (zitems)	i ^I I I
1351 Fs. 1943-44	Rs.	_rso_lacs	Rs. 2·29 lacs (Iitem) (Darbhanga Sugar)	Rs. 3·60 lacs (9items)	I I 1 I
1352Fs~ 1944-45	Rs.	6·49lacs	Nil	Rs.r25 lacs (3items)	IUnder >Ap- I peal. I
1353^Fs. 1945-46	Rs.	5·23 lacs	Rs. 9·65lacs (1item) (PortTrust Deb.)	Rs. 0·30 lacs (1item)	I I I I I
1354^Fs. 1946-47	I<s.	14·60 lacs	Rs.II·04 lacs (5items)	Rs. 9·65 lacs (1item) (PortTrust Deb.)	I I I ! j

¶44

I

¶45

The High Court divided the transactions of the appellant into three periods, i.e., assessment years 1930-31 to 1940-41, 1941-42 to 1943-44 and 1944-45 to 1948-49. In the first period as the statement of account shows two sales were effected in which there was a profit which the appellant claimed as appreciation of capital. Both those sums were held by the Income-tax authorities in the one case and the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal in the other to be exempt from assessment as being conversion of investments. Similarly during the second period also the sum of Rs. 39,325 for the assessment year 1942-43

¶46

292 SUPREME COURT REPOR.TS [1961]

¶47

I

¶48

'9⁶ " was held not to be taxable. Thus in the second Raja Bahadur period the a.ssessee as he!d nt to be carrying on Visheshwara Singh any trade. In the third per10d, 1.e., the assessment & 0,1,,rs years 1944-45 to 1948-49 the profits made by the v. appellant from purchase and sale of shares were as· Cominissioner of follows:- lncome-ta~. Bihar & Orissa 1944-45 Rs. 2,62,000 and odd 1945-46 Rs. 3,95,000 and odd Kapur J. 1946-47 Rs. 1,57,000 and odd 1947-48 Rs. 1,33,000 and odd 1948-49 Rs. 76,000 and odd

¶49

The Income-Tax Officer held these. to be liable to income-tax as business profits. On appeal the Appellate Assistant Commissioner excluded the profits for the years 1944-45 and 1945-46 but for the years 1946-4 7 to 1948-49 the assessments were upheld. Both parties appealed to the Appellate Tribunal. It held on the evidence that the appellant was to be regarded as a dealer in shares and securities and therefore the profits were assessable to income-tax. The appellant applied for a case to be stated under s. 66(1) of the Income-tax Act. This application was dismissed but the High Court made an order under s. 66(2) of the Income-tax Act to state a case on two questions of law. The questions were as follows:

¶50

(1) Whether in the circumstances of the case, there is material to support the finding of the Appellate Tribuna.l that the assessee was a dealer in shares and securities with respect to each of the accounts and, therefore, liable to be taxed?

¶51

(2) Whether, having regard to the findings of the Appellate Tribunal in respect of 1941/42 assessment, it was open to the Appellate Tribunal in the present case to hold that the profits and the transactions of sale and purchase of shares and securities amounted to profits of business and so liable to be ta,xed?

¶52

The High Court held that the facts and circumstances which the Tribunal took into consideration in arriving at the finding were the material before the Tribunal to support the finding and the first question

¶53

3 S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶54

293

¶55

was answered in the affirmative and therefore against i96o the appellant. I~ reard to the seco?-d question .the Raja Bahadur answer was agam m the affirmative and agamst Visheshwarn Singh the appellant who has come to this Court by special s. Others leave. v. It was argued on behalf of the appellant that he Commissioner of was not carrying on the business of buying and Income-ta, se mg shares II^. b ut his pure ases . h an d sa es were m t e l . h Bihar &- O"ssa nature of investments of his surplus monies and Kapur J. therefore the excess amounts received by sales were capital receipts being merely surplus and not profits. It was also submitted that the appellant being a zamindar the buying and selling of shares was not his normal activity; that he had a large income and it was his surplus income which he was investing in buying the shares and whenever he found it profitable he converted his holdings and securities and for a number of years from 1931-32 he had been buying shares but he did not sell them; that the very nature of investments was such that they had to be constantly changed so that the monies invested may be used to the best advantage of the investor; and that the sales were really for the purpose of re-employing the monies that he had invested to his best advantage.

¶56

r

¶57

Counsel for the appellant relied upon certain cases in support of his submission that the first question raised was of a wider amplitude and that it had been erroneously restricted by tha High Court and that its true import was the same as of the questions which were raised in the following cases decided by this Court, He relied on G. Venkataswami Naidu & Go. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax (¹ ), Oriental Investment Go., Ltd. v. The Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay (2). In the former case the assessee purchased four plots of land adjacent to the mills of which he was the Managing Agent. On various dates and about five years later sold them to the mills in w hinh h.e realized about Rs. 43,000 in excess of his purchase price. This was treated by the Income-tax authorities as purchase with a view to sell at a profit. The question referred was whether there was material for the (1) [1959] Supp. 1 S.C.R. 640. <•J [195BJ s.c.R. 49.

¶58

294

¶59

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶60

[1961]

¶61

r96o assessment of that amount as income arising from an adventure in the nature of trade. The High Court Vis^Rhajah es wara^Baha~~' . .Jing^{_h_held that that} ,^{was the nature of the transaction. On} e,. oehm appeal this Court held that before the Tribunal could v. come to the conclusion that it was an adventure in Commissioner of the nature of trade, it had to take into consideration Income-tax, the legal requirements associated with the concept of Bihar cS, Orissa t e h tra d e or usmess an t b · d h at such a question was a Kapur (· mixed question of law and fact. It was also held that where a person invests money in land intending to hold it. and then sells it at a profit it is a case of capital accretion and not profit derived from an adventure, in the nature of trade but if a purchase is made solely and exclusively with the intention to resell it at profit and the purchaser never had any intention to hold the property for himself there would be a strong presumption that the transaction is in the nature of trade but that was also a rebuttable presumption. The purchase in the absence of any rebutting evidence was held to fall in the latter category, i.e., adventure in the nature of trade. In the Oriental Investment case (¹ ) the assessee was an investment company. It had purchased certain shares and sold them and qua those shares it claimed to be treated as an investor and not a dealer on the ground that it did not carry on any business in the purchase and sale of shares. The assessee's applications for reference to the High Court were rejected on the ground that no question of law arose out of the order of the Tribunal. It was held that the question whether the assessee's business amounted to dealing in shares and in properties or was merely an investment was a mixed question of Jaw and fact and the legal effect of the facts found was a question of law and this Court ordered the case to be stated on two questions that it framed. One of the questions was similar to the first question in the present case but tile second question was a wider one, i.e., whether the profits and losses arising from the sale of shares etc. could be taxed as business profits.

¶62

'

¶63

The question which the High Coqrt had to answer

¶64

(I) [1958] S.C.R. 49.

¶65

295

¶66

3 s.c.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶67

'9⁶⁰

¶68

in the present case was a narrow one and the answer '9⁶⁰ t~ that.on the m.ateri~l before the ourt was rghtl,v Raja Bahadur given m the affirmative. But even if the quest10n 1s Vis/,;shwa.a Singh taken to be wider in amplitude, on the materials & Others produced and on the facts proved the appellant must v. be held to have been rightly assessed. Counsel for the Commission" of appellant argued that the amounts received by him in Income.tax, Bihar 1§. Orissa the accounting years were in the nature of capital accretions and therefore not assessable. In support, Kapur J. Counsel for the appellant relied on the following cases:-Raja Bahadur Kamakshya Nar-ain Singh v. The Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bihar & Orissa (') where Lord Wright observed that profits r.ealised by the sale of shares may be capital if the seller is an ordinary investor changing his securities but in some instances it may be income if the seller of the shares ia an investment company or an insurance company. The other cases relied upon were Californian Copper Syndicate Limited v. Harris ('); Cooper v. Stubbs ('); Leeming v. Jones(') and Edwards v. Bairstow & Harrison('). It is not necessary to discuss these cases because the principle applicable to such transactions is that when an owner of an ordinary investment chooses to realise it and obtains a higher price for it than he originally acquired it at, the enhanced price is not a profit assessable to income tax but where as in the present case what is done is not merely a realisation or a change of investment but an act done in what is truly the carrying on of a business the amount recovered as appreciation will be assessable.

¶69

In July 1948 the appellant had borrowed, though without interest, a larg(l sum of money to the extent of about Rs. 10,00,000, no doubt from his brother. He started a new account calling it No. 2 Investment Account. For the .asse~sment years under appeal · shares purchased and sold were of a large magnitude ranging from Rs. 4·68 lacs to Rs. 69 thousands in what is called the first account and from Rs. 9,64,000 or even if Port Trust Debentures are excluded

¶70

(I) [1943] L.R.70 I.A. 180, 194.

¶71

(2) [1904] 5 T.C. 159.

¶72

(3) [1925J 10 T.C. 29, 57. (<) [1930] 15 T.C. 333 (5) [19'5] 36 T.C. •O'f·

¶73

SUP]:tEME COURT REPORTS

296

[1961]

'9⁶⁰

'9⁶⁰ Rs. 3,60,000 to Rs. 30,000. The magnitude and the Raja Bahadur freqency and th rii.tio of sales to. purchases and total Visheshw"'a Singh holdrngs was evidence from wh10h the Income-tax & others Appellate Tribunal could come to the conclusion as . v: to the true nature of the activities of the appellant.. Commissioner of The principle which is applicable to the present case Income-tax. is what we have said aliove .and on the evidence which Bihar 6- Orissa was before the Tribunal, i.e., the substantial nature of Kapur ;. the transactions, the manner in which the books had been maintained, the magnitude of the shares purchased and sold and the ratio between the purchases and sales and the holdings, if on this material the Tribunal came to the conclusion that there was matetrial to support the finding that the appellant was dealing in shares as a business, it could not be interfered with by the High Court and in our opinion it rightly answered the question against the appellant in the affirmative.

¶78

The second question is wholly unsubstantial. There is no such thing as res judicata in income-tax matters. The Appellate Tribunal has placed in a tabulated form the activities of the appellant showing the buying and selling and the magnitude of holdings and it cannot be said therefore that it was not op,en tu the Appellate Tribunal to give the finding that it did.

¶79

In our opinion the High Court rightly held against the appellant. The appeals are therefore dismissed with costs. One hearing fee in this Court.

¶80

Appeals dismissed.

Raja Bahadur Visheshwara Singh and Othehs. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bihar and Orissa

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Raja Bahadur Visheshwara Singh and Othehs. v. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bihar and Orissa

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