Shiva Jute Baling Limited versus Hindley and Company Limited

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 569

drawn to this aspect of the matter, they would not have permitted any question as to art. 115 being raised, and the parties would have saved considerable costs thereby.

¶3

We therefore come to the conclusion that the appeal must be allowed. The judgment and order of the learned Judges of the appellate bench of the High Court are set aside and those of the learned Single Judge of the High Court are restored. The appellant will be entitled to the costs in this Court and of the hearing of the appeal before the High Court.

¶4

1959

¶5

Hindustan Forest Company v. Lal Chand

¶6

Sarkar].

¶7

Appeal allowed.

¶8

SHIV A JUTE BALING LIMITED

¶9

v.

¶10

HINDLEY AND COMPANY LIMITED (B. P. SINHA, P. B. GAJENDRAGADKAR and K. N. W ANCHOO, JJ.)

¶11

1959

¶12

A11gust ZI.

¶13

Arbitration-Contract--Award passed pending legal proceedings challenging the existence and validity of contract-Validity-Breach of contract-Contract providing for penalty as liquidated damagesAward granting maximum-Legality--Indian Contract Act, r872 (9 of r872), ss. 73, 74-Arbitration (Protocol and Convention Act, I937 (6 of r937) s. 7(e)-Arbitration Act, r940 (IO of I940), SS. 33, 35·

¶14

The appellant company, incorporated in India, entered into a contract on June 18, 1945, for the supply of five hundred bales of jute, with the respondent company which was incorporated in England and which had its registered office in London. The contract, inter alia, provided that in the event of default of tender or delivery, the seller shall pay to the buyer as and for liquidated damages ms. per ton plus the excess (if any) of the market value over the contract price, the market value being that of jute contracted for on the day following the date of default. There was a provision for arbitration, under which any claim or dispute whatever arising out of, or in relation to this contract or its construction or fulfilment shall be referred to arbitration in London in accordance with the bye-laws of the London Jute Association. Disputes having arisen regarding the performance of the contract the respondent referred the matter to the arbitration of the London Jute Association, who appointed two of its members as the arbitrators. The appellant dicl not reply to the notice given by the arbitrators but filed an application on

¶15

570 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶16

I959 August IO, 1949· under s. 33 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, in the Calcutta High Court, praying, inter alia, (a) for a declaration that Shiva]uteBaling the arbitration agreement was void on the ground of uncertainty, Limited and (b) for a declaration that there was in fact and in law no v. contract between the parties on account of mutual mistake of the Hindley and parties. Notice was given by the appellant to the respondent Cqmpany Limited and the London Jute Association that further steps in the arbitration proceedings should not be taken pending disposal of the application under s. 33 of the Arbitration Act, 1940. The arbitrators, however, proceeded with the arbitration and gave their award on October 17, 1949· On November 26, 1951, an application was filed by the respondent in the Calcutta High Court under s. 5 of the Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937. praying that judgment be pronounced in accordance with the award. The appellant contended that the award was invalid on the grounds, inter alia, (1) that the award was bad under s. 35 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, as it was made after the · receipt of the notice of filing of the petition dated August IO, 1940, under s. 33 of the Arbitration Act, by the respondent and the arbitrators and during the pendency of the said application, and (2) that the liquidated damages provided under the award included not only the difference between the contract price and the market price on the date of default but also a further sum of lOs. per ton, that the extra amount was against the provisions of ss. 73 and 74 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, and that, therefore, the award was bad on the face of it and could not be enforced in view .of the provisions of s. 7(e) of the Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937, which Jays down that an award cannot be enforced in India if it is contrary to the Law of India.

¶17

Held: (1) that the subject-matter of the legal proceedings under s. 33 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, which relates to the existence and validity of the arbitration agreement, are not matters within the competence of the arbitrators, and do not therefore cover any part of the subject-matter of the reference. Consequently, s. 35 of the Arbitration Act is inapplicable.

¶18

(2) The award does not violate the provisions of ss. 73 and 94 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, as the arbitrators have only awarded the maximum amount named in the contract.

¶19

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 262of1955.

¶20

Appeal by special leave from the judgment and decree dated :February 4, 1953, of the Calcutta High Court, in Appeal from original decree No. 68of1952, arising out of the judgment and decree dated January 14, 1952, of the said High Court, in Special Suit No. 2 of 1951.

¶21

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 571

¶22

N. 0. Chatterjee, 0. B. Agarwala and Sukumar Ghose, for the appellants.

¶23

B. Sen, S. N. Mukherjee, S. N. Andley, J.B. Dadachanji and Rameshwar Nath, for the respondents.

¶24

z⁹ s⁹ Shiva Jute Baling Limited Hind~~ and

¶25

August 21. The Judgment of the Court was Company Limited delivered by

¶26

WANCHOO J.-This is an appeal by special leave against the judgment of the Calcutta High Court. The appellant is a company, incorporated in India, with its registered office in Calcutta dealing in jute. It entered into a contract on June 18, 1945, with the respondent-company, which is incorporated in England and has its registered office in London. The contract was for the supply of five hundred bales of jute of crop 1945-46 to be shipped from Calcutta or Chittagong to Rio de Janeiro, when freight became available. The contract provides that in tpe event of default of tender or delivery, the seller shall pay to the buyer as and for liquidated damages 10s. per ton plus the excess (if any) of the market value over the contract price, the market value being that of jute contracted for on the day following the date of default. This date was to be the date in London on declaration of default by telegram or without such declaration if default was eventually made by lapse of time on the 21st day after expiry of the extended period. There is also a provision for arbitration, which lays down that any claim or dispute whatever arising out of, or in relation to this contract or its construction or fulfilment shall be referred to arbitration in London in accordance with the bye-laws of the London Jute Association, and it was open to either party to claim arbitration whenever and as often as disputes arose. The contract also provides for an appeal by any party dissenting from an arbitration award to the London Jute Association in accordance with the regulations in force for the time being. Lastly, it is provided that the contract would be construed according to the laws of England whatever the residence and nationality of the parties might be or become and would be deemed to be performed there. The courts of England or

¶27

Wanckoo J.

¶28

572 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶29

'959 arbitrators, as the case might be, would have exclusive . jurisdiction over all disputes which might arise under Sh iva ute^• 1^- 8 aling h fi f . . Limited t e contract, except or the purpose o enforcmg m the v. Colonies or abroad any arbitration award made under Hindley and this contract, Company Limited On June 23, 1947, thirty-nine bales of jute were wanchoo 1. consigned by the appellant to Rio de Janeiro in part performance of the contract and information of this was given to the respondent by letter on July 17, 1947. It was said in this letter that difficulty had arisen because of the non-availability of quota and it was hoped that the balance remaining under the contract would be shipped as soon as quota was available. The respondent sent a reply to this letter on July 25, 1947, and the appellant wrote a further letter on August 1, 1947, in which it was said that the remaining amount of jute under the contract would be shipped as soon as the quota was available.

¶30

We do not know what happened thereafter till we come to August 1948. It seems that the respondent received a cable on August 12, 1948, from the appellant stating that the contract stood cancelled long ago. The respondent by its letter dated August 12, 1948, refused to accept this position. Thereafter there were disputes and differences between the parties and eventually the respondent claimed .default on or about June 1949 in terms of the contract. On or about July 14, 1949, the respondent referred the matter to the arbitration of the London Jute Association, which appointed two of its member as arbitrators. The respondent filed its claim before the arbitrators on July 23, 1949. On July 27, 1949, the arbitrators gave notice to the appellant to file its answer by August 19, 1949. The appellant, however, filed no answer before the arbitrators. What the appellant did in reply was to file an application under s. 33 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1940 (hereinafter called the Arbitration Act), on ~he original side of the Calcutta High Court, in which it made three prayers, namely-

¶31

(a) declaration that the arbitration agreement, if any, between the parties was void ab initio on the

¶32

573

¶33

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶34

ground of uncertainty and was not binding on the appellant;

¶35

z959

¶36

Shiva Jute Bali11g Limited v. Hindley and Company Limited wanchoo J._

¶37

(b) declaration that there was in fact and in law no contract between the parties on account of mutual mistake of the parties · and

¶38

(c) that the court might • be ' pleased to adJtld1cate . • on the existence and/or validity of the alleged arbitration agreement and the effect of the same.

¶39

This application. was moved on August 12, 1949. It appears that on August 13, 1949, the appellant sent a. cable to the respondent and the London Jute Association informing them that an application had been made in the Calcutta High Court challenging' the submissions contained in the contract and that the arbitrators had become functus officio pending disposal of the application, which was fixed for August 29. The appellant received a. reply to its cable in which it was asserted that no such application as the appellant bad' made to the Calcutta. High Court could be made th~re and that the arbitrators would proceed with the adjudication on August 27 as already fixed. On August 17, 1949, the appellant sent a. letter to the London Jute Association in which it referred to its cable and the reply of the Association to that and reiterated its stand that any further steps taken in the arbitration proceedings pending disposal of 'the ~pplication under s. 33 would be invalid under the Arl1itration Act. The arbitrators, however, proceeded with the arbit.ration and gave their a.ward on October 17, 1949.

¶40

No proceedings thereafter were ta.ken by the appellant in London, nor does.it appear that any steps were taken by it to have its application under s. 33 decided, till we come to November 26, 1951. On that date, an application was filed by the respondent in the Calcutta. High Court under s. 5 of the Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937, (hereinafter called the Protocol Act). Along with this application it filed the a.ward dated October 17, 1949, and prayed that judgment be pronounced in accordance with the a.ward and decree be passed accordingly. Notice of this was issued to the appellant, which filed i~ reply on January 14,

¶41

7~

¶42

574 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1960(1)]

¶43

t959 1952, We do not think it necessary to set out the Shwajute^. - Baling . A petition d h of the respondent under s. II , I h 5 . of the . Protocol Limited ct an t e appe ant s rep y t ereto m detail, because v. when the matter came to be heard in court only two Hindley and points were urged on behalf of the appellant, namely- Company Limited (1) that the award was made after the notice of filing of the petition dated August 10, 1949, under Wanchoo ]. s. 33 of the Arbitration Act had been given to the respondent and the arbitrators, and consequently the award made after the receipt of the said notice and during the pendency of the said application was bad under s. 35 of the Arbitration Act; and (2) that the award was bad on the face of it and could not therefore be enforced in view of the provisions of s. 7(e) of the Protocol Act, which lays down that an award cannot be enforced in India if it is contrary to the law of India. It was contended that the award was contrary to the law of India and this appeared on the face of it inasmuch as the arbitrators had purported to award such damages as could not be done under the provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872.

¶44

Both' these contentions were negatived by the learned Single Judge and he ordered the award to be filed in court and passed a decree in terms thereof.

¶45

The appellant then went up in appeal, which was heard by a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court. The grounds of appeal show that the same two points, which were urged before the learned Single Judge, were reiterated therein. When the matter came to be heard before the Division Bench, the same two points were raised on behalf of the appellant there also. The Division Bench negatived the two contentions raised before it on behalf of the appellant and confirmed the judgment of the learned Single Judge. It is curious, however, to notice that though all these proceedings were being taken on the application under s. 5 of the Protocol Act the appellant apparently took no steps to have its application under s. 33 of the Arbitration Act, which seems to have been adjourned sine die, decided along with the respondent's application under s, 5 of the Protocol Act,

¶46

575

¶47

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶48

This was followed by an application for a certificate z959 to appeal to appe 11 ant app this 1ie^{. d} Court, which was refused. Then to t is h' C ourt £ or spec1a . 1 1 eave the to 5,,. wa u,e a ing Limited 1 -;-B 1. appeal, which was granted. In the special leave v. petition also the appellant raised the same to points, Hindley ~ml_ namely, (i) the construction of ss. 33 and 35' of the Company Limited Arbitration Act and the application of these provisions Wanchoo J. to the facts of this case, and (ii) the construction of s. 7 of the Protocol Act and the Indian Contract Act with respect to the damages awarded by the award.

¶49

In the statement of case also after narrating the facts and circumstances, the same two points were mentioned as the principal questions which a.rose for determination in the appeal, namely, (i) the effect of ss. 33 and 35 of the Arbitration Act on the facts and circumstances of this case, and (ii) the interpretation of s. 7 of the Protocol Act in the light of ss. 73 and 74 of the Indian Contract Act and their bearing on tlie damages a.warded by the arbitrators and its effect on the validity of the award.

¶50

Learned counsel for appellant, however, wanted to raise before us other points arising out of s. 7 of the Protocol Act. We do not think that the appellant should be permitted to raise at this late stage any new point in addition to the two points which were urged before the learned Single Judge and which only have all along been raised in the appeal to the High Court and in the appeal before this Court. We shall therefore confine the appellant to these two points only and proceed on the assumption in the same manner as has been done by the High Court, namely, that an application under s. 33 of the Arbitration Act would lie in the circumstances of this case and therefore the provisions of s. 35 of the Arbitration Act would be attracted.

¶51

Re. (1).

¶52

The pa.rt of s. 33 of the Arbitration Act, relevant for our purpose, lays down that any party to an arbitration agreement desiring to challenge the existence or validity of an arbitration agreement or to have its effect determined shall apply to the court and the court shall decide the question. It will thus be clear that

¶53

576

¶54

SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶55

'959 s. 33 contemplates a.n application for three purposes, Sh^.-B 1^. namely, (i) when it is desired to challenge the exist'"" Limited jute • ing ence o f an ar b"t 1 ra t" 10n agreemen , n w t ("") h en 1 is es1re "t · d · d v. to challenge its validity, and (iii) when it is desired Hiudley and to have its effect determined. An arbitration agree- Company Limited ment may come into existence in one of two ways; it - may either arise out of an agreement which contains Wanehoo J. nothing else besides the arbitration agreement, or it may arise out of a. term contained in a. contract which deals with various other matters relating to the contra.ct, which is the present case. Where one is dealing with an arbitration agreement of the second kind, s. 33 is concerned only with the term relating to arbitration in the contract and not with the other terms of the ·contra.ct which do not a.rise for consideration on a.n application under that section.

¶56

Then we come to s. 35. It provides that no reference or award shall be rendered invalid by reason only of the commencement of legal proceedings upon the subject-matter of the reference, but when legal proceedings upon the whole of the subject-matter of the reference has been commenced between all the parties to the reference and a notice thereof has been given to the arbitrators or umpire, all further proceedings in a. pending reference s,hall, m.iless a stay of proceedings is granted under s. 34, be invalid. It will be seen, therefore, that s. 35 makes proceedings before the arbitrators invalid in the absence of an order under s. 34 staying the legal proceedings, where whole of the subject-matter of the reference is covered by any legal proceedings taken with respect to i~. In other words, an arbitrator can continue the proceedings and proceed to make the award on the reference, unless the whole of the subject-matter of the reference is covered by the legal proceedings whjch have been instituted. Assuming that the proceedings taken under s. 33 are " legal proceedings ", mentioned in s. 35, the question which immediately a.rises on the facts of the present case is whether the whole of the subject-matter of the reference in this case was covered by the legal proceedings taken by the appellant by its application under s. 33 of the Arbitration Act.

¶57

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPOR.TS 577

¶58

In dealing with this aspect of the case, learned z959 counsel for the appellant raised the questien of frustration of the contract and the powers of the court Shiva f.« 1~ ~aling ~ ~aling ~aling and the arbitrator in that behalf. It is true that the •:'. e words "frustration of contract" have been used in Hindley and paragraph 8 of the application. But the prayers do Company Limited - not show that any relief was claimed on that ground, relief (c) being merely a repetition of the words of Wanchoo f. s. 33 of the Arbitration Act. Lea!rned counsel relied on Heymen v. Darwins Ltd. (¹ ) in this connection. We do not think we should permit the appellant to raise this contention at this late stage and would content ourselves by pointing out incidentally that even if the dictum in Heymen' s case (¹ ) is accepted, it will not help the appellant, for on that dictum the question of frustration would be for the arbitrators to decide on the basis of the terms used in this contract which are of the widest amplitude and would not be a. matter for consideration of the court. On this basis th.ere would be no identity of subject-matter between what can be raised in an application under s. 33 on the facts of this case and what can be decided by the arbitrators. However, we do not propose to pursue this matter any further and to decide it.

¶59

f.« 1~ ~aling ~ ~aling ~aling •:'. e

¶60

Then we turn to prayers (a) and (b) of paragraph 9 of the application based on paragraphs 6 and 7 thereof. These prayers undoubtedly cannot be the subject-matter of arbitration, for they go to the very root of the contract and imply that there was no contract between the parties at all and therefore no arbitration agreement. These prayers can certainly form the basis of an application under s. 33, for they relate to the existence and validity of the arbitration agreement contained in the contract; but not being matters within the competence of the arbitrators, there can be no identity of, the subject-matter under reference to the arbitrators and. the subject-matter of prayers (a) and (b). The conclusion, therefore, is that prayers (a) and (b) can be the subject-matter of an application under s. 3.3 but they cannot be the subjectma.tter of the reference to the arbitrators. Therefore,

¶61

(1) [1942] 2 A.C. 3S6.

¶62

578 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1960(1)]

¶63

z959 the subject-matter of the legal proceedings under s. 33 - in this case cannot and does not cover any part of the Shiva f«''., aling subject-matter of the reference. Section 35 in consequ·:' ence can have no applfoation and the award cannot Hindley and be assailed as invalid on the ground that it violates Company Limited s. 35 of the Arbitration Act. The first contention, therefore, must fail. Wanc:hoo J. Re. (2).

¶64

The argument under this head is that the liquidated damages provided under cl. (12) of the contract include not only the difference between the contract price and the market price on the date of default but also a further sum of 10s. per ton. Reference in this connection is made to ss. 73 and 74 of the Indian Contract Act, and it is said that the extra amount of 10s. per ton included in the sum of liquidated damages is against the provision of these sections and therefore the award being against the law of India is bad on the face of it and should not be enforced in India. Section 73 provides for compensation for loss or i:lamage caused by breach of contract. It lays down that when a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by such breach is entitled to receive from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from such breach, or which the parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it. Section 74 provides for breach of contract where penalty is stipulated for or a sum is named and lays down that when a contract has been broken, if a sum is named in the contract as the amount to be paid in case of such breach, or if .the contract contains any other stipulation by way of penalty, the party complaining of the breach is entitled, whether or not actual damage or loss is proved to have been caused thereby, to receive from the party who has broken the contract reasonable compensation not exceeding the amount so named or, as the case may be, the penalty stipulated for. What cl. (12) of the contract provides in this case is the measure of liquidated damages and that consists of

¶65

579

¶66

S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS

¶67

two things, namely, (i) the difference between the con- z959 tract price and the market price .on the date of default, · - ?'n d (n .an^") a. dd't' i 10n o f 10 s. per on a ove t at. t b h Th ere Shiva Limited jute Baling Limited jute Baling jute Baling Baling is nothmg m s. 73 ors. 74 of the Contract Act, which v. makes the award of such liquidated damages illegal. Hindley and Assuming that the case is covered by s. 74, it is provid- Company Limit1d ed therein that reasonable compensation may be awarded for breach of contract subject to the maximum Wanchoo J. amount named in the contract. What the arbitrators have done is to award the maximum amount named in the contract. If the appellant wanted to challenge the reasonableness of that provision in cl. (12) it should have appeared before the arbitrators and represented its case. It cannot now be heard to say that simply because cl. (12) provided for a further sum of 10s. per ton over and above the difference between the contract price and the market price on the date of the default, this was per se unreasonable and was therefore bad according to the law of India. as laid down in ss. 73 and 74 of the Contract Act. Both these sections provide for reasonable compensation and s. 74 contemplates that the maximum reasonable compensation may be the amount which may be named in the contract. In this case the arbitrators have awarded the maximum amount so named and nothing more. Their award in the circumstances cannot be said to be bad on the face of it, nor can it be said to be against the law of India as contained in these sections of the Contract Act. The second contention must also fail.

¶68

· - Shiva Limited jute Baling Limited jute Baling jute Baling Baling v. Hindley and

¶69

We, therefore, dismiss the appeal with costs to the respondent.

¶70

Appeal dismissed.

Shiva Jute Baling Limited v. Hindley and Company Limited

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Shiva Jute Baling Limited v. Hindley and Company Limited

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