A UK-incorporated mill in Pondicherry bought all its cotton through an established Madras agency. The Supreme Court held such habitual purchasing through a skilled agency was an 'operation' and business connection under section 42(1) and (3), and part of its profits was assessable in India; appeal dismissed with costs.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
454 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953]
1952 is not entitled to reopen the whole proceedings as the , z-F Textile ang o- co.' rtnc Ltd. 1 Ifurther port10n o •proceedings are limited to assessing f th e mcome w • h' h h 1c as escape assessment. dthat v. ' We need not express any opinion on this; The Commissioner of question we have to answer is confined to the facts Income-tax, and circumstances of this case and those circum- Madras. stances are (1)-that no return was filed at any stage Bose J. of the case disclosing any income, profits or gains at all, (2) that proceedings were later taken under section 34, and (3) in the course of these proceedings the assessee claimed that a certain loss should be determined and recorded. Our answer is that that cannot be done for the reasons we have given and that c9nsequently the question referred was rightly answered in the negative by the High Court. The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.
Appeal dismissed.
Agent for the appellant: P. K. Mukherji._ Agent for the respondent : G. H. Rajadhyaksha.
1952 ANGLO-FRENCH TEXTILE CO. LTD. , v. Dec. 22.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX, MADRAS.
(MEHR CHAND MAHAJAN, DAS, VIVIAN BOSE and BHAGWATI JJ.]
Indian Income-tax Act (XI of 1922), ss. 42(1),42(3)-Nvn- resident-Purchase of materials in India by established agencyWhether an." operation ''-Profits attributable to purchase, whether assessable in India-"!Jusiness connection," meaning of.
Though a few isolated transactions of purchase of raw mate- . rials in India by a ·manufacturer carrying on business outside India may not amount, to the carrying on of an " operation" in India within the meaning of s. 42 (3) of the Indian Income-tax Act, where raw materials are purchased systematically and habitually in India through an established agency having special skill and competency in selecting the goods, such an activity wiil be an "operation" within s, 42 (3), and the portion of the profits
• I
•
S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 455
attributable to the purchases in India can be assessed to incometax under s. 4'!(1) and (3) of the Indian Income-tax Act.
1952
. Bangalore Woollen, Cotton ct Silk Mills Co. Ltd. v. Cwimis- T Anglo-French sioner of Income-tax, Madras [1950] (18 I.T.R. 423), Coimnisstt:Jner ext.le Co., Ltd. of Income-tax, Bombay v. Ahmedbhai Umarbhai ct Co. ([1950] S.C.R. . v'. 335), Commissioners of Taxation v. Kirk ([1900] A.O. 588),00 7n'1SSWnel' of Rogers Pyatt Shellac Co. v. Secretary of State for India ([1925] nco~e-tax, I.L.R. 52 Cal. 1) and Webb Sons ct Co. v. Commissioner of IncameMa ras. tax, East Punjab ([1950] 18 LT .R. 33) relied on.
588),00 7n'1SSWnel' of ([1925] nco~e-tax, Ma ras.
An isolated transaction between a non-resident and a resident in India without any course of dealings such as might fairly be described as a business connection does not attract the application of s. 42, but when there is a continuity of business relationship between the person in India who helps to make the profits and the person outside India who receives or realises the profits, such relationship constitutes a business connection.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 12 of 1952. Appeal from the Judgment and Order dated the 18th January, 1950, of the High Court of Judicature at Madras (Satyanarayana Rao and Viswanatha Sastri JJ.) in Case Referred No. 27 of 1947.
M. 0. Setalvad, Attorney-General for India, and O. K. Daphtary, Solicitor-General for India (G. N. Joshi and P.A. Mehta, with them) for the respondent.
MAHAJAN J. -This is an appeal from the judgment of the High Court of Judicature at Madras dated 18th January, 1950, delivered on a reference by the Incometax Appellate Tribunal under section 66(1) of the Indian Income-tax Act, whereby the High Court answered the two questions referred in the affirmative.
The appellant is a public limited company incorporated in the United Kingdom and owns a spinning and weaving mill located at Pondicherry in French lnd.ia. The year of account of the appellant is the calendar year. In the year 1939 no sales of yarn or cloth manufactured by the company were effected in 59
456 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953)
| 1952 AllgZo-French Textile 00 , Ltd v. _Commissionero _ Income-tax, Madras. MahojanJ. |
BritishIndia,thoughintheprevious year snch sales wereeffec_ted. Allthep_urchs.esofco_tton\equired _._forthemills were madeznBritishIndiaby Messrs. &st&Co., Ltd. Underanagreement betweenthe _f_appellantand Messrs.Best&Co., Ltd., Madras, dated11thJuly,1939, Messrs.Best&Co.,Ltd.were constitutedtheagents oftheappellantforthepur- poses of its business in In.dia. Messrs.Best&Co., Ltd.haveunderthetermsoftheagreement full powersinconnection withthebusinessoftheappel- 'lantinthematterofpurchasingstock, signing bills andothernegotiableinstrumentsandreceiptsand settling, compounding or compromising any claim by oragainsttheappellant. Theagents are empowered to borrow money on behalf oftheappellantandto make advances.Theyare also expected to securethe best commissions, brokerages, rebates, discountsand otherallowancesinrespect ofandinconnectionwith thebusiness oftheappellant.Theyare enjoined to keep proper accounts oftheappellantandto payover totheappellantthesumstandingto its credit.They areremuneratedby a salary of Rs. 6,500 permonth anda percentage commission ontheprofits made. Duringtherelevantyearallthepurchases ofcotton required forthe.mill atPondicherrywere made bythe agentsin.BritishIndiaandno purchases were made throughanyotheragency. Theagentsexercised theirjudgmentandskillandpurchased such qualities andquantities of cottonandatsuch prices astheyin theirexperience considered most advantageous inthe interestsofthecompany. Priorto 1939-40theappellantwas assessed to in- come-tax inBritishIndiaontheprofits computed on aturnoverbasis earned bythesales inBritishIndia ofthegoodsmanufacturedbytheappellant.Inthe courseoftheassessmentyear1939-40theappellant statedthatitdiscontinued its businessinBritish Indiawith effect from 1st April, 1939,andclaimed reliefundersection 25(3) which wasgranted.In thecourse of bisfurtherenquiriesthe.Income-tax Offl9er foundthatthouhtheappellantwasnot |
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S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 451
selling its goods in British India and earning a profit 1952 thereby, it continued to have an active business connet10n . m · B · · h I d' h n1s n ia a vm;s re gar · d tot h e way. lll · Textile Co., A.nglo-Jfrenoh Ltd. which the busmess of purchasmg goods and maten!!ls v. for the mills was carried on. 'rhereupon the Income- Commissioner of tax Officer held that s,uch purchases of cotton in IncomG-tax, " British India constituted a business connection in Madras. British India and that the profits attributable to the }fahajan J. purchases were liable to tax under sections 4'2(1) and 4'2(3) of the Act. 'rhe net income of the company was computed to be Rs. '2,81,176 and ten per cent. of this sum was apportioned under section 42(3) of the Act as being the profits and gains reasonably attributable to that part of the business operations which were carried out in British India. The appellant appealed against the said order of the Income-tax Officer to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner who confirmed the order of the Income-tax Officer. A further appeal by the appellant to the Tribunal was unsuccessful.
At the instance of the appellant, the Tribunal stated a case and referred the following questions for the decision of the High Court under section 66(1) of the Act:-
" 1. ·whether in the circumstances of this case the assessee-company had any business connection in British India within the meaning of sections 4'2(1) and 42(3) of the Income-tax Act?
'2. Whether any profits could reasonably be attributed to the purchase of entire cotton made in British India by tlrn secretaries and agents of the assesseecompany within the meaning of sectfons 4'2(1) and 42(3) of the Income-tax Act?"
'rhe High Court answered both these questions in the affirmative and, in our opinion, rightly.
The learned counsel for the appellant reiterated before us the arguments that he had addressed in the High Court and contended that on the facts of this case there was no scope for the finding thrtt any profits or gains accrued to the assesseo directly or
,
458 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1953]
1952 indirectly through or from any business connection in A 1F h India. It was argued that a mere purchase of ra;w T,;;1 :-0 :.'."~td. materials or goods in British India does not result in v. the.accrual or arising of profits and that the profits Commissioner of on the sale of goods arise and accrue only at the place Income-tax, where the sales are effected and that in the present Madra,, case, there being no sales effected in British India in MahojanJ •. the year of account 1939, n(l profits accrued or arose to the company in British India nor could any profits be deemed to have accrued or arisen in British India. In support of his proposition, the learned counsel placed reliance on a number of cases" inter alia, on Board a/Revenue v. Madras Export Co.('), Jiwan Das v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Lahore ('), Rahim v. Commissioner of Income-tax(3 ), Commissioner of Incometax, Bombay v. We.itern India Life Insurance Co.('), Commissioner of Income-tax v. Little's Oriental Balm Ltd.('). Most of these decisions were given under the Act of 1922, before the insertion of section 42 (3) in the Act-of 1922 by the amending Act of 1939.
As against the cases relied upon by the learned counsel for the app-ellant, several authorities have been cited to us which have proceeded on the footing that even purchase of raw materials could be an operation in connection with a business and if it was carried on in British India it might make the profits attributable to such operation taxable under section 42 of the. Indian Income-tax Act. The case Rogers Pyatt Sh~llac Co. v. Secretary of State for India( 0 ) is one of the leading decisions on this point. This case was decided under section 33 of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1918, and 1ihe judgment shows that the principle followed in the case was similar to that which was subsequently embodied in section 42 (3) of the Income-tax Act, 1922. The question referred to the High Court in that case was in these terms:-
459
S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS
liable to be assessed to income~tax and super-tax 1962 under either Income-tax Act VII of 1918 or Act XI ,, Anglo-IF·rench of 1922 and the Super-tax Act, VIII of 1917. Tomtils co., Ltd. And it was answered in the affirmative. The sam13 v. line of reasoning was adopted by the Rangoon High Commissioner of Court in Commissioner of Income-tax, Burma v. Steel Income-tax, Bros. Co.(1). Among recent cases on this point which Madras. were decided under section 42 of the Income-tax Act, MahaJan J. 1922, can be mentioned the case of Motor Unionlnsurance Co. Ltd. V; Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay(2 ) :md that of Webb Sons & Co. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, East Pitnjab(3 ). In the last case, the assessee company which was incorporated in the United States of America was carrying on in America the business of manufacturing carpets. Its only business in British India was the purchase through its agent in British India, of wool as raw material for use in the manufacture of carpets. It was held that the purchase was au operation within the meaning of section 42 (3) and the profits from such purchases could be deemed to arise in British India and it was consequently assessable under section 42 (3) of the Indian Income-tax Act. The questions referred to the High Court in this case and relevant to this · enquiry were these :- .
"(i) Is mere purchase of raw material an operation within the meaning of section 42 (3) of the Act? (ii) Can any profit arise out of mere purchase of raw material?"
While answering these questions in the affirmative it was said:-
"It is clear that the purchase of raw material by a firm of manufacturers is one of the processes or operations which contributes to an appreciable degree to the ultimate profit which is realized on the sale of manufactured articles."
There is thus no uniformity of judicial opinion on the question that the mere act of purchase produces no profit.
(r) (1926) I.L.R. 3 Rang. 6q • (3J [1950] 18 I.T.R. 33· . (2) A.LR. 1945 Born. 285,
460 SUPREME COUR1' REPORTS (i953]
1902
1902 In our judgment, the contention of the learned A I-:;;- 1counsel fortheappellant,andon which his whole Textile q~-·-· co., Ltd. argument is . founded, that it is . the act of sale alone v. fr"om which the profits accrue or arise can no longer, Commission•" oJbe sustained and has to be repelled in view of the Income-tax, decision of this Court in Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras. Bombay v. Ahmedbooi Urnwrbhai <f: Co. (1 ). 'rhat was MahajanJ. a case that arose under the Excess Profits Tax Act, XV of 1940. A firm which was resident in British India and carried on the business of manufacturing and selling groundnut oil, and owned some oil mills within British India also owned a mill in Raichur in the Hyderabad State where oil was manufactured. The oil manufactured in Raichur was sold partly within the State of Hyderabad and partly in Bombay. It was held by this Court that the profits of that part of the business, viz., the manufacture of oil at the mill in Raichur accrued or arose in Raichur even though the manufactured oil was sold in Bombay and the price was received there, and accordingly, that part of the profits derived from sales in Bombay which was attributable to the manufacture of the oil in Raichur was exempt from excess profits tax under the proviso to section 5 of the Act. Heference in this case was made to the decision of the House of Lords in In.re Cornm·issioners of Taxation v. Kirk (2), whereiD. it was held that where income was in part derived from the extraction of ore from the soil of New South \Vales Colony, and from the convers!on in the latter colony of the crude ore into a merchantable product, this income was assessable under the New South 'Wales Land and Income Tax Assessment Act of 1895, section 15, sub-sections 3 and 4, nowithstanding that the finished products were sold exclusively outside the colony. Lord Davey while delivering the judgment of the Privy Council observed as follows;-
"It appears to their Lordships that there are four processes in the earning or production of this income -(1) the extraction of the ore from the soil; ('.l) the (I) [195oj S.C.R. 335· (•) [1900] A.C. 588.
S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 461
1952
conversion of the crude ore into a merchantable product, which is a manufacturing process; (3) the sale Anglo-French of the merchn.ntable product; ( 4) the receipt of the Tea·tile Co., J,td. moneys arising from the sale. All these processes :tre v. necessary stages which terminn.te in money, and the Commissioner of inc.ome is the money resulting less the expenses attendIncome-tax, Jladra.. ant on (ill the stages. The first process seems to their Lordships clearly wthin sub section 3, and the ,tlahaj"" J. second or manufacturing process, if not within the meaning of 'trade' in sub-section 1, is certainly included in the words 'any others ource whatever' in sub-section 4.
So far as relates to these two processes, therefore, their Lordships think that the income was earned and arising and accruing in New South Wales."
On a parity of reasoning it can well b'1 said in this case that the profits accrue or arise to the appellant from three business processes or operations, those being (1) the purchase of cotton in British India; (2) its conversion by the process of manufacture in Pondicherry into yarn or cloth ; and (3) the sale of the merchantable product, 9,nd those have to be apportioned between these three operations. 'rhe same line of reasoning was adopted by the Madras High Court in Bangalore Woollen, Cotton rf: Silk Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras(1 ). There it was held thn,t the purchase of raw materials by the managing agents in British India would be an operation within the meaning of section 42(3) and it was reasonable to attribute a portion of the profits to such purchases in British India.
,
After a careful consideration of the decided cases on the subject and in view of the insertion of section 42 (3) in the Act of 1922 by the amending Act of 1939, we have reached the conclusion that in the present state of the law there is hardly any scope for main-· taining the view contended for by the learned counsel for the appellant and we therefore agree with the High Court in repelling it. While maintaining the view taken by the High Court in this case we wis4
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462 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1953]
1952 to point out that it is not every business activity Textile A ng O-J•1enci l co.,_"'· Ltd. 1 "of a manufacturer operat10n ·to w , ,, h"that 10 h h t ecomes within the expression prov1S1ons . , of section 42(3) v. are attracted. These provisions have no application Commi,,io1.er of unless according to the known and accepted busi- Inoome-tax, ness notions and usages the particular activity is Madras. regarded as a· well defined business operation. Acti- Mahajan J. vi ties which are not well defined or are of a casual or isolated character would not ordinarily fall within the ambit of this rule. Distribution of profits on different business operations or activities ought only to be made for sufficient and cogent reasons and the observations made here are limited to the facts and circumstances of this case. In a case where all that may be known is that a few transactions of purchase of raw materials have taken place in British India, it could not ordinarily be said that the isolated acts were in their nature " operations" within the meaning of that expression. In this case the raw materials were purchased systematically and habitually through an established agency having special skill and competency in selecting the goods to be purchased and fixing the time and place of purchase. Such activity appears to us to be well within the import of the term "operation " as used in section 42 (3) of the Act. It is not in the nature of an isolated transaction of purchase of raw materials. The first contention of the assessee is therefore negatived.
The learned counsel argued in a rather half-hearted manner that there was no business connection of the assessee in British India. This contention does not require serious consideration. An isolated transaction between a non-resident and a resident in British India without any course of dealings such as might fairly be described as a business connection does not attract the application of section 42, but when there is a continuity of business relationship between the person in British India who helps to make he profits and the person outside British India who receives or realizes the profits, such relationship does ccnstitute a l;rnsio,ess connecion. rn ~his <)a,se t)lere
S.C.R. SUPREME COURT REPORTS 463
1952
was a regular agency established in British India for 1952 the purchase of the entire raw materials required for Angl:;,.,,,0 ,. the manufacture abroad and the agent was chosen by Textile co., Ltd. reason of his skill, reputation and experience in t!:ie v. line of trade. The terms of the agency stated in the Commissioner of earlier part of this judgment fully establish that Income-tax, Messrs. Best & Co. Ltd. were carrying on something M~•· almost akin to the business of a managing agency in • Mahajan J. India of the foreign company and the latter certainly had a connection with this agency. We therefore negative this contention of the learned counsel as well.
For the reasons given above we uphold the view taken by the High Court .and dismiss the appeal with costs:
Appeal dismissed.
Agent for the appellant: P. K. Mukherii.
Agent for the respondent : G. H. Rajadhyaksha.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX~ MADRAS v.
1952
Dec. 22.
MTT. AR. S. AR. ARUNACHALAM CHETTIAR. tMEHR CHAND MAHAJAN, DAS and BHAGWATl JJ.]
~
Indian Income-tax Act (XI of 1922), ss. 30, 33, 34, 66 (1) and ( 2)-0rder of Appellate Tribimal directing Income-tax Officer to allow certain deductions-Income-tax Officer adding certain other items in computing income-Appeal to Appellate Assistant CommissionerMaintainability-Order of Appellate Tribunal under inherent powers directing Income-tax Officer to revise his order-Gornpetency of reference.
By an order dated August 20, 1943, the Appellate Tribunal directed that certain deductions claimed by the assesses should be allowed. The matter came back to the Income-tax Officer and he made an order on September 26, 1945, but did nop issue any fresh notice of demand. The assesses appealed to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner complaining that in his order of September 26, tbe Income-tax Officer had wron~ly includeil a sum of Rs. 13,000 QQ
2 issues framed by the court
Whether systematic purchases of raw materials in British India through an established agency constituted a business connection and an 'operation' under sections 42(1) and 42(3) of the Income-tax Act,
Whether profits could reasonably be attributed to such purchases in India and assessed under section 42.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Bangalore Woollen, Cotton & Silk Mills Co. Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, MadrasRelied on¶59
[1950] 18 I.T.R. 423
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bombay v. Ahmedbhai Umarbhai & Co.Relied on¶53
[1950] S.C.R. 335 · Who else cites this
Commissioners of Taxation v. KirkRelied on¶53
[1900] A.C. 588
Rogers Pyatt Shellac Co. v. Secretary of State for IndiaRelied on¶37
(1925) I.L.R. 52 Cal. 1 · Who else cites this
Webb Sons & Co. v. Commissioner of Income-tax, East PunjabRelied on¶44
[1950] 18 I.T.R. 33
4 provisions across 1 enactments
Anglo-French Textile Co. Ltd.
Commissioner of Income-tax, Madras
Mehr Chand Mahajan
Das
Vivian Bose
Bhagwati
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
