Devinder Pal Chhabra Vs Satish Kumar and Anr.

The present appeal has been preferred against the award dated 21.11.2022 passed in the claim petition filed under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 by the learned Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Patiala (for short, 'the Tribunal') for enhancement of compensation granted to the appellant/claimant to the tune of Rs.2,19,764/- along with interest at the rate of 7% per annum, on account of injuries sustained by the appellant/claimant in a Motor Vehicular Accident, occurred on 14.08.2018.

¶16

As sole issue for determination in the present appeal is confined to quantum of compensation awarded by the learned Tribunal, a detailed

¶17

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶18

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶19

-2-

¶20

narration of the facts of the case are not required to be reproduced for the sake of brevity.

¶21

SUBMISSIONS OF LEARNED COUNSEL FOR THE PARTIES

¶22

The learned counsel for the appellant/claimant contends that the compensation awarded by the learned Tribunal is on the lower side and deserves to be enhanced. Therefore, he prays that the present appeal be allowed and the compensation awarded to the appellant/claimant be enhanced, as per latest law.

¶23

Per contra , learned counsel for respondent No.2-Insurance Company, however, vehemently argue that the award has rightly been passed and the amount of compensation as assessed by the learned Tribunal has rightly been granted. Therefore, he pray for dismissal of the appeal.

¶24

I have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the whole record of this case with their able assistance.

¶25

SETTLED LAW ON COMPENSATION

¶26

Hon’ble Supreme Court has settled the law regarding grant of compensation with respect to the disability. The Apex Court in the case of

¶27

Raj Kumar Vs. Ajay Kumar and Another (2011) 1 Supreme Court Cases 343 , has held as under:-

¶28

General principles relating to compensation in injury cases

¶29

5. The provision of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 ('Act' for short) makes it clear that the award must be just, which means that compensation should, to the extent possible, fully and adequately restore the claimant to the position

¶30

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶31

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶32

-3-

¶33

prior to the accident. The object of awarding damages is to make good the loss suffered as a result of wrong done as far as money can do so, in a fair, reasonable and equitable manner. The court or tribunal shall have to assess the damages objectively and exclude from consideration any speculation or fancy, though some conjecture with reference to the nature of disability and its consequences, is inevitable. A person is not only to be compensated for the physical injury, but also for the loss which he suffered as a result of such injury. This means that he is to be compensated for his inability to lead a full life, his inability to enjoy those normal amenities which he would have enjoyed but for the injuries, and his inability to earn as much as he used to earn or could have earned. (See C.K. Subramonia Iyer v. T. Kunhikuttan Nair, AIR 1970 Supreme Court 376, R.D. Hattangadi v. Pest Control (India) Ltd., 1995 (1) SCC 551 and Baker v. Willoughby, 1970 AC 467).

¶34

6. The heads under which compensation is awarded in personal injury cases are the following : Pecuniary damages (Special Damages) (i) Expenses relating to treatment, hospitalization, medicines, transportation, nourishing food, and miscellaneous expenditure.

¶35

(ii) Loss of earnings (and other gains) which the injured would have made had he not been injured, comprising :

¶36

(a) Loss of earning during the period of treatment;

¶37

(b) Loss of future earnings on account of permanent disability.

¶38

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶39

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶40

-4-

¶41

(iii) Future medical expenses. Non-pecuniary damages (General Damages)

¶42

(iv) Damages for pain, suffering and trauma as a consequence of the injuries.

¶43

(v) Loss of amenities (and/or loss of prospects of marriage).

¶44

(vi) Loss of expectation of life (shortening of normal longevity).

¶45

In routine personal injury cases, compensation will be awarded only under heads (i), (ii)(a) and (iv). It is only in serious cases of injury, where there is specific medical evidence corroborating the evidence of the claimant, that compensation will be granted under any of the heads (ii) (b), (iii), (v) and (vi) relating to loss of future earnings on account of permanent disability, future medical expenses, loss of amenities (and/or loss of prospects of marriage) and loss of expectation of life.

¶46

xxx xxx xxx xxx

¶47

19. We may now summarise the principles discussed above :

¶48

(i) All injuries (or permanent disabilities arising from injuries), do not result in loss of earning capacity.

¶49

(ii) The percentage of permanent disability with reference to the whole body of a person, cannot be assumed to be the percentage of loss of earning capacity. To put it differently, the percentage of loss of earning capacity is not the same as the percentage of permanent disability (except in a few cases, where the Tribunal on the basis of evidence, concludes that percentage of loss of earning

¶50

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶51

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶52

-5-

¶53

capacity is the same as percentage of permanent disability).

¶54

(iii) The doctor who treated an injured-claimant or who examined him subsequently to assess the extent of his permanent disability can give evidence only in regard the extent of permanent disability. The loss of earning capacity is something that will have to be assessed by the Tribunal with reference to the evidence in entirety.

¶55

(iv) The same permanent disability may result in different percentages of loss of earning capacity in different persons, depending upon the nature of profession, occupation or job, age, education and other factors.

¶56

20. The assessment of loss of future earnings is explained below with reference to the following

¶57

Illustration 'A' : The injured, a workman, was aged 30 years and earning Rs. 3000/- per month at the time of accident. As per Doctor's evidence, the permanent disability of the limb as a consequence of the injury was 60% and the consequential permanent disability to the person was quantified at 30%. The loss of earning capacity is however assessed by the Tribunal as 15% on the basis of evidence, because the claimant is continued in employment, but in a lower grade. Calculation of compensation will be as follows:

¶58

a) Annual income before the accident : Rs.

¶59

36,000/-.

¶60

b) Loss of future earning per annum

¶61

(15% of the prior annual income) : Rs. 5400/-.

¶62

c) Multiplier applicable with reference to age : 17

¶63

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶64

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶65

-6-

¶66

d) Loss of future earnings : (5400 x 17) : Rs. 91,800/-

¶67

Illustration 'B' : The injured was a driver aged 30 years, earning Rs. 3000/- per month. His hand is amputated and his permanent disability is assessed at 60%. He was terminated from his job as he could no longer drive. His chances of getting any other employment was bleak and even if he got any job, the salary was likely to be a pittance. The Tribunal therefore assessed his loss of future earning capacity as 75%. Calculation of compensation will be as follows :

¶68

a) Annual income prior to the accident : Rs. 36,000/- .

¶69

b) Loss of future earning per annum

¶70

(75% of the prior annual income) : Rs. 27000/-.

¶71

c) Multiplier applicable with reference to age : 17 d) Loss of future earnings : (27000 x 17) : Rs. 4,59,000/-

¶72

Illustration 'C' : The injured was 25 years and a final year Engineering student. As a result of the accident, he was in coma for two months, his right hand was amputated and vision was affected. The permanent disablement was assessed as 70%. As the injured was incapacitated to pursue his chosen career and as he required the assistance of a servant throughout his life, the loss of future earning capacity was also assessed as 70%. The calculation of compensation will be as follows :

¶73

a) Minimum annual income he would have got if had been employed as an

¶74

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶75

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M) -7-

¶76

Engineer : Rs. 60,000/-

¶77

b) Loss of future earning per annum

¶78

(70% of the expected annual income) : Rs. 42000/-

¶79

c) Multiplier applicable (25 years) : 18

¶80

d) Loss of future earnings : (42000 x 18) : Rs. 7,56,000/-

¶81

[Note : The figures adopted in illustrations (A) and (B) are hypothetical. The figures in Illustration (C) however are based on actuals taken from the decision in Arvind Kumar Mishra (supra)].

¶82

Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of National Insurance

¶83

Company Ltd. Vs. Pranay Sethi & Ors. [(2017) 16 SCC 680] has clarified

¶84

the law relating to Sections 166, 163-A and 168 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, on the following aspects:-

¶85

(A) Deduction of personal and living expenses to determine multiplicand;

¶86

(B) Selection of multiplier depending on age of deceased;

¶87

(C) Age of deceased on basis for applying multiplier;

¶88

(D) Reasonable figures on conventional heads, namely, loss of estate, loss of consortium and funeral expenses, with escalation;

¶89

(E) Future prospects for all categories of persons and for different ages: with permanent job; self-employed or fixed salary.

¶90

The relevant portion of the judgment is reproduced as under:-

¶91

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶92

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶93

-8-

¶94

“ Therefore, we think it seemly to fix reasonable sums. It seems to us that reasonable figures on conventional heads, namely, loss of estate, loss of consortium and funeral expenses should be Rs.15,000, Rs.40,000 and Rs.15,000 respectively. The principle of revisiting the said heads is an acceptable principle. But the revisit should not be fact-centric or quantum-centric. We think that it would be condign that the amount that we have quantified should be enhanced on percentage basis in every three years and the enhancement should be at the rate of 10% in a span of three years. We are disposed to hold so because that will bring in consistency in respect of those heads.”

¶95

Hon’ble Supreme Court in the case of Erudhaya Priya Vs.

¶96

State Express Tran. Corpn. Ltd. 2020 ACJ 2159, has held as under:-

¶97

“7. There are three aspects which are required to be examined by us:

¶98

(a) the application of multiplier of '17' instead of '18' ; The aforesaid increase of multiplier is sought on the basis of age of the appellant as 23 years relying on the judgment in National Insurance Company Limited v. Pranay Sethi and Others, 2017 ACJ 2700 (SC). In para 46 of the said judgment, the Constitution Bench effectively affirmed the multiplier method to be used as mentioned in the table in the case of Sarla Verma (Smt) and Others v. Delhi Transport Corporation and Another, 2009 ACJ 1298 (SC) . In the age group of 15-25 years, the multiplier has to be '18' along with factoring in the extent of disability.

¶99

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶100

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶101

-9-

¶102

The aforesaid position is not really disputed by learned counsel for the respondent State Corporation and, thus, we come to the conclusion that the multiplier to be applied in the case of the appellant has to be '18' and not '17'.

¶103

(b) Loss of earning capacity of the appellant with permanent disability of 31.1%

¶104

In respect of the aforesaid, the appellant has claimed compensation on what is stated to be the settled principle set out in Jagdish v. Mohan & Others, 2018 ACJ 1011 (SC) and Sandeep Khanuja v. Atul Dande & Another, 2017 ACJ 979 (SC). We extract below the principle set out in the Jagdish (supra) in para 8:

¶105

"8. In assessing the compensation payable the settled principles need to be borne in mind. A victim who suffers a permanent or temporary disability occasioned by an accident is entitled to the award of compensation. The award of compensation must cover among others, the following aspects:

¶106

(i) Pain, suffering and trauma resulting from the accident;

¶107

(ii) Loss of income including future income;

¶108

(iii) The inability of the victim to lead a normal life together with its amenities;

¶109

(iv) Medical expenses including those that the victim may be required to undertake in future; and

¶110

(v) Loss of expectation of life."

¶111

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶112

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶113

-10-

¶114

The aforesaid principle has also been emphasized in an earlier judgment, i.e. the Sandeep Khanuja case (supra) opining that the multiplier method was logically sound and legally well established to quantify the loss of income as a result of death or permanent disability suffered in an accident.

¶115

In the factual contours of the present case, if we examine the disability certificate, it shows the admission/hospitalization on 8 occasions for various number of days over 1½ years from August 2011 to January 2013. The nature of injuries had been set out as under:

¶116

" Nature of injury :

¶117

(i) compound fracture shaft left humerus

¶118

(ii) fracture both bones left forearm

¶119

(iii) compound fracture both bones right forearm

¶120

(iv) fracture 3rd, 4th & 5th metacarpals right hand

¶121

(v) subtrochanteric fracture right femur

¶122

(vi) fracture shaft femur

¶123

(vii) fracture both bones left leg

¶124

We have also perused the photographs annexed to the petition showing the current physical state of the appellant, though it is stated by learned counsel for the respondent State Corporation that the same was not on record in the trial court. Be that as it may, this is the position even after treatment and the nature of injuries itself show their extent. Further, it has been opined in para 13 of Sandeep Khanuja case (supra) that while applying the multiplier method, future prospects on

¶125

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶126

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶127

-11-

¶128

advancement in life and career are also to be taken into consideration.

¶129

We are, thus, unequivocally of the view that there is merit in the contention of the appellant and the aforesaid principles with regard to future prospects must also be applied in the case of the appellant taking the permanent disability as 31.1%. The quantification of the same on the basis of the judgment in National Insurance Co. Ltd. case (supra), more specifically para 61(iii), considering the age of the appellant, would be 50% of the actual salary in the present case.

¶130

(c) The third and the last aspect is the interest rate claimed as 12%

¶131

In respect of the aforesaid, the appellant has watered down the interest rate during the course of hearing to 9% in view of the judicial pronouncements including in the Jagdish’s case (supra). On this aspect, once again, there was no serious dispute raised by the learned counsel for the respondent once the claim was confined to 9% in line with the interest rates applied by this Court.

¶132

CONCLUSION

¶133

8. The result of the aforesaid is that relying on the settled principles, the calculation of compensation by the appellant, as set out in para 5 of the synopsis, would have to be adopted as follows:

¶134

Heads	Awarded
Loss of earning power	Rs. 9,81,978/-
(Rs.14,648 x 12 x 31.1/100

¶135

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶136

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶137

-12-

¶138

Future prospects (50 per cent addition)	Rs.4,90,989/-
Medical expenses including transport charges, nourishment, etc.	Rs.18,46,864/-
Loss of matrimonialprospects	Rs.5,00,000/-
Loss of comfort, loss of	Rs.1,50,000/-
amenities and mental agony
Pain and suffering	Rs.2,00,000/-
Total	Rs.41,69,831/-

¶139

The appellant would, thus, be entitled to the compensation of Rs. 41,69,831/- as claimed along with simple interest at the rate of 9% per annum from the date of application till the date of payment.

¶140

A careful perusal of the impugned award reveals that the appellant/claimant sustained grievous injuries, which is duly corroborated by the implant certificate (Ex. C-3) and the discharge summaries (Exs. C-4 and C-20). The appellant/claimant suffered multiple fractures to his right leg and was initially hospitalized for a period of five days, i.e. from 14.08.2018 to 18.08.2018, at Columbia Asia Hospital, Patiala. Thereafter, he was again admitted for two days, i.e. from 10.01.2019 to 11.01.2019, at Manipal Hospital. The appellant/claimant underwent surgery on 16.08.2018, during which a plate was implanted in his leg. Subsequently, owing to non-union/non-healing of the fracture, he had to undergo two further surgical procedures on 10.01.2019. In support thereof, the appellant/claimant has duly proved the implant certificate (Ex.C-3), discharge certificates (Exs.C-4

¶141

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶142

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M) -13-

¶143

and C-20) and medical bills, collectively marked as Exs.C-5 to C-19 and Exs.C-21 to C-39. A further perusal of the award shows that no permanent disability has been suffered by the appellant/claimant due to accident in question.

¶144

Accordingly, keeping in view of the severity of the injuries sustained, the multiple surgical interventions undergone, and the advanced age of the appellant/claimant, the learned Tribunal has erred in not awarding just and reasonable compensation under the heads of pain and suffering, transportation and special diet. Furthermore, no amount has been awarded towards attendant charges and future medical expenses, despite the prolonged treatment and repeated hospitalizations. Consequently, the impugned award warrants interference by this Court.

¶145

Therefore, in order to advance the cause of justice and to secure fair and just compensation in consonance with the object of the Act, this Court deems it appropriate to enhance the compensation under the aforesaid heads.

¶146

Consequently, the present appeal is allowed and to secure the ends of a fair adjudication, this Court deems it appropriate considering the nature of the injuries of the appellant/claimant, this Court deems it fit to award Rs.2,50,000/- in lump-sum over and above, in addition to the amount awarded by the learned Tribunal.

¶147

So far as the interest part is concerned, as held by Hon’ble Supreme Court in Dara Singh @ Dhara Banjara Vs. Shyam Singh Varma

¶148

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

¶149

FAO-1566-2023 (O&M)

¶150

-14-

¶151

2019 ACJ 3176 and R.Valli and Others VS. Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (2022) 5 Supreme Court Cases 107, the appellant/claimant is granted the interest @ 9% per annum on the enhanced amount from the date of filing of claim petition till the date of its realization.

¶152

Respondent No.2-Insurance Company is directed to deposit the enhanced amount of compensation along with interest with the Tribunal, within a period of two months from the date of receipt of copy of this judgment. The Tribunal is further directed to disburse the enhanced amount of compensation along with interest in the account of the appellant/claimant. The appellant/claimant is directed to furnish his bank account details to the Tribunal.

¶153

15. Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of.

¶154

15.12.2025 (SUDEEPTI SHARMA) Virender JUDGE Whether speaking/non-speaking : Speaking Whether reportable : Yes/No

¶155

VIRENDRA SINGH ADHIKARI 2025.12.15 18:31 I attest to the accuracy and integrity of this document

Devinder Pal Chhabra v. Satish Kumar and Anr.

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

Devinder Pal Chhabra v. Satish Kumar and Anr.

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

Why is it important?

What the court decided

Issues for consideration

Cases cited

Statutes considered

Procedural history

Parties & counsel

Coram

Case details

Similar cases

Bholu Ram@Bhola Vs Mukesh and Anr.

Ravi Shanker Vs Mukesh and Another

Pinki and Anr. Vs Sunil Kumar Singh Chauhan and Anr.

Shallini Thakran Alias Shalini Thakran Vs Anil Kumar and Ors.

Sukhwinder Kaur Chhabra Vs Satish Kumar and Anr.

Ramji Dass and Anr. Vs Gurjit Singh and Anr.