A JDA Enforcement Officer challenged cognizance taken on a protest petition over an encroachment-removal demolition. Holding the alleged acts had reasonable nexus to official duty, the Court held Section 197 Cr.P.C. sanction was mandatory and Section 78 JDA Act applied, set aside the cognizance and revisional orders and quashed proceedings.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
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HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE FOR RAJASTHAN BENCH AT JAIPUR
S.B. Criminal Miscellaneous (Petition) No. 3377/2018
Rajeev Dutta S/o Shri Indra Kumar Dutta, R/o B-10, JDA Flats, Lal Kothi, Jaipur.
----Petitioner
----Complainant-Respondent
| For Petitioner(s) | : Mr. Vibhuti Bhushan Sharma with Mr. Sandeep Pathak, Ms. Anindya Gupta, Mr. Harshit Tiwari and Ms. Suman Kalal |
|---|---|
| For Respondent(s) | : Ms. Manju Dave, PP |
| For Complainant | : None Present |
HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE PRAMIL KUMAR MATHUR Judgment
| Date of Conclusion of Arguments |
06.02.2026 |
|---|---|
| Date on which the judgment was reserved |
06.02.2026 |
| Whether the full judgment or only the operative part is pronounced |
Full Judgment |
| Date of pronouncement | 10.03.2026 |
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caused to the property and articles lying there and the persons present at the site sustained injuries. It was specifically alleged that the said acts were committed at the instance and under the directions of the Commissioner. On the basis of the above report, FIR No. 101/2002 was registered under Sections 147, 451, 323, and 427 of the IPC, and investigation was set in motion.
After investigation a negative final report was submitted before the competent court. Upon a protest petition filed by the complainant Vijay Sharma, the learned Magistrate took cognizance against the present petitioner on 10.02.2009 which was subsequently affirmed by the revisional court vide order dated 21.05.2018.
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sanction of the competent authority is required for prosecution. It is further submitted that the learned Trial Court as well as the Revisional Court have failed to consider the aforesaid mandatory legal provision in its proper perspective and have passed the impugned orders in violation of law. Therefore, the orders passed by the Courts below deserve to be set aside.
“197. Prosecution of Judges and public servants.— (1) When any person who is or was a Judge or Magistrate or a public servant not removable from his office save by or with the sanction of the Government is accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or
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purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty, no Court shall take cognizance of such offence except with the previous sanction (save as otherwise provided in the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013)-
(a) in the case of a person who is employed or, as the case may be, was at the time of commission of the alleged offence employed, in connection with the affairs of the Union, of the Central Government;
(b) in the case of a person who is employed or, as the case may be, was at the time of commission of the alleged offence employed, in connection with the affairs of a State, of the State Government:
Provided that where the alleged offence was committed by a person referred to in clause (b) during the period while a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of article 356 of the Constitution was in force in a State, clause (b) will apply as if for the expression “State Government” occurring therein, the expression “Central Government” were substituted.
Explanation.—For the removal of doubts it is hereby declared that no sanction shall be required in case of a public servant accused of any offence alleged to have been committed under section 166A, section 166B, section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 370, section 375, section 376A, section 376AB, section 376C, section 376D, section 376DA, section 376DB or Section 509 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
(2) No Court shall take cognizance of any offence alleged to have been committed by any member of the Armed Forces of the Union while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty, except with the previous sanction of the Central Government.
(3) The State Government may, by notification, direct that the provisions of sub-section (2) shall apply to such class or category of the members of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order as may be specified therein, wherever they may be serving, and thereupon the provisions of that sub-section will apply as if for the expression “Central Government” occurring therein, the expression “State Government” were substituted.
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(3A) Notwithstanding anything contained in subsection (3), no court shall take cognizance of any offence, alleged to have been committed by any member of the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order in a State while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty during the period while a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of article 356 of the Constitution was in force therein, except with the previous sanction of the Central Government.
(3B) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Code or any other law, it is hereby declared that any sanction accorded by the State Government or any cognizance taken by a court upon such sanction, during the period commencing on the 20th day of August, 1991 and ending with the date immediately preceding the date on which the Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1991 (43 of 1991), receives the assent of the President, with respect to an offence alleged to have been committed during the period while a Proclamation issued under clause (1) of article 356 of the Constitution was in force in the State, shall be invalid and it shall be competent for the Central Government in such matter to accord sanction and for the court to take cognizance thereon.
(4) The Central Government or the State Government, as the case may be, may determine the person by whom, the manner in which, and the offence or offences for which, the prosecution of such Judge, Magistrate or public servant is to be conducted, and may specify the Court before which the trial is to be held.”
3761 , which reads as follows:
“22. … the object and purpose of the said provision is to protect officers and officials of the State from unjustified criminal prosecution while they discharge their duties within the scope and ambit of their powers entrusted to them. A reading of Section 197
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of the CrPC would indicate that there is a bar for a Court to take cognizance of such offences which are mentioned in the said provision except with the previous sanction of the appropriate government when the allegations are made against, inter alia, a public servant. There is no doubt that in the instant case the appellant herein was a public servant but the question is, whether, while discharging her duty as a public servant on the relevant date, there was any excess in the discharge of the said duty which did not require the first respondent herein to take a prior sanction for prosecuting the appellant herein. In this regard, the salient words which are relevant under sub- section (1) of Section 197 are “is accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty, no Court shall take cognizance of such offence except with the previous sanction”. Therefore, for the purpose of application of Section 197, a sine qua non is that the public servant is accused of any offence which had been committed by him in “discharge of his official duty”. The said expression would clearly indicate that Section 197 of the CrPC would not apply to a case if a public servant is accused of any offence which is de hors or not connected to the discharge of his or her official duty.”
1955 SC 309 , The Hon’ble Apex Court explained the scope of
Section 197 of CrPC as follows:
“9. … It is not every offence committed by a public servant that requires sanction for prosecution under Section 197(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure; nor even every act done by him while he is actually engaged in the performance of his official duties; but if the act complained of is directly concerned with his official duties so that, if questioned, it could be claimed to have been done by virtue of the office, then sanction would be necessary; and that would be so, irrespective of whether it was, in fact, a proper discharge of his duties, because that would really be a matter of defence on the merits, which would have to be investigated at the trial, and could
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not arise at the stage of the grant of sanction, which must precede the institution of the prosecution.”
(2021) 8 SCC 768, the Hon’ble Supreme Court has held as
under:-
“10. We have given our thought to the submissions of learned counsel for the parties. Section 197 of the CrPC seeks to protect an officer from unnecessary harassment, who is accused of an offence committed while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duties and, thus, prohibits the court from taking cognizance of such offence except with the previous sanction of the competent authority. Public servants have been treated as a special category in order to protect them from malicious or vexatious prosecution. At the same time, the shield cannot protect corrupt officers and the provisions must be construed in such a manner as to advance the cause of honesty, justice and good governance. [See Subramanian Swamy Vs. Manmohan Singh, (2012) 3 SCC 64: ]. The alleged indulgence of the officers in cheating, fabrication of records or misappropriation cannot be said to be in discharge of their official duty. However, such sanction is necessary if the offence alleged against the public servant is committed by him “while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty” and in order to find out whether the alleged offence is committed “while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty”, the yardstick to be followed is to form a prima facie view whether the act of omission for which the accused was charged had a reasonable connection with the discharge of his duties. [See State of Maharashtra Vs. Budhikota Subbarao, (1993) 3 SCC 339 ]. The real question, therefore, is whether the act committed is directly concerned with the official duty.”
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whether it was performed in the course of official duty or had a reasonable connection with such duty. Even if the act is alleged to be in excess of authority or involved procedural irregularities, the protection would still apply so long as the act is not wholly unrelated to official functions.
“Immunity to Authority:- No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall be maintainable against the Authority or any person acting under the direction of the Authority or the Chairmen, member or any officer or servant of the Authority, Executive Committee, other committees, any Functional Board or any body thereof in respect of anything lawfully and in good faith and with due care and attention done under this Act.”
Anr. v. The Appellate Tribunal and Ors. (S.B. Civil Writ Petition No. 7007/2003, decided on 18.10.2023) arising out of the same incident, this Court has observed that the proposal regarding removal of encroachment from the site in question was approved by the Director Law and Commissioner, JDA. It was also observed that Enforcement Officer and other officials acted pursuant to the directions of the competent authority.
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(PRAMIL KUMAR MATHUR),J
Arun/42
2 issues framed by the court
Whether prior sanction under Section 197 Cr.P.C. was required before the Magistrate took cognizance against a public servant acting in discharge of official duty.
Whether the acts were protected by Section 78 of the JDA Act, 1982 as done in good faith under the Act.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Suneeti Toteja Vs. State of U.P. & Anr.Relied on¶5
2025 SCC OnLine SC 433 · Who else cites this
Gurmeet Kaur Vs. Devender GuptaRelied on¶10
2024 SCC OnLine SC 3761 · Who else cites this
Amrik Singh Vs. The State of PEPSURelied on¶11
AIR 1955 SC 309 · Who else cites this
Indra Devi V. State of Rajasthan and Anr.Relied on¶12
(2021) 8 SCC 768 · Who else cites this
Jaipur Development Authority and Anr. v. The Appellate Tribunal and Ors.Applied¶15
S.B. Civil Writ Petition No. 7007/2003, decided on 18.10.2023
2 provisions across 2 enactments
Rajeev Dutta
The State of Rajasthan through PP
Vijay Sharma
Pramil Kumar Mathur
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
