The State of Bihar versus Hiralal Kejriwal and Another

¶1

726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)) r959 s. 25E of the Act. It was conceded on behalf the , .-d respondent workmen that the lay-off in the factory was nsso"ate Cement d 1 f l' b f Companies ue to the non-supp y o Imestone y reason o the v. strike in the limestone quarry and the strike was Their Workmen decided on by the same Union which consisted of the workmen at the factory and the quarry. That being 5• K. Das J. the position, the disqualification in cl. (iii) aforesaid clearly applied and the workmen at the factory were not entitled to claim lay-off compensation. The result, therefore, is that the appeal succeeds and is allowed and the award of the Industrial Tribunal is set aside. In the circumstances of the ·case in which a difficult question of interpretation arose for decision for the first time, we pass no order as to costs. Appeal allowed.

¶2

r959 THE STATE OF BIHAR

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September z4

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v.

¶5

HIRALAL KEJRIWAL AND ANOTHER (SYED JAFER IMAM and K. SuBBA RAo, JJ.)

¶6

Repeal of Statute-Saving clause-Interpretation of-Cotton Textiles (Control of Movement) Order, r948, whether continues in force-Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, r946 (XXIV oj r946),, ss. r(3) and 3(r)-Essential Commodities Ordinance, r955, (Ordinance I of r955), s. r6-Esscntial Commodities Act, r955 (X of r955), S, I6. Appeal by special leave-Interference in-Constitution of India, Art. r36.

¶7

In exercise of the powers under s. 3 of the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, the Central Government made the Cotton Textile (Control of Movement) Order, 1948. The 1946 Act was to expire on January 26, 1955, but before that, on January 21, l<j55, the Essential Commodities Ordinance was promulgated which conferred on the Central Government a power similar to that conferred by s. 3 of the 1946 Act. Section 16 of the Ordinance provided that all Orders made under the 1946 Act in so far as such Orders could be made under the Ordinance shall continue in force and that accordingly any appointment made, license or permit granted or direction issued under any such Order shall continue in force. The Essential Commodities Act, 1955 by s. l6(1)(a) repealed the Ordinance and by s, l6(1)(b)

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S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶9

727

¶10

repealed any other law in force in any State in so far as such law z959 controlled the production, supply and distribution of, and trade ~- . and commerce in any essential commodity. The savings clause The State of Bihar s. 16(2) of the 1955 Act was a repetition of s. 16 of the Ordinance. H" 1 /k . . 1 The respondent contended that the amplitude of the first part of ira; A e{~iwa s. 16 of the Ordinance was cut down by the second part and an no er consequently s. 16 did not save the Order but only the acts done under the Order, and that even if the Order was saved by s. 16 of the Ordinance it was repealed by s. l6(1)(b) of the 1955 Act and was not continued under that Act.

¶11

Held, that the Cotton Textiles (Control of Movement) Order, 1948 was saved by s. 16 of the Ordinande and was continued by s. 16(2) of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, and was in force on August 30, 1955. when the offence was committed. The first part of s. 16 of the Ordinance saved the order and the acts done under the Order subsequent to the coming into force of the Ordinance and the second part of s. 16 saved past acts done under the Order before the coming into force of the Ordinance. The words "any other law" in s. 16(1)(b) of the 1955 Act meant any law other than the Ordinance and an order made or deemed to be made under the Ordinance was not repealed by s. l6(1)(b). Such an order was saved by s. l6(1)(a) of the Act.

¶12

Held, further, that this was not a fit case for interference under Art. 136 of the Constitution with the order of the High Court discharging the respondent. The offence was committed more than four years ago; the application by the appellant to the High Court for a certificate of fitness to appeal to the Supreme Court was belated ; there was plausible justification for the belief of the accused that the Order did not survive the expiry of the 1946 Act in view of the varying views expressed by the Courts; the State filed the appeal presumably to get the legal position clarified ; in such circumstances public interest did not require that the stale matter should be resuscitated.

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CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 36of1958,

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Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated May 9, 1957, of the Patna High Court, in Criminal Reference No. 51 of 1957 and Criminal Revision No. 323of1957, arising out of the judgment and order dated March 20, 1957, of the First Additional Sessions Judge, Patna in Criminal Revision No. 14 of 1957.

¶15

K. P. Varma and R. 0. Prasad,, for the appellant.

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H. J. Umrigar a.nd B. P. Maheshwari, for the respondents.

¶17

728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)] '959 1959. September 14. The Judgment ofthe Court The Stale of Bihar Was delivered by • H^. 1^lvK .. 1 SuBBA RAO J.-This is an appeal by special leave ira a e;riwa b h S f B'h . h . d f h and Another y t e tate o 1 ar agamst t e JU gment o t e High Court of Judicature at Patna quashing the Subba Rao J. criminal proceedings launched against the respondents in the Court of Munsif-Magistrate, Patna. The two respondents were the proprietors of a firm called M/s. Patna Textiles doing business in cotton at Patna. On August 30, 1955, they despatched two bales of saries to M/s. Hiralal Basudev Prasad, cloth merchants of Balia, from Patna Ghat without obtaining a permit from the Textile Controller, Bihar. They were prosecuted under s. 7 of the Essential Commodities Act, 1955 (X of 1955), hereinafter called the Act, read with s. 3 of the Cotton Textiles (Control of Movement) Order, 1948, hereinafter called the Order, in the Court of the Munsif-Magistrate, Patna. The respondents filed a petition before the said Munsif-Magistrate praying for their discharge on the ground that the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946 (XXIV of 1946), hereinafter called the 1946 Act, whereunder the said Order was made, had been repealed, and, therefore, the Order ceased to have any legal force thereafter, and consequently they could not be prosecuted under the expired Order. The Munsif-Magistrate rejected that petition. The Additional Sessions Judge, Patna; after perusing the records transmitted the same to the High Court under s. 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure with his opinion that the order of the Munsif-Magistrate was wrong and, therefore, it might be set aside with the direction to the Munsif-1\fagistrate to discharge the accused. The respondents also filed a revision to the High Court against the order of the Munsif-Magistrate. The reference as well as the revision were heard together by Imam, J., of the High Court at Patna, and the learned Judge ,accepting the reference and the revision set aside the order of the Munsif-Magistrate and directed the accused to be discharged. Hence the appeal.

¶18

729

¶19

•

¶20

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶21

The learned Counsel appe~ring for the state contend- z959 B"h ed that the Or<ler made under the 1946 Act was Tk 5 0 - saved under s. 16 of the Essential Commodities Ordin• ' ':.⁰¹ ' ance bf 1955, hereinafter called the Ordinance, and Hiralal Kejriwal s. 16 (2) of the Act, and, therefore, the accused were and Another validly prosecuted under the provisions of the Order. The learned Counsel for the respondents argued that Subba Rao J. the order was not saved under either of the said two sections.

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B"h 5 0 - • ' ':.⁰¹ ' '" Hiralal Kejriwal and Another

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To appreciate the contention of the parties, it is necessary to notice the relevant provisions of the 1946 Act, the Order, the Ordinance and the Act.

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Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946.

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S. 1 (3): It shall cease to have effect on the twenty-sixth day of January, 1955, except as respects things done or omitted to be done before that date, and section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (X of 1897), shall apply upon the expiry of this Act as if it had then been repealed by a Central Act ..

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S. 3 (1): The Central Government, so far as it appears to it to be necessary or expedient for maintaining or increasing supplies of any essential commodity, or for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, may by order provide for regulating or prohibiting the production, supply and distribution thereof and trade and commerce therein.

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Cotton Textiles (Control of Movement) Order, 1948.

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S. 3: No person shall transport or cause to be transported by rail, road, air, sea or inland navigation any cloth, yarn or apparel except under and in accordance with-

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(i) a general permit notified in the Gaz~tte of India by the Textile Commissioner ; or

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(ii) a special transport permit issued by the Textile Commissioner.

¶31

The Essential Commodities Ordinance, 1955.

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Preamble : " Whereas the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946 (XXIV of 1946), which confers powers to control the production,

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SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶34

730

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I959 supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce in, certain commodities, expires on the 26th day The State of Bihar v. of January, 1955 ; ........................................... ,. Hiralal Kejriwal the President in pleased to promulgate the following

¶36

and Another Ordinance : " S. 16: Any order made or deemed to be made Subba Rao]. under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946 (XXIV of 1946), and in force immediately before the commencement of this Ordinance shall, in so far as such order may be made under this Ordinance, be deemed to be made under this Ordinance and continue in force, and accordingly any appointment made, licence or permit granted or direction issued under any such order and in force immedi. ately before such commencement shall continue in force unless and until it is superseded by any appointment made, licence or permit granted or direction issued under this Ordinance.

¶37

This Ordinance was published in the Gazette of India on January 21, 1955, and came into force on January 26, 1955.

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The Essential Commodities Act, 1955.

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S. 3 (1) : If the Central Government is of opinion that it is necessary or expedient so to do for maintaining or increasing supplies of any essential commodity or for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, it may, by order provide for regulating or prohibiting the production, supply and distribution thereof and trade and commerce therein.

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S. 7 (1): If any person contravenes any order made under section 3-

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( a) he shall be punishable-

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(i) in the case of an order made with reference to clause (h) or clause {i) of sub-section (2) of that section, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year and shall also be liable to fine, and

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(ii) in the case of any other order, with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine:

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S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 731

¶45

Provided that if the Court is of opinion that a I959 sentence of fine only will meet the ends of justice, The State of 1'ihar it may, for reasons. to be recorded, refrain from v. imposing a sentence of imprisonment; . . . . . . Hiralal Kejriwal. . l and A not lier S. 16 (1): The followmg laws are hereby repea - ed:- Subba Rao J.

¶46

Subba Rao J.

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(a) the Essential Commodities Ordinance, 1955;

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(b) any other law in force in any State immediately before the commencement of this Act in so far as such law controls or authorizes the control of the production, supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce in, any esse~tial commodity.

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(2) : Notwithstanding such repeal, any order made or deemed t'> be made by any authority whatsoever, under any law repealed hereby and in force immediately before the commencement of this Act, shall, in so far as such order may be made under this Act, be deemed to be made under this Act and continue in. force, and accordingly any appointment made, licence or permit granted or direction issued under any such order and in force immediately before such commencement shall continue in force until and unless it is superseded by any appointment made, licence or permit granted or direction issued under this Act.

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(3): The provisions of sub-section (2) shall be without prejudice to the provisions contained in section 6 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (X of 1897), which shall also apply to the repeal of the Ordinance or other law referred to in sub-section (1) as if such Ordinance or other law had been an enactment.

¶51

The said provisions may be briefly summarized thus : Under the Act of 1946, the Central Government had the power to make an order for regulating or prohibiting the production, supply and distribution of essential commodities. That Act itself provided that it would cease to have effect on January 26, 1955. In exercise of the powers conferred under s. 3 of the said Act, the Central Government made the Cotton Textile (Control of Movement) Order, 1948, prohibiting any person

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732 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶53

I959 from transporting cloth, among others, without the -_. permit of the Textile Commissioner. Before the Act The Stat•;. of Bihar ceased to have effect, i.e., on January 26, 1955, the HiralatKejdwal Ordinance was promulgated on January 21, 1955, and Another conferring on the Central Government a power similar to that conferred upon it under s. 3 of the 1946 Act. subba Rao J. The said Ordinance also provided for saving clauses in respect of certain things done under the 1946 Act. On April 1, 1955, the Act was passed practically reenacting the same provisions of the Ordinance, and thereunder the same power exercised by the Central Government under s. 3 of the 1946 Act and s. 3 of the Ordinance was preserved. The Act also provided for repeals and savings. The question, therefore, is whether, on the date of commission of the offence, the Order whereunder the prosecution was launched was subsisting or whether it ceased to exist. It is common case that an Order made under an Act ceases to have any legal force after the expiry of the term for 'Y hi ch the Act is made. But it is contended that the Order survived the expiry of the 1946 Act by reason of the saving clauses provided by the Ordinance and the Act. Ordinarily, the Order should have expired on January 26, 1955. Unless it was saved by s.16 of the Ordinance the saving clause of the Act could not operate on it. We shall, therefore, consider the question from two aspects: (i) whether s. 16 of the Ordinance saved the operation of the Order; and (ii) if it saved it, whether s. 16(2) of the Act gave it a further lease of life.

¶54

Section 16 of the Ordinance is in two parts. Under the first part, "any order made or deemed to be made under the Essential Supplies (Temporary Powers) Act, 1946, and in force immediately before the commencement of this Ordinance shall, in so far as such order may be made under this Ordinance, be deemed to be made under this Ordinance and continue in force." The necessary condition for the operation of this part of s. 16 is admittedly complied with. The Order made under s. 3 of the 1946 Act can be made under s. 3 of the Ordinance ; and, if so, by reason of the express words of the section, the Order must be deemed to be made under the Ordinance and continue to be in force

¶55

733

¶56

S.C.R.

¶57

SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶58

after its promulgation. But it is said that the second z959 part of the section cuts down the wide amplitude of the phraseology used in the first part. After stating The;:;~~ of that the said Order shall continue to be in force, the v. second part proceeds to state " and accordingly any Hiralal Kejriwal appointment made, licence or permit granted or direc- and Another tion issued under any such order and in force im- Subba Rao J. mediately before sue commencement shal continue h I in force unless and until it is superseded by any appointment made, licence or permit granted or direction issued under this Ordinance". If the Order continues in force, the argument proceeds, the second part of the section becomes otiose, for the appointment made, licence or permit granted or direction issued under the Order automatically continues in force, and, therefore, there is no necessity for enacting the second part of s. 16. The anomaly occurs even if the argument be accepted, for, in that event the first part,becomes unnecessary : The same result can be achieved by enacting only the second part of s. 16 and omitting the first part altogether. To ascertain the meaning of a section it is not permissible to omit any part of it : the whole section should be read together and an attempt should be made to reconcile both the parts. There is no ambiguity in the provisions of the first part of the section. In clear and unambiguous terms it posits the continuation in force of the Order notwithstanding the repeal of the Act; thereafter, it proceeds to enumerate certain past acts done under the Order, and in force immediately before the commencement of the Ordinance and says that they will continue in force in consequence of the continuance of the Order. The word "accordingly", which means consequently, indicates that the enumerated acts will not continue in force but for the continuance of the Order itself: they depend upon the continuation of the Order. It is said that this interpretation imputes tautology to the legislature, and, therefore, should not be accept~d. A scrutiny of the section shows that the second part is not really redundant, as at the first blush it appears to be. Under s. 16 of the Ordinance, the Order made under the Act of 1946 continues to be

¶59

93

¶60

734 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶61

z959 in force till another Order is made under the Ordinance. It covers two periods : (i) the period up to the date of The State of f h O d Bihar the commencement o t e r inance; and (ii) the v. period thereafter. The first part gives life to that Hiralal Kejriwal Order, and, therefore, the acts authorised under that and Another Order can be done subsequent to the coming into force of the Ordinance. But a question may be raised Subba Rao]. whether the past acts done under that Order are saved by the continuance of the Order, or whether the acts already done are covered by the words that the "Order shall continue in force". The second part appears to have been enacted for the purpose of a voiding this difficulty or, at any rate, to dispel the ambiguity. Under the section both the Order and the acts previously done under the Order are saved. If so, it follows that the.Order was saved and the prosecution authorized by the Order could legitimately be launched after the Ordinance came into force.

¶62

Even so, it is contended that the Order saved by a. 16 of the Ordinance fell with the repeal of that Ordinance and was not continued under the Act. This argument is based upon the provisions of s. 16(1) and (2) of the Act. Section 16 has three sub-sections. For the present argument we are concerned only with subss. (1) and (2) of s. 16. Sub-section (2) is a repetition of s. 16 of the Ordinance. But it is said that s. 16(l)(b) of the Act indicates that the Order was not saved under that section. Under s. 16(l)(a), the Essential Commodities Ordinance, 1955, is repealed, and under s. 16( l )(b) " any other law in force in any State immediately before the commencement of this Act in so far as such law controls or authorizes the control of the production, supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce in, any essential commodity " is also repealed. The argument is that the Order is comprehended by the words "any other law" in cl. (b) of s. 16(1), and, therefore, when that Order is repealed under cl. (b) of a. 16(1), it is unreasonable to hold that it is restored under sub-s. (2) of s. 16, To put it in other words, an intention cannot be imputed to the legislature to repeal an order under one sub-section 11-nd restore it by another .sub-section. If we may say

¶63

$.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶64

735

¶65

so, there is a fallacy underlying this argument. The words" any otherlaw" in s. l6(l)(b) can. only mean any law other than the Essential Commodities Ordin" ance, 1955, mentioned ins. 16(l)(a). It is admitted that there are laws other than the said Ordinance in force in many States controlling the production, supply and distribution of essential commodities. An order made or deemed to be made under the Commodities Ordinance, 1955, cannot be described as a law other than Essential Commodities Ordinance whereunder it is made. Such an order is comprehended by cl. (a) of s. 16(1) itself, and, therefore, cl. (b) thereof has no application to it. In this view, an interpretation different from that we have put on the provisions of s. 16 of the Ordinance cannot be given to sub-s. (2) of s. 16 of the Act. ]!'or the reasons we have given in interpreting the provisions of s. 16 of the Ordinance, we hold that undei• s. 16(2) both the order and the acts enumerated in the second part of it survived the expiry of the Ordinance and continued in force under the Act. For the above reasons, we hold that the prosecution was validly launched against the accused under s. 3 of the Order.

¶66

r959

¶67

The State of Bihar v.

¶68

Hiralal Kejriwal and Another

¶69

Subba Rao f·

¶70

Even sq, the. learned Counsel for the respondents contends that it is not a fit case for this Court to inter· fere under Art. 136 of the Constitution. The offence was alleged to have been committed on August "30, 1955, i.e., more than four years ago. The varying views expressed by the Courts indicate that there was a plausible justification for reasonable belief on the part of the accused that the Order did not survive the ex11iry of the life of the 1946 Act. 'fhe order of the High Court dismissing the application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court shows that it was filed in contravention of the provisions of r. 28 of the Patna High Court Rules. Under the said Rules the application should have been filed immediately after the judgment was delivered. In the affidavit filed in supvort of that application the only reason given for not doing so was that the appellant did not give the necessary instructions. The learned Judge of the High Court rightly did not accept that reason as a sufficient

¶71

736 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶72

'959 ground for permitting the application tO be filed at a later stage. In the application for special leave filed The State Bihar of in this Court, though it was stated that the application v. filed in the High Court for certificate was rejected, the Hiralal Kejriwal reason for the rejection was not disclosed. Further, and Another the State, presumably, filed this appeal to get the legal position clarified. We also believe that public interest Subba Rao ]. does not require that the stale matter should be resuscitated. In the circumstances, we would be justified not to exercise our discretionary jurisdiction, and we accordingly dismiss the appeal.

¶73

A ppe<il dismissed.

¶74

CHHADAMI LAL JAIN AND OTHERS

¶75

'959

¶76

v.

¶77

THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH AND

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ANOTHER

¶79

(JAFER IMAM, J. L. KAPUR, A. K. SARKAR and K. N. WANCHOO, JJ.)

¶80

Criminal Trial-Commitment Order-Quashing of-Magistrate starting trial as in warrant case-Prosecution witness examined and cross-examined-Charge framed without giving opportunity to accused to adduce defence evidence and co1nmitment order passed- -No intimation to accused of intention to commit-Whether commitment order illegal-Prejudice--Code of Criminal Procedure, I898 (V of I898), SS. 208, 347 and 537.

¶81

A complaint was filed against seven persons under ss. 409, 465, 467, 471 and 477A of the Indian Penal Code. After examining the complainant summonses were issued to the accused to answer a charge under s. 406. The trial started as in a warrant case; prosecution witnesses were examined and cross-examined and the statements of the accused were recorded, and the Magistrate heard arguments on the question of framing charges. Thereafter, he framed charges under ss 409 and 465 read with ss. 471 and 477A, and without giving previous intimation of his intention to do so 1 passed an order committing the appellants to the Court of Sessions. The appellants, contended that the commitment was illegal because the case having begun as a warrant case it was incumbent upon the Magistrate, when he decided to commit the case to the Court of Session, to follow the procedure provided in Ch. XVIII Code of Criminal Procedure, but he failed to comply with the provisions of ss. 208 to 213 of

The State of Bihar v. Hiralal Kejriwal and Another

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The State of Bihar v. Hiralal Kejriwal and Another

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