Dismissed

M.Rajagopal (Died) v. the State Bank of India

Madras HC1 Aug 2024WA/1332/2021

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

Chief Manager removed from service for sanctioning 75 irregular housing loans, 57 becoming NPA, in a domestic inquiry continued post-retirement under Rule 19(3). The Division Bench upheld judicial-review limits in disciplinary matters, held the two charges where findings were deviated severable without vitiating proceedings, found no disproportionality or discrimination, and dismissed the writ app

What the court decided

AI extract

M.Rajagopal (Died) Vs the State Bank of India — Banking and Recovery | Madras HC (2024)

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2024:MHC:2934

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W.A.No.1332 of 2021

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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS

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RESERVED ON

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: 23.07.2024

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PRONOUNCED ON : 01.08.2024

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CORAM

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THE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE S.M.SUBRAMANIAM

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AND

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THE HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE C.KUMARAPPAN

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W.A.No.1332 of 2021

1.M.Rajagopal (Died)

2.R.Jayanthi

... Appellants

[Sole Appellant died is substituted by the wife vide order dated 27.03.2024 in CMP.No.7191/2024 in WA.No.1332/2021]

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Vs.

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1.State Bank Of India, Represented by its Chief General Manager, Local Head Office,

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No.16, College Lane (Nungambakkam),

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Chennai – 600 006.

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2.The Appellate Committee for Disciplinary Proceedings, State Bank of India,

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Corporate Centre, Madam Cama Road,

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P.B.No.12, Mumbai – 400 021.

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3.The General Manager (Network-1), Disciplinary Authority,

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State Bank of India, No.16, College Lane (Nungambakkam), Chennai – 600 006.

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... Respondents

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Prayer: Writ Appeal filed under Clause 15 of Letters Patent praying to allow the writ appeal, setting aside the order of the learned Judge, dated 07.12.2020 in W.P.No.15463 of 2014, directing the respondent Bank to pay due pension, gratuity and other retirement benefits and arrears from the date of superannuation, that is from 30.10.2011 with interest.

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For Appellants : Mr.N.Seshadri For Respondents : Mr.S.Ravindran Senior Counsel For Mr.S.Bazeer Ahamed

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J U D G M E N T

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S.M.SUBRAMANIAM, J.

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The intra Court appeal on hand has been instituted challenging the common order pronounced on 07.12.2020 in W.P.No.15463 of 2014.

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FACTS OF THE CASE:

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The writ appellant Late Mr.M.Rajagopal was holding the post of Chief Manager in the State Bank of India. He was due to retire from service

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on 31.10.2011 and in view of pending charge, the State Bank of India invoked Rule 19(3) of the State Bank of India Officers' Service Rules, and he was not permitted to retire from service. The domestic inquiry commenced after the date of superannuation of the deceased appellant and by treating the deceased appellant as deemed to be in service for the limited purpose of conduct of departmental disciplinary proceedings.

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A charge memorandum was issued on 30.08.2011 framing 19

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charges. The nature of the charges are regarding sanctioning of loans en masse, without adhering to the procedures contemplated under the Banking Rules. Broadly, the allegations in the charge memorandum would reveal that the appellant's failure to cross check the with banks' approved valuer on the estimates submitted by the borrowers; failure to exercise due diligence and care in assessing track record of builder; failure to conduct pre-sanctioned survey along with Deputy Manager in respect of 30 accounts; failure to ensure that the loan proposals were appropriately appraised / assessed by the Deputy Manager (Advance), these loan proposals were not properly sanctioned in respect of 17 accounts; failure to verify correlation between agreement to sale and sale deed, as the amount in the sale agreement is more

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than the sale deed; failure to submit controlled returns and failure to answer queries raised by the controller in respect of five accounts; failure to ensure that construction agreement between the builder and the borrowers were executed in respect of 47 accounts; failure to ensure that disbursement were made stage wise and as per cost estimates; failure to obtain administrative clearance from controlling authority for housing loans sanctioned to his daughter, who was working at Bangalore for purchase of Flat at Thiruneermalai beyond the jurisdiction of Thiruvallur Branch; sanctioning the housing loans to borrowers residing at Chennai with projects at Chennai which is outside Thiruvallur Jurisdiction.

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The above acts are likely to cause loss of Rupees 4.20 Crores as 57

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of 75 loans have become NPA (Non-Performing Assets). By way of an additional counter, the respondent / Bank, before the Writ Court has stated that at the time of issuance of charge sheet to the deceased appellant, the estimated loss in respect of 75 loans disbursed in the Thiruvallur Branch, for which the deceased appellant was held responsible, was about Rs.4,20,00,000/-, as provided under the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act,

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2002, certain loans were taken over by assets reconstruction companies. Still,

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as on date, the loss / NPA (Non-Performing Assets) in respect of the above loan transactions is at Rs.2,57,493.60/-. It is unlikely that there will be any

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drastic reduction in the said outstanding amount in the forcible future.

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With reference to the above charge sheet served along with the statement of allegations, the deceased appellant submitted his written defence statement and thereafter, an inquiry was conducted. The Inquiry Officer conducted inquiry by affording an opportunity to the parties. Inquiry report was submitted on 24.03.2011. Further, an opportunity was provided to the delinquent Officer to submit his objections on the findings in the inquiry report. Thereafter, the Disciplinary Authority passed a final order of removal from service in proceeding dated 22.05.2012. The appeal filed by the deceased appellant before the appellate authority was rejected on 28.10.2013. Thereafter, the writ petition was instituted.

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ARGUMENTS ON BEHALF OF THE APPELLANTS:

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Mr.N.Seshadri, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the

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appellants would mainly contend that disciplinary proceedings continued

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after retirement of the deceased appellant is untenable. The employer employee relationship seems to be exist. Therefore, the inquiry ought not to have been continued and he is entitled for all the pensionary benefits. Mr.N.Seshadri, learned counsel further would raise six grounds:

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“(1) Whether the charges framed against the deceased appellant attributes to motive or misconduct as mandated under the State Bank of India Officers' Service Rules, 1992.

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(2) Whether there was procedural irregularity in conducting the disciplinary proceedings violative of Rules 68 (6) of the State Bank of India Officers' Service Rules, 1992 (Common Proceedings)

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(3) Whether the failure of the Appointing Authority to afford an opportunity to the deceased appellant before disagreeing with the findings of the enquiry authority in respect of certain charges amounts to violation of principal of Nature Justice as required under the State Bank of India Manual on Discipline and Disciplinary proceedings.

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(4) Whether the major penalty of "removal from service" is disproportionate to the charges.

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(5) Whether inordinate and unexplained delay in passing

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the order dated 08.02.2014 by the Appellate Authority manifests bias.

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(6) Whether the Authority has failed to exercise parity in punishment in respect of the deceased appellant vis-à-vis similarly placed delinquents by the orders dated 26.12.2012 and 13.01.2013.”

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To substantiate the above grounds, Mr.N.Seshadri would contend that no motive attributed against the deceased appellant for recommending the loan applications. Article of charges, furnished to the deceased appellant, does not contain the nature of misconduct and the violations of Service Rules. In this context, relying on the rules relating to discipline, Mr.N.Seshadri pointed out the misconduct enumerated under the said rules. The statement of allegations in the charge memorandum are not falling under any of the misconduct as stipulated under the rules and therefore, the very charges are untenable.

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It is contended that the disciplinary proceedings were conducted in compliance with the Rules of Natural Justice and as per the service manual.

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No adequate opportunity was afforded to the deceased appellant as

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contemplated under Rule 68(2)(XVII) of the State Bank of India Officers' Service Rules, 1992 manual. No witnesses are examined by the Presenting Officer, which would vitiate the entire inquiry. Mere documents, in such nature of charges, are insufficient, since the borrowers are third parties and they must be examined as witnesses in the departmental inquiry. Since no witness was examined by the Presenting Officer, the entire disciplinary proceeding stands vitiated.

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In respect of Charge Nos.11 and 17, the Inquiry Officer and the Disciplinary Authority have held that Charge No.11 has been “partly proved”. However, the Appellate Authority has held that Charge No.11 has been “proved”. In respect of Charge No.17, the Inquiry Officer and the Disciplinary Authority held the charge as “proved”, but the Appellate Authority has not given any finding nor held the charge to be either proved, partly proved or not proved. In the event of deviating the findings of the Inquiry Officer, the Disciplinary Authority or the Appellate Authority are bound to assign reason, issue show cause notice and to afford an opportunity to the delinquent Officer. Such an opportunity was not granted to the deceased appellant.

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In this regard, the learned counsel for the appellants relied on the judgement of the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India, in the case of State Bank of India and Others vs. K.P.Narayanan Kutty¹ and the decision of the Full Bench in the case of Punjab National Bank and Others ss. Kunj Behari

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Mishra² .

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Regarding the quantum of punishment, Mr.N.Seshadri would

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contend that it is grossly disproportionate, since the charges are relating to certain procedural lapses and no motive have been attributed even in the charge memorandum. With reference to the similar nature of charges against one Mr.M.Kannan and Mr.A.Subramanian in other transactions, the Bank has imposed lesser punishments. Therefore, major penalty of removal from service is disproportionate to gravity of the charges proved against the deceased appellant. There is further an inordinate and unexplained delay in passing the order dated 28.10.2013 by Appellate Authority. When the manual contemplates six months time limit, the Authority has taken more than one year to pass a final order in the appeal. Therefore, on that ground

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1 (2003) 2 SCC 449

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2 (1998) 7SCC 84

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also, the writ appeal is to be considered.

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Finally, it is contended that similarly placed persons are discriminated and in respect of similar charges regarding other transactions in some other branch, the Bank has imposed lesser punishment. Therefore, they have not maintained consistency and uniformity in imposing penalty on its employees. The deceased appellant was discriminated and on that ground also, the punishment is to be construed as excess. Mr.N.Seshadri, learned counsel would further contend that instead of conducting joint inquiry, the Bank has conducted separate inquiry against the deceased delinquent Officer

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and the Deputy Manager Mr.R.Veeraraghavan.

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REPLY BY THE RESPONDENTS:

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Mr.S.Ravindran, learned Senior Counsel, assisted by Mr.S.Bazeer

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Ahamed, learned counsel for the respondents, would strenuously oppose by stating that the charges are not as simple as being put forth by the deceased appellant herein. The charges are serious in nature and not a mere procedural lapses. Gross violation of Rules and Banking Regulations are established.

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Though it appears as if the deceased appellant has innocently recommended

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75 loan applications to a builder in a single project, 57 loans became NPA (Non-Profitable Asset). Serious violations were identified and financial loss to the Bank was established. However, in respect of other cases of Mr.M.Kannan and Mr.A.Subramanian, there was no financial loss to the Bank and the Authorities have considered various aspects, since the disciplinary proceedings are distinct and different.

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The disciplinary proceedings are distinct and different in each

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case. The deceased delinquent Officer cannot compare the case of Mr.M.Kannan and Mr.A.Subramanian, where there is no financial loss to the Bank. More so, comparison in disciplinary matters and quantum of punishment is improper, since the authority competent considered various factors, while imposing penalty under the Service Rules. The ground raised by the deceased delinquent Officer that joint inquiry has not been conducted by the Disciplinary Authority is untenable, since the deceased delinquent Officer herein was the Sanctioning Officer and the other person is the Deputy Manager of the Bank. Both of them disowned their responsibility and accountability and therefore, the Bank was in a position to ascertain the irregularities and illegalities independently with reference to the charges

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framed against the Officers.

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The explanatory notes for the memorandum of charges, filed by

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the respondents, are useful to understand the nature of violations enumerated

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on charge memorandum:

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
Charge No.1	He failed to ensure that Dy. Manager (Advances) adhere to follow KYC norms when recommending the	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 22) *25. Papers/Documents to be obtained along* *with loan application.*
	loans in housing loans in respect of 17 borrowers sanctioned by him as Chief Manager (as mentioned in statement of allegations item No.1)	25.1. Applicable for all applicants : List of papers/documents applicable to all applicants: • ... • 3 Passport size photographs • Proof of identify (photo copies of Voters ID card/ Passport/Driving licence/IT PAN card) • Proof of residence (photo copies of recent Telephone Bills/ Electricity Bill/ Property tax receipt/ Passport/ Voters ID card) • Proof of business address for non-salaried individuals

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
		(Note: These form KYC documents as per Bank's instructions in terms of RBI Master Circular on KYC No. DBOD.AML.BC.12/14.01.001/ 2008-09 dated 01.07.2008)
Charge No.2	He failed to ensure that opinion report and Asset and Liability statements were complied by the Deputy Manager (Advances) before sanction of loans in all the 75 cases (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations item No.2).	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 75) *25. Papers/Documents to be obtained along* *with loan application.* 25.1. Applicable for all applicants: List of papers/ documents applicable to all applicants: ... • Personal Assets and Liabilities statement on Bank's standard format (Annexure/HL- B) (Note: The Annexure HL-B contains two parts - In the first part, details of immovable properties and liquid assets are to be declared by the applicants and in the Second Part, Brief Opinion Report compiled by the Deputy Manager & Branch Manager has to be provided, certifying that after perusal of the relative documents and on discreet enquiries made, the borrower is a person of integrity and has capacity to repay the loan and also Networth of the borrower/guarantor is to be calculated and provided and it is to be certified that his/her Networth is good for the loan amount and therefore, he/she has capacity to stand as Borrower/Guarantor.)

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
Charge No.3	He failed to cross- check with the Bank's approved Valuer the estimates submitted by the borrowers in all the housing loans (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations item No.3).	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 23-24, 43) Clause 25.6. Property documents: Estimate / Valuation Report from approved valuers in respect of the property to be financed (wherever applicable) 25.7. Other documents: Valuation report from empanelled valuer as per the standard format approved by the LHO concerned. 37.1. Asset Valuation Policy for IHLs: Construction of new dwelling unit: Valuation of land plus project cost i.e. stage-wise estimated expenditure obtained from the empanelled architect / engineer irrespective of the loan amount. Loan disbursement to be made in accordance with the stage of construction.
Charge No.4	He failed to exercise due diligence and care in assessing the track record of the builder before sanction of loans (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations Item No.4).	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 26-27) *26. Pre-sanction survey* On receipt of completed Home Loan application and required documents, pre- sanction survey should be carried out as under: Builder (to establish the genuineness, track record and reputation in terms of timely completion of quality projects)

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
		a. With a few other reputed builders in the area
		b. With a few of the owners of their completed projects to ascertain quality of construction, timely delivery and conveyance of ownership rights to the purchasers, any litigation/dispute on ownership issues.. c. With the concerned industry body i.e. Chamber of Housing Industry/Builder's Forum etc. d. With the Builder's bankers Property proposed to be purchased
Charge No.5	He failed to conduct pre-sanction surveys with Deputy Manager (Advances) despite loans being of high value, before sanction of loans in respect of 30 accounts (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations item No.5).	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 26-27) *26. Pre-sanction survey* On receipt of completed Home Loan application and required documents, pre- sanction survey should be carried out as under: Place: Residence of borrower a. Identify the borrower based on the proof of identification b. Identify the borrower's address on the basis of proof of residence. c. Educational qualifications d. Ascertain period of stayin the current

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
		residence e. Whether owned/company leased/rented. If rented, ascertain monthly rent being paid f. Ascertain whether he/she has a credit card and name of the card issuer g. Educational qualification of spouse and children (except minor children). If spouse/children are employed, name of the organization, designation, experience and salary h. Number of school going children i. Number of other dependent relatives staying with the borrower j. Discreet local enquiries with neighbours, opinion makers etc. to ascertain antecedents, credentials of the borrower k. Whether he/she owns a car and/or two- wheeler in his/spouse's name. The vehicle number and name of the owner may be recorded and the name of financiers, if any. l. Sanctioning Authority may make enquiries with the applicant's bankers, if he deems it necessary Place: Residence of guarantor Procedures enlisted a to c above to be

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions* followed
		Place: Office/work place of borrower (discreet enquiries to Ascertain antecedents and credentials of the borrower) a. In case of salaried applicants - with colleagues, salary disbursement authority (also with a view to confirm genuineness of salary certificate) b. In case of self-employed/ businessmen/ professionals - with another firm engaged in the same line of activity, one or two firm(s) in the neighbourhood/ concerned industry body. Place: Builder (to establish the genuineness, track record and reputation in terms of timely completion of quality projects) a. With a few other reputed builders in the area
		b. With a few of the owners of their completed projects to ascertain quality of construction, timely delivery and conveyance of ownership rights to the purchasers, any litigation/dispute ownership issues. on
		c. With the concerned industry body i.e. Chamber of Housing Industry/Builder's Forum etc.
		d. With the Builder's bankers Property proposed to be purchased

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
		a. Independent and surprise visit to be made to the property. b. Identify the property based on details in title documents. c. Landmarks for reaching and identification of the property to be recorded d. Accessibility/approachability i.e. all modes of transport/car/two wheeler only/others e. Ensure that proper access is available to the property i.e. roads etc. f. Comments on the locality i.e. whether residential/commercial/underdeveloped/ trouble prone. g. Comment whether the area is posh/upper middle class/middle class/lower middle class/slum area
		h. Discreet enquiries with the owners/occupants of neighbouring houses in respect of the ownership of the property, information on any pending disputes/litigation etc. i. Ensure that the property is kept in good and tenantable condition. j. Ascertain whether the property is rented out and, if so, for how longand the rentals p.m.

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
		Whether leased to an institution for occupation of its employees or rented out to an individual/business concerns
Charge No.6	He failed to verify before sanction of loans, the Salary Certificate/Salary slips submitted by the borrowers with the originals, as they were bogus/ fabricated in respect of 29 accounts (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations item No.6).	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 26-27) *26. Pre-sanction survey* On receipt of completed Home Loan application and required documents, pre- sanction survey should be carried out as under: Office/work place of borrower (discreet enquiries to Ascertain antecedents and credentials of the borrower) a. In case of salaried applicants - with colleagues, salary disbursement authority (also with a view to confirm genuineness of salary certificate)
		45.6In view of the present liquidity conditions and a slowdown in residential real estate market, operating units are advised to guard against use of proxy customers by the small time builders for raising funds through Banks' Home Loans.Non-adherence to KYC guidelines, non- verification of salary particulars and Income Tax returns, disbursement of loan instalment without verifying the stage of construction and without express authority from the borrower, disbursement of loan on the

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
		basis of debit confirmation signed by the builder instead of the borrower are some of the lapses on part of the operating staff that have helped the unscrupulous builders in duping the Bank.
Charge No.7	He failed to ensure that the loan proposals were appropriately appraised/assessed by the Deputy Manager (Advances), these loan proposals were not properly sanctioned in respect of 17 accounts (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations item No.7).	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page the No. 23) 26. 3. Sanction-Appraisal of the loan should be made in terms of extant instructions within the stipulated Tum Around Time (TAT).
Charge No.8	He failed to evaluate borrowers' repaying capacity while sanctioning all these loans as the NMI of the borrowers were artificially inflated either by the borrower themselves or by the builder, to get a higher quantum of	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 6-8) *4. Eligible Income for arriving at maximum* *loan amount* 4.1. In addition to the applicant's income, Income of spouse/children/parents/siblings may be considered for arriving at maximum loan amount subject to Conditions.. 4.2 Other Income

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*		*Related instructions / provisions*
	loan (as men in Statemen Allegations No.8).	tioned t of item	4.2.1 Regular income from all sources can be considered to arrive at the total eligible loan amount, provided the sanctioning authority is satisfied about the proof of the income... 5. Net Monthly Income (NMI) / Net Annual Income (NAI)-Explanations: 5.1. Salaried persons: NMI means monthly income net of all statutory deductions. (Note: Salary slips were fabricated inflating the income of the borrowers based on which higher loan amounts were sanctioned.)
Charge No.9	He failed to to EMI/NMI as per instructions sanction of (as mention Statement Allegations No.9).	adhere ratio extant before loans ed in of item	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 8-9) *6. EMI/NMI Ratio* Based on income-wise graded ratio as under: EMI/NMI ratio Net Annual Income Upto Rs.2 lacs - 40% Above Rs.2 to 5 lacs - 50% Above Rs.5 lacs - 55% Increase upto 5% in the above ratios may be permitted by the controller of the Branch/ RACPC, which processes the loan application, depending on the family size and availability of disposable surplus income. Equated Monthly Installment (EMI) for the purpose of computing the EMI/NMI ratio will include all EMIS towards existingloans and

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*		*Related instructions / provisions*
			the proposed loan, therefore existing EMIs should not be deducted from Gross Monthly Income for the purpose of computation of NMI.
Charge No.10	He failed to v co-relation betw the agreement sale and the deed as the am mentioned in sale agreement more than the deed. The ma requirement met out by inflated sale am by the borro (as mentioned Statement Allegations No.10)	erify een to sale ount the is sale rgin was this ount wers in of item	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 5) 3. Maximum Loan Amount: 3.1. For purchase / construction of a new house/flat: Project cost plus registration charges / stamp duty / insurance premium (both fire and life) less stipulated margin revised from time to time. (Note: Branches should ensure that the purchase price in the Agreement to Sale is incorporated as the value of the property in the Sale Deed registered in case of financing of purchase of plot as well. Inflated sale price in sale agreement results in sanctioning of more loan amount and the excess loan amount than the real purchase price is used as margin money.)
Charge No.11	He failed to su control retu whenever submitted, queries raised the controllers unanswered respect of accounts mentioned	bmit rns, the by were in 5 (as in	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 23) Clause 26.5. Control Report-Control Report should be submitted in the standard format enclosed at Annexure / HL-AE with a view to ensuring uniformity in reporting of sanctions.

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*Charge* *No.*	*Charge*	*Related instructions / provisions*
	Statement of Allegations item No. 11).
Charge No.12	He failed to ensure that the construction agreement between the builder and the borrowers were executed in respect of 47 accounts (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations item No.12).	(Note: Where loan is granted for construction of new dwelling houses, apart from sale agreement, Construction Agreement is also to be there between the Builder and the borrower based on which only sanction is to be granted. This form property document for loan appraisal.)
Charge No.13	He failed to ensure that the disbursements were made stage-wise as per the progress of construction and also as per the relevant cost estimates in all the cases (as mentioned in Statement of Allegations item No.13).	Master Circular on Home Loans (Page No. 23-24, 43) 27.1. ...To safeguard the Bank's interest to prevent misuse of funds, disbursements should be made only in phases correlating to the actual progress made in the construction, e.g. at stages like completion of plinth, construction of lintel level, completion of roof, etc. as per the sanctioned plan, before effecting disbursements. Certificate from the engineer/ architect confirming stage-wise completion of the house/ flat should be obtained and kept on record. Details of site inspection should be recorded under the signature of authorized official/employee of the Bank, and disbursement should be made onlyat the borrowers request in writing.
Charge No.17	He failed to obtain administrative	SBI Officers' Service Rules, 1992

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*Charge* *No.*	*Char*	ge	*Related instructions / provisions*
	clearance f controlling authority, Housing sanctioned daughter, working Bangalore, purchase Thiruneerm which is a Tiruvallur mentioned Statement Allegations No.17).	rom the for the Loan to his who is in for of flat alai, way from (as in of item	Rules 52. (3) (ii)Save and except against specified security or in cases as may otherwise be specified by the Central Board from time to time and subject to clause (i) above,no officer shall grant on behalf of the Bank any loan or advance to- (a) a relative of his; (b) an individual in respect of whom a relative is a partner or guarantor; (c) a Joint Hindu Family in which a relative is a member; (d) a firm in which a relative is a partner, manager or guarantor; and (e) a company in which a relative holds substantial interest or is interested as director, manager or guarantor. (Note: As such, Administrative clearance is obtained while granting loan to any of the relatives of the officials.)
Charge No.18	He also sa 3 housing borrowers in Chenn projects Chennai, RACPC is functioning who are authorized sanction l Chennai mentioned Statement Allegations No. 18).	nctioned loans to residing ai with also at where already and alone to oans at (as in of item	(Note: RACPCs are specialized cells for sanction of Home Loans and Car Loans. Where ever RACPCs are established, RACPCs alone can sanction home loans for purchase of properties within their services areas.)

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Mr.S.Ravindran, learned Senior counsel, relied on the judgement

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of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of Disciplinary Authority-cumRegional Manager and Others vs. Nikunja Bihari Patnaik³ , wherein, the Hon'ble Supreme Court made the following observations;

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“ 7. It may be mentioned that in the memorandum of charges, the aforesaid two regulations are said to have been violated by the respondent. Regulation 3 requires every officer/employee of the bank to take all possible steps to protect the interests of the bank and to discharge his duties with utmost integrity, honesty, devotion and diligence and to do nothing which is unbecoming of a bank officer. It requires the officer/employee to maintain good conduct and discipline and to act to the best of his judgment in performance of his official duties or in exercise of the powers conferred upon him. Breach of Regulation 3 is ‘misconduct’ within the meaning of Regulation 24. The findings of the Inquiry Officer which have been accepted by the disciplinary authority, and which have not been disturbed by the High Court, clearly show that in a number of instances the respondent allowed overdrafts or

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3 (1996) 9 SCC 69

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passed cheques involving substantial amounts beyond his authority. True, it is that in some cases, no loss has resulted from such acts. It is also true that in some other instances such acts have yielded profit to the Bank but it is equally true that in some other instances, the funds of the Bank have been placed in jeopardy; the advances have become sticky and irrecoverable. It is not a single act; it is a course of action spreading over a sufficiently long period and involving a large number of transactions. In the case of a bank — for that matter, in the case of any other organisation — every officer/employee is supposed to act within the limits of his authority. If each officer/employee is allowed to act beyond his authority, the discipline of the organisation/bank will disappear; the functioning of the bank would become chaotic and unmanageable. Each officer of the bank cannot be allowed to carve out his own little empire wherein he dispenses favours and largesse. No organisation, more particularly, a bank can function properly and effectively if its officers and employees do not observe the prescribed norms and discipline. Such indiscipline cannot be condoned on the specious ground that it was not

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actuated by ulterior motives or by extraneous considerations. The very act of acting beyond authority — that too a course of conduct spread over a sufficiently long period and involving innumerable instances — is by itself a misconduct. Such acts, if permitted, may bring in profit in some cases but they may also lead to huge losses. Such adventures are not given to the employees of banks which deal with public funds. If what we hear about the reasons for the collapse of Barings Bank is true, it is attributable to the acts of one of its employees, Nick Leeson, a minor officer stationed at Singapore, who was allowed by his superiors to act far beyond his authority. As mentioned hereinbefore, the very discipline of an organisation and more particularly, a bank is dependent upon each of its employees and officers acting and operating within their allotted sphere. Acting beyond one's authority is by itself a breach of discipline and a breach of Regulation 3. It constitutes misconduct within the meaning of Regulation 24. No further proof of loss is really necessary though as a matter of fact, in this case there are findings that several advances and overdrawals allowed by the respondent beyond his

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authority have become sticky and irrecoverable. Just because, similar acts have fetched some profit — huge profit, as the High Court characterises it — they are no less blameworthy. It is wrong to characterise them as errors of judgment. It is not suggested that the respondent being a Class I Officer was not aware of the limits of his authority or of his powers. Indeed, Charge 9, which has been held established in full is to the effect that in spite of instructions by the Regional Office to stop such practice, the respondent continued to indulge in such acts. The Inquiry Officer has recorded a clear finding that the respondent did flout the said instructions and has thereby committed an act of disobedience of lawful orders. Similarly, Charge 8, which has also been established in full is to the effect that in spite of reminders, the respondent did not submit “Control Returns” to the Regional Office. We fail to understand how could all this be characterised as errors of judgment and not as misconduct as defined by the Regulations. We are of the opinion that the High Court has committed a clear error in holding that the aforesaid conduct of the respondent does not amount to misconduct or that it does not constitute violation of Regulations

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3 and 24.”

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Importantly, the deceased delinquent Officer has raised a ground that Charge Nos.10 and 11 were held as partly proved by the Inquiring Authority and held as proved by the Disciplinary Authority and the Appellate Authority. Charge No.11 is held as partly proved by the Inquiring Authority and the Disciplinary Authority and held as proved by the Appellate Authority. However, no further opportunity along with the reasons are furnished to the deceased delinquent Officer and therefore, the disciplinary proceedings are to be set aside.

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There is no controversy in respect of all other charges except the said two charges. In respect of the two charges, the Appellate Authority has taken a different view and deviated from the findings of the Inquiring Authority and the Disciplinary Authority. In such circumstances, undoubtedly, the Appellate Authority ought to have assigned reason for deviating the findings of the Inquiring Authority and Disciplinary Authority and afforded an opportunity to the delinquent Officer. Whenever, the Disciplinary Authority or the Appellate Authority have taken a decision to

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deviate the findings of the Inquiring Authority, then show cause notice must be issued to the delinquent Officer, assigning reasons, enabling him to submit further objections on the reasons stipulated for deviating the findings of the Inquiring Authority. Though, such an opportunity, in respect of Charge Nos.10 and 11 are not provided to the delinquent Officer, the said procedural defect would not vitiate the entire disciplinary proceedings and the said principle has been well settled by the Three Judges Bench of the Hon'ble Supreme court of India in the case of the Deputy General Manager

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(Appellate Authority) and Others vs. Ajai Kumar Srivastava⁴ .

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31. It was later revisited by the disciplinary authority and apart from the note of disagreement in reference to Charge 1, the disciplinary authority accepted the finding of fact recorded by the enquiry officer in his report for Charges 2 to 7 and with its prima facie opinion, called upon the respondent to submit his explanation and after affording an opportunity of hearing and dealing with the objections raised by the respondent in his written reply expressed its brief reasons while upholding the finding recorded by the enquiry officer in his report and confirmed its opinion of inflicting penalty of dismissal from service by

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4 (2021) 2 SCC 612

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order dated 24-7-1999 and the appellate authority also later revisited on the appeal being preferred and after assigning reasons confirmed the finding of fact in upholding the order of penalty inflicted upon the respondent delinquent.

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32. The submission which persuaded the High Court in the impugned judgment [SBI v. Ajai Kumar Srivastava, 2018 SCC OnLine All 5987] is basically for two reasons:

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32.1. Firstly, before the finding of disagreement being recorded by the disciplinary authority in reference to Charge 1, fair opportunity of hearing was not afforded to the respondent delinquent and that has caused prejudice to him.

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32.2. Secondly, the disciplinary authority/appellate authority has not examined the record of disciplinary enquiry independently and passed a non-speaking order without due application of mind and this is what prevailed upon the High Court in the impugned judgment [SBI v. Ajai Kumar Srivastava, 2018 SCC OnLine All 5987] in setting aside the penalty inflicted upon the respondent delinquent.

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33. The submission which was made in regard to the note of disagreement not being served upon the respondent delinquent as to Charge 1 is concerned, this Court does find substance to hold that the disciplinary authority on receiving the report of enquiry, if was not in agreement with the finding recorded by the enquiry officer, was under an obligation to record its reasons of disagreement and call upon the delinquent for his explanation in the first place before recording his finding of guilt and undisputedly the procedure as prescribed by law was not followed and that has caused prejudice to the respondent and indeed it was in violation of the principles of natural justice. We are of the considered view that so far as the finding of guilt recorded by the disciplinary authority in reference to Charge 1 is concerned, that could not be held to be justified in holding him guilty.”

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Applying the above ratio laid down by the Apex Court, these two charges are severable from other charges. Even after severing the above two charges, this Court is of the considered opinion that other serious charges against the deceased delinquent Officer are held proved by the Inquiring

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Authority, which was accepted by the Disciplinary Authority and the Appellate Authority. More so, the deviation of the Appellate Authority in respect of the above two charges have not caused any prejudice to the delinquent Officer, since other 17 charges, which all are serious, are held proved and confirmed by the Disciplinary Authority and the Appellate Authority.

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We have considered the facts independently and the findings of the learned Single Judge in the impugned writ order. The learned Single Judge elaborately considered all these aspects and pertinently, scope of power of judicial review in disciplinary matters are elaborately considered. The documentary evidence, standard of proof, conduct of two officers blaming each other in disciplinary matters, continuation of inquiry after retirement, the concept of likelihood of financial loss to the bank, NPA (NonPerforming Assets) at Rs.2,57,493.60/- and the vigilance manual and the regulations are elaborately discussed by the Writ Court in a holistic manner and the Writ Court formed an opinion that the quantum of punishment is not disproportionate.

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LEGAL POSITION:

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This Court thought fit to consider the legal principles emerged in

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disciplinary matters through various judgments. We have deliberated in view of certain ambiguities prevailing in disciplinary matters, while dealing with the writ proceedings before the High Court. The scope of judicial review in disciplinary matters, the procedures to be followed in the context of the right of the charged officials are of paramount importance.

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Basically certain discrepancies in the evidence in disciplinary

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matters will not make it a case of no evidence. Generally in exercise of judicial review, the Courts must restrict its review to determine;

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(i) Whether the rules of natural justice have been complied with;

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(ii) Whether the finding of misconduct is based on some evidence;

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(iii) Whether the Statutory rules governing the conduct of the

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disciplinary enquiry have been observed;

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(iv) Whether the finding of the disciplinary authority suffer from

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perversity;

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(v) Whether the penalty is disproportionate to the proven misconduct.

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In the case of State of Rajasthan and Others vs. Heem Singh⁵ , the

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Apex Court considered the principles of preponderance of probabilities and judicial review over disciplinary matters, as under;

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“ H. On a “preponderance of probabilities”

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32. In M. Siddiq (Ram Janmabhumi Temple5 J.) v. Suresh Das [M. Siddiq (Ram Janmabhumi Temple-5 J.) v. Suresh Das, (2020) 1 SCC 1] , a Constitution Bench of this Court has described the standard of “preponderance of probabilities” in the following terms : (SCC pp. 540-41, paras 72021)

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“720. The court in a civil trial applies a standard of proof governed by a preponderance of probabilities. This standard is also described sometimes as a balance of probability or the preponderance of the evidence. Phipson on Evidence formulates the standard succinctly : If therefore, the evidence is such that the court can say ‘we think it more probable than not’, the burden is discharged, but if the probabilities are equal, it is not. [Phipson on Evidence] In Miller v. Minister of Pensions [Miller v. Minister of Pensions, (1947) 2 All ER 372] , Lord Denning, J.

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5 (2021) 12 SCC 569

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(as the Master of Rolls then was) defined the doctrine of the balance or preponderance of probabilities in the following terms : (All ER p. 373 H)

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‘(1) … It need not reach certainty, but it must carry a high degree of probability. Proof beyond reasonable doubt does not mean proof beyond the shadow of doubt. The law would fail to protect the community if it admitted fanciful possibilities to deflect the course of justice. If the evidence is so strong against a man as to leave only a remote possibility in his favour which can be dismissed with the sentence, “of course it is possible, but not in the least probable” the case is proved beyond reasonable doubt, but nothing short of that will suffice.’

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721. The law recognises that within the standard of preponderance of probabilities, there could be different degrees of probability. This was succinctly summarised by Denning, L.J. In Bater v. Bater [Bater v. Bater, 1951 P 35 (CA)] , where he formulated the principle thus : (p. 37)

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“… So also in civil cases, the case must be proved by a preponderance of probability, but there may

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be degrees of probability within that standard. The degree depends on the subject-matter.” ”

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I. Judicial review over disciplinary matters

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34. We have to now assess as to whether in arriving at its findings the High Court has transgressed the limitations on its power of judicial review. In Moni Shankar v. Union of India [Moni Shankar v. Union of India, (2008) 3 SCC 484 : (2008) 1 SCC (L&S) 819] , a two-Judge Bench of this Court had to assess whether the Central Administrative Tribunal had exceeded its power of judicial review by overturning the findings of a departmental enquiry by reappreciating the evidence. In regard to the scope of judicial review, the Court held thus : (SCC p. 492, para 17)

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“17. The departmental proceeding is a quasi-judicial one. Although the provisions of the Evidence Act are not applicable in the said proceeding, principles of natural justice are required to be complied with. The courts exercising power of judicial review are entitled to consider as to whether while inferring commission of misconduct on the part of a delinquent officer relevant piece of evidence has been taken into

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consideration and irrelevant facts have been excluded therefrom. Inference on facts must be based on evidence which meet the requirements of legal principles. The Tribunal was, thus, entitled to arrive at its own conclusion on the premise that the evidence adduced by the Department, even if it is taken on its face value to be correct in its entirety, meet the requirements of burden of proof, namely, preponderance of probability. If on such evidence, the test of the doctrine of proportionality has not been satisfied, the Tribunal was within its domain to interfere. We must place on record that the doctrine of unreasonableness is giving way to the doctrine of proportionality. (See State of U.P. v. Sheo Shanker Lal Srivastava [State of U.P. v. Sheo Shanker Lal Srivastava, (2006) 3 SCC 276 : 2006 SCC (L&S) 521] and Coimbatore District Central Coop. Bank v. Employees Assn. [Coimbatore District Central Coop. Bank v. Employees Assn., (2007) 4 SCC 669 : (2007) 2 SCC (L&S) 68] )”

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In the case of Union of India and Others vs. Dalbir Singh⁶ , the

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Apex Court carved out principles on disciplinary proceedings as under;

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“ 20. A three-Judge Bench of this Court in State of Haryana v. Rattan Singh [State of

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6 (2021) 11 SCC 321

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Haryana v. Rattan Singh, (1977) 2 SCC 491 : 1977 SCC (L&S) 298] was dealing with the issue of nonexamination of passengers when the allegation against the conductor was non-issuance of the tickets. This Court held that in a domestic enquiry, strict and sophisticated rules of evidence under the Indian Evidence Act may not apply and that all materials which are logically probative for a prudent mind are permissible. There is no allergy to hearsay evidence provided it has reasonable nexus and credibility. This Court held as under :

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“ 4. It is well settled that in a domestic enquiry the strict and sophisticated rules of evidence under the Indian Evidence Act may not apply. All materials which are logically probative for a prudent mind are permissible. There is no allergy to hearsay evidence provided it has reasonable nexus and credibility. It is true that departmental authorities and Administrative Tribunals must be careful in evaluating such material and should not glibly swallow what is strictly speaking not relevant under the Indian Evidence Act.”

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21. This Court in Union of India v. P. Gunasekaran [Union of India v. P. Gunasekaran, (2015) 2 SCC 610 : (2015) 1 SCC (L&S) 554] had

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laid down the broad parameters for the exercise of jurisdiction of judicial review. The Court held as under : (SCC pp. 616-17, paras 12-13)

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“12. Despite the well-settled position, it is painfully disturbing to note that the High Court has acted as an appellate authority in the disciplinary proceedings, reappreciating even the evidence before the enquiry officer. The finding on Charge I was accepted by the disciplinary authority and was also endorsed by the Central Administrative Tribunal. In disciplinary proceedings, the High Court is not and cannot act as a second court of first appeal. The High Court, in exercise of its powers under Articles 226/227 of the Constitution of India, shall not venture into reappreciation of the evidence. The High Court can only see whether:

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(a) the enquiry is held by a competent authority;

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(b) the enquiry is held according to the procedure prescribed in that behalf;

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(c) there is violation of the principles of natural justice in conducting the proceedings;

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(d) the authorities have disabled themselves from reaching a fair conclusion by some considerations extraneous to the evidence and merits of the case;

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(e) the authorities have allowed themselves to be influenced by irrelevant or extraneous considerations;

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(f) the conclusion, on the very face of it, is so wholly arbitrary and capricious that no reasonable person could ever have arrived at such conclusion; (g) the disciplinary authority had erroneously failed to admit the admissible and material evidence;

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(h) the disciplinary authority had erroneously admitted inadmissible evidence which influenced the finding;

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(i) the finding of fact is based on no evidence.

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13. Under Articles 226/227 of the Constitution of India, the High Court shall not:

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(i) reappreciate the evidence;

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(ii) interfere with the conclusions in the enquiry, in case the same has been conducted in accordance with law;

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(iii) go into the adequacy of the evidence;

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(iv) go into the reliability of the evidence;

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(v) interfere, if there be some legal evidence on which findings can be based;

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(vi) correct the error of fact however grave it may appear to be;

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(vii) go into the proportionality of punishment unless it shocks its conscience.”

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22. In another judgment reported as B.C. Chaturvedi v. Union of India [B.C. Chaturvedi v. Union of India, (1995) 6 SCC 749 : 1996 SCC (L&S) 80] , it was held that the power of judicial review is meant to ensure that the individual receives fair treatment and not to ensure that the conclusion which the authority reaches is necessarily correct in the eye of the court. The judicial review is not an appeal from a decision but a review of the manner in which the decision is made. The Court is to examine as to whether the enquiry was held by a competent officer or whether rules of natural justice are complied with. This Court held as under : (SCC pp. 759-60, paras 12-13)

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“12. Judicial review is not an appeal from a decision but a review of the manner in which the decision is made. Power of judicial review is meant to ensure that the individual receives fair treatment and not to ensure that the conclusion which the authority reaches is necessarily correct in the eye of the court. When an enquiry is conducted on

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charges of misconduct by a public servant, the Court/Tribunal is concerned to determine whether the enquiry was held by a competent officer or whether rules of natural justice are complied with. Whether the findings or conclusions are based on some evidence, the authority entrusted with the power to hold enquiry has jurisdiction, power and authority to reach a finding of fact or conclusion. But that finding must be based on some evidence. Neither the technical rules of the Evidence Act nor of proof of fact or evidence as defined therein, apply to disciplinary proceeding. When the authority accepts that evidence and conclusion receives support therefrom, the disciplinary authority is entitled to hold that the delinquent officer is guilty of the charge. The Court/Tribunal in its power of judicial review does not act as appellate authority to reappreciate the evidence and to arrive at its own independent findings on the evidence. The Court/Tribunal may interfere where the authority held the proceedings against the delinquent officer in a manner inconsistent with the rules of natural justice or in violation of statutory rules prescribing the mode of enquiry or where the conclusion or finding reached by the

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disciplinary authority is based on no evidence. If the conclusion or finding be such as no reasonable person would have ever reached, the Court/Tribunal may interfere with the conclusion or the finding, and mould the relief so as to make it appropriate to the facts of each case.

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13. The disciplinary authority is the sole judge of facts. Where appeal is presented, the appellate authority has coextensive power to reappreciate the evidence or the nature of punishment. In a disciplinary enquiry, the strict proof of legal evidence and findings on that evidence are not relevant. Adequacy of evidence or reliability of evidence cannot be permitted to be canvassed before the Court/Tribunal. In Union of India v. H.C. Goel [Union of India v. H.C. Goel, (1964) 4 SCR 718 : AIR 1964 SC 364] this Court held at p. 728 that if the conclusion, upon consideration of the evidence reached by the disciplinary authority, is perverse or suffers from patent error on the face of the record or based on no evidence at all, a writ of certiorari could be issued.”

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In the case of Union of India and Others vs. Subrata Nath⁷ , the

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Apex Court held as follows;

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“ 15. It is well settled that courts ought to refrain from interfering with findings of facts recorded in a departmental inquiry except in circumstances where such findings are patently perverse or grossly incompatible with the evidence on record, based on no evidence. However, if principles of natural justice have been violated or the statutory regulations have not been adhered to or there are malafides attributable to the Disciplinary Authority, then the courts can certainly interfere.

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16. In the above context, following are the observations made by a three-Judges Bench of this Court in B.C.Chatruvedi (supra):

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12. ........... The Court/Tribunal in its power of judicial review does not act as appellate authority to reappreciate the evidence and to arrive at its own independent findings on the evidence. The Court/Tribunal may interfere where the authority held the proceedings against the delinquent officer in a manner inconsistent with the rules of natural justice or in violation of

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7 2022 Live Law (SC) 998

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statutory rules prescribing the mode of inquiry or where the conclusion or finding reached by the disciplinary authority is based on no evidence. If the conclusion or finding be such as no reasonable person would have ever reached, the Court/Tribunal may interfere with the conclusion or the finding, and mould the relief so as to make it appropriate to the facts of each case.

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To sum up the legal position, being fact finding authorities, both the Disciplinary Authority and the Appellate Authority are vested with exclusive power to examine the evidence forming part of the inquiry report. On finding the evidence to be adequate and reliable during the departmental inquiry, the Disciplinary Authority has the discretion to impose appropriate punishment on the delinquent employee keeping in mind the gravity of the

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misconduct. However, in exercise of powers of judicial review, the High Court or for that matter, the Tribunal cannot ordinarily reappreciate the evidence to arrive at its own conclusion in respect of the penalty imposed unless and until the punishment imposed is so disproportionate to the offence that it would shock the conscience of the High Court/Tribunal or is found to be flawed for other reasons, as enumerated in P. Gunasekaran (supra) .

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DISCUSSIONS:

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In grounds of appeal, the deceased delinquent Officer has mainly raised that there is no motive attributed and that the procedural lapses cannot be construed as a misconduct under the Service Rules. In this context, we have carefully considered the rule position chapter XI of State Bank of India Officers' Service Rules, 1992 Section 1 speaks about general observance of good conduct discipline and integrity, diligence and fidelity etc., Clause 50(3) and Clause 50(4) reads as under;

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“ 50. (3) No officer shall, in the performance

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of his official duties or in the exercise of powers conferred on him, act otherwise than in his best judgment except when he is acting under the

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direction of his officer superior. Provided wherever such directions are oral in nature the same shall be confirmed in writing by his superior officer.

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50. (4) Every officer shall, at all times, take all possible steps to ensure and protect the interests of the Bank and discharge his duties with utmost integrity, honesty, devotion and diligence and do nothing which is unbecoming of an officer.”

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The definition as stated above would be sufficient to form an opinion that the lapses, negligence, dereliction made against the deceased delinquent Officer is falling under the definition of misconduct under the the State Bank of India Officers' Service Rules, 1992. Thus, the grounds raised on behalf of the deceased appellant deserves no merit consideration. The authorities found that the deceased delinquent Officer in his capacity as Chief Manager of the Branch ought to have independently verified the genuinity of the recommendations made by the Officers. Thus, the Chief Manager miserably failed and sanctioned 75 loans, out of which 57 loans became NPA (Non-Performing Assets). Preliminary enquires are conducted

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by the Bank, revealed that the Chief Manager failed to verify the correctness

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of the recommendations made in accordance with the rules governing sanctioning of loans. That apart, domestic enquiry conducted individually would not cause any prejudice to the delinquent Officer. It is an administrative decision taken by the Disciplinary Authority to conduct separate enquiry, since the duties and responsibilities of the Chief Manager stands in a different footing. It is not in dispute that the opportunities were afforded to the delinquent Officer. Thus, no prejudice was caused to the delinquent Officer. Therefore, the said grounds raised on behalf of the deceased appellant is unacceptable.

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Regarding proportionality, proved 17 out of 19 charges are to be taken into consideration, since in two charges, findings of the Inquiring Authority and the Disciplinary Authority were deviated by the Appellate Authority. Excluding those two charges, the other proved charges are serious in nature and caused huge financial loss to the State Bank of India. The manner in which 75 loans are sanctioned for one building project to a builder and out of 75 loans, 57 loans became NPA would be sufficient to draw a factual inference that the loans were not sanctioned by following the due

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process as contemplated under the Banking Rules and Regulations.

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Therefore, this Court do not find any disproportionality in the quantum of punishment imposed. Mere delay in disposing of the appeal by the Appellate Authority by itself would not vitiate the entire disciplinary proceedings. The time limit fixed in disposing of the appeal by the Appellate Authority is directory and not mandatory.

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One of the ground raised by Mr.N.Seshadri, learned counsel for the appellants is that disciplinary proceedings continued after retirement of the deceased appellant is untenable. The employer employee relationship ceased to exist. Therefore, the enquiry ought not to have been continued and the deceased appellant is entitled for all pensionary benefits. In this regard, the respondent would contend that Rule 19(3) of the State of Bank of India Officers' Service Rules, 1992, permits the management to continue the services of the delinquent Officer for the limited purposes of completing the departmental disciplinary proceedings. The Rule was invoked by the authority competent and by passing necessary orders to that effect, the disciplinary proceedings initiated were concluded. Thus, there is no

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infirmity.

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The other grounds regarding the lesser punishment imposed on other similarly placed delinquents, the facts are unconnected with the charges framed against the deceased appellant and the Deputy Manager Mr.R.Veeraraghavan. In respect of lapses, violation of Banking Rules in sanctioning loans are to be inquired independently with reference to the financial loss and seriousness involved.

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Uniformity in quantum of punishment is to be measured, if it is a case of co-delinquents. The said Mr.M.Kannan and Mr.A.Subramanian are not co-delinquents along with the deceased delinquent Officer. Charges and transactions against them are totally different. Therefore, comparison is unacceptable. The writ court has elaborately considered all the factual aspects as well as the legal grounds raised between the parties and dismissed the writ petition.

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