Complainant sought leave to appeal against acquittal in cheque dishonour cases. The High Court held the respondent rebutted the Section 139 presumption and the complainant failed to prove a legally enforceable debt or lending capacity. The acquittal was affirmed and all petitions for leave dismissed.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
____________ Crl.O.P. Nos.10078/2024, etc. Batch
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS
Reserved on Pronounced on 29.04.2024 03.06.2024
CORAM
THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE M.DHANDAPANI
CRL. O.P. NOS. 10078, 10101, 10103 & 10105 OF 2024 IN
CRL. A. SR NOS. 11306 TO 11309 OF 2024
M.Arumugham
.. Petitioner in all petitions
- Vs -
B.Prakash Kumar .. Respondent in all petitions
Criminal Original Petitions filed filed u/s 378 (4) Cr.P.C. praying this Court to grant leave to file appeal against the order of acquittal dated 21.12.2023 passed in S.T.C. Nos.54 to 57 of 2016 ((C.N.R. No.TNKPOA-000075-2016), (C.Np.R. No.TNKPOA-000076-2016), (C.Np.R. No.TNKPOA-000076-2016), (C.Np.R. No.TNKPOA-000077-2016) and (C.No.R. No.TNKPOA-000078-2016) on the file of the Judicial Magistrate No.II, Kanchipuram.
For : Mr. J.R.K.Bhavanantham Petitioner/Appellan t
COMMON ORDER
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The unsuccessful complainant, having lost before the trial court, has assailed the said order, passed in S.T.C. Nos.54 to 57 of 2016 on the file of the Judicial Magistrate No.II, Kanchipuram, dated 21.12.2023, in and by which the respondent herein was acquitted in the case u/s 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act (for short ‘the Act’), has filed the present appeals.
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December, 2015, the petitioner approached the respondent seeking repayment on the above amount and the respondent issued four post dated cheques, each for a sum of Rs.5,00,000/-, dated 25.12.2015, 30.12.2015, 5.1.2016 and 8.1.2016 respectively and upon the request of the respondent, the cheques were deposited for collection on 19.2.2016 through the petitioner’s bankers, which were returned dishonoured on 1.3.2016 with endorsement ‘Funds Insufficient’.
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paying the amount towards the dishonoured cheques, issued false and frivolous reply and that the respondent in his reply notice has misrepresented and made some false allegations against the petitioner as if the petitioner is making false claims with regard to amount to the tune of Rs.10,00,000/- through his notice, which notice, the petitioner claims ignorance and has not issued such a notice. Since the respondent failed to pay the amount of the dishonoured cheques, the petitioner filed the complaint u/s 138 of the Act.
and one other witness as P.W.2 and marked Exs.P-1 to P-10. On the side of the respondents, the respondent examined himself as D.W.1 and marked Exs.D-1 to D-7. The trial court, appreciating the materials available on record, held that the
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petitioner has not established that there was a legally enforceable debt and for which towards its discharge the cheques were issued, which were dishonoured and also failed to prove that the cheques were issued by the respondent for discharging a legally enforceable debt and, accordingly, acquitted the respondent, aggrieved by which the present petitions have been filed craving the leave of this Court to file the appeal.
that there is no denial of the loan obtained from the petitioner and, therefore, there is a legally enforceable debt, which has not been discharged by the respondent warranting invocation of Section 138 of the Act.
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the respondent in his deposition in chief that he had given the signed cheques to one Pannerselvem, which proves beyond reasonable doubt that the cheques were issued to clear a legally enforceable debt. The liability for payment having accepted by the respondent, the dishonour of the cheques would entail an action u/s 138 of the Act. It is the further submission of the learned counsel that the presumption u/s 139 of the Act would squarely stand attracted in favour of the petitioner and unless the respondent rebutted the said presumption through
proper evidence, which has not been done in the present case, the court below has miserably failed to consider the same and had erroneously acquitted the accused. When the respondent has not disputed his signature in the cheque and the cheque had been given to the petitioner, which has since been deposited, the deposition of D.W.1 that the cheque was given to Pannerselvam is a concocted story to defeat the legitimate claim of the petitioner. The aforesaid facts have not been properly considered by the court below while acquitting the accused, which requires interference at the hands of this Court.
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appeal as against the respondent herein for failing to discharge a legally enforceable debt, which attracts offence u/s 138 of the Act. However, for granting leave to file appeal, necessarily the petitioner has to prove that there exists a prima facie case and the materials on record reveals that such a case exists, which has not been properly considered by the Court below while negativing the case of the petitioner.
37. This Court in the case of Rajesh Prasad v. State of Bihar and Anr. (2022 (3) SCC 471) encapsulated the legal position covering the field after considering various earlier judgments and held as below: -
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“29. After referring to a catena of judgments, this Court culled out the following general principles regarding the powers of the appellate court while dealing with an appeal against an order of acquittal in the following words: (Chandrappa case [Chandrappa v. State of Karnataka, (2007) 4 SCC 415]
“42. From the above decisions, in our considered view, the following general principles regarding powers of the appellate court while dealing with an appeal against an order of acquittal emerge:
(1) An appellate court has full power to review, reappreciate and reconsider the evidence upon which the order of acquittal is founded.
(2) The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 puts no limitation, restriction or condition on exercise of such power and an appellate court on the evidence before it may reach its own conclusion, both on questions of fact and of law.
(3) Various expressions, such as, “substantial and compelling reasons”, “good and sufficient grounds”, “very strong circumstances”, “distorted conclusions”, “glaring mistakes”, etc. are not intended to curtail extensive powers of an appellate court in an appeal against acquittal. Such phraseologies are more in the nature of “flourishes of language” to emphasise the
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reluctance of an appellate court to interfere with acquittal than to curtail the power of the court to review the evidence and to come to its own conclusion.
(4) An appellate court, however, must bear in mind that in case of acquittal, there is double presumption in favour of the accused. Firstly, the presumption of innocence is available to him under the fundamental principle of criminal jurisprudence that every person shall be presumed to be innocent unless he is proved guilty by a competent court of law. Secondly, the accused having secured his acquittal, the presumption of his innocence is further reinforced, reaffirmed and strengthened by the trial court.
(5) If two reasonable conclusions are possible on the basis of the evidence on record, the appellate court should not disturb the finding of acquittal recorded by the trial court.”
38. Further, in the case of H.D. Sundara & Ors. v. State of Karnataka (2023 (9) SCC 581) this Court summarized the principles governing the exercise of appellate jurisdiction while dealing with an appeal against acquittal under Section 378 of CrPC as follows: -
“8.1. The acquittal of the accused further strengthens the presumption of innocence;
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8.2. The appellate court, while hearing an appeal against acquittal, is entitled to reappreciate the oral and documentary evidence;
8.3. The appellate court, while deciding an appeal against acquittal, after reappreciating the evidence, is required to consider whether the view taken by the trial court is a possible view which could have been taken on the basis of the evidence on record;
8.4. If the view taken is a possible view, the appellate court cannot overturn the order of acquittal on the ground that another view was also possible; and
8.5. The appellate court can interfere with the order of acquittal only if it comes to a finding that the only conclusion which can be recorded on the basis of the evidence on record was that the guilt of the accused was proved beyond a reasonable doubt and no other conclusion was possible.”
39. Thus, it is beyond the pale of doubt that the scope of interference by an appellate Court for reversing the judgment of acquittal recorded by the trial Court in favour of the accused has to be exercised within the four corners of the following principles:-
(a) That the judgment of acquittal suffers from
patent perversity;
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(b) That the same is based on a misreading/omission to consider material evidence on record;
(c) That no two reasonable views are possible and only the view consistent with the guilt of the accused is possible from the evidence available on record.
40. The appellate Court, in order to interfere with the judgment of acquittal would have to record pertinent findings on the above factors if it is inclined to reverse the judgment of acquittal rendered by the trial Court.”
(Emphasis Supplied)
doubt that the power of this Court is not curtailed or limited, as it is within its realm to reappreciate the evidence available on record to render a finding. However, in reappreciating the evidence, this Court has to see whether the view taken by the trial court could not be taken by any prudent man on appreciating
the materials available before it. If the view taken by the trial court, considered overall on the materials placed, is just and reasonable that the view taken by the trial court is on proper appreciation of the materials, the High Court cannot interfere with the acquittal on the ground that another view is possible.
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Court will now proceed to analyse the evidence on record to find out whether
the view arrived at by the trial court is based on the materials available on record or whether there are materials, which warrants grant of leave by this Court.
been issued by the respondent towards the discharge of the liability to the petitioner. However, it is the case of the respondent that the cheques, in blank, were given to one Pannerselvam and not to the petitioner. But the petitioner claims that the cheques were given towards the discharge of a legally enforceable debt, which is borne out by the promissory note.
alleged to have been obtained by the petitioner from the respondent while allegedly parting with the amount by way of loan has not been shown either in the legal notice nor any action has been taken on the said promissory note by the
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petitioner. But for the dishonour of the cheques alleged to have been given by
the respondent, the complaint has been lodged u/s 138 of the Act.
which are material to find out the legal presumption, which is casted on the accused/respondents with regard to the cheque being issued for discharging a legally enforceable debt, which ought to be rebutted through materials to absolve the respondent, the said provisions are quoted hereunder for better
appreciation:-
“ 138. Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc., of funds
in the account.
Where any cheque drawn by a person on an account maintained by him with a banker for payment of any amount of money to another person from out of that account for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability, is returned by the bank unpaid either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from that account by an agreement made with that bank, such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall, without prejudice. to any other provision of
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this Act, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to twice the amount of the cheque, or with both:
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall apply unless-
(a) the cheque has been, presented to the bank within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn or within the period of its validity, whichever is earlier;
(b )the payee or the holder in due course. of the cheque as the case may be, makes a demand for the payment of the said amount of money by giving a notice, in writing, to the drawer of the cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque as unpaid; and
(c) the drawer of such cheque fails to make the payment of the said amount of money to the payee or, as the case may be, to the holder in due course of the cheque, within fifteen days of the receipt of the said notice.
Explanation.-For the purposes of this section, "debt or other liability" means a legally enforceable debt or other liability.
139. Presumption in favour of holder.
It shall be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that the holder of a cheque received the cheque of the nature referred
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to in section 138 for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability.”
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petitioner. When there is a flat denial of the cheques by D.W.1, necessarily it is incumbent on the petitioner to prove that indeed he had given the loan to the respondent towards which the cheques were issued.
taken place, it is incumbent on the petitioner to prove that he had the wherewithal to lend the said amount as loan to the respondent. In this regard, a perusal of the order of the court below reveals that the petitioner has not established as to where from he had the amount to be given as loan to the respondent. The petitioner merely claims that it came from his wife’s side
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towards sale of some properties. However, there are no materials to establish
the same.
and Munusamy have affixed their signatures as witnesses. Yet, P.W.1 had not examined any one of the witness to show that the promissory note was signed
by the respondent to show that he had obtained loan from the petitioner. Further, the petitioner though claims that three months interest was paid in advance, however, no such recording is found in the promissory note nor any receipt with regard to the same is produced by the petitioner.
been made in which the petitioner has deposed that he is a agriculturist doing coolie work and that he was not paying any income tax nor has any PAN card in
his name and that the amount, which is alleged to have been lent as loan to the
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respondent was given to his wife from his in-laws side, which was inturn given to the respondent as loan. Even to that end, the petitioner has not examined either his wife or his in-laws to show that such amount was given to his wife, which was given to the respondent as loan.
but it is the case of the respondent that the cheques were given to one Pannerselvam and not to the petitioner and in the light of the fact that the petitioner has not proved that he had lent the amount due under the cheques to the respondent, which is reflected in the promissory note, the stand of the respondent deserves to be accepted as the respondent has rebutted the presumption u/s 139 of the Act and it becomes incumbent on the petitioner to prove that the cheques were given towards the discharge of a legally enforceable debt.
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sought return of the amount after six months and, necessarily the respondent, is
bound to pay interest for the balance period, if he had really taken the loan. However, the cheques are alleged to have been issued only towards the principal
and there is no material with regard to the interest for the balance period.
pursued his remedy under the promissory note by trying to enforce the same before the civil court. This clearly shows that all is not well with the petitioner and the petitioner has not come to court with clean hands.
that the dishonour of the cheque alone cannot be the criteria to invoke Section
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138 of the Act, but the cheque, which stood dishonoured should be against a legally enforceable debt. However, as stated above, there are no materials to show that the amount, which is shown in the cheques is a legally enforceable debt, as no materials to substantiate the lending, either in the form of documentary evidence or in the form of oral evidence has been adduced to establish the receipt of the amount by the respondent. Such being the case, the debt or liability has not been established by the petitioner.
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miserably failed to establish that he had advanced loan to the respondent,
cannot seek to file the appeal praying the leave of this Court.
03.06.2024
Index : Yes / No
GLN
To
Judicial Magistrate No.II Kanchipuram.
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M.DHANDAPANI, J.
GLN
PRE-DELIVERY ORDER IN CRL. O.P. NOS. 10078, 10101, 10103 & & 10105 OF 2022
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Crl.O.P. Nos.10078/2024, etc. Batch
Pronounced on 03.06.2024
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2 issues framed by the court
Whether leave to appeal against acquittal under Section 378(4) CrPC should be granted where the complainant failed to prove a legally enforceable debt.
Whether the trial court's view that Section 139 presumption stood rebutted was a possible view on the evidence.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Babu Sahebagouda Rudragoudar v. State of KarnatakaRelied on¶11
Babu Sahebagouda Rudragoudar & Ors. – Vs – State of Karnataka (C.A. No.985/2010 – Date – 19.04.2024)
4 provisions across 2 enactments
M.Arumugham
B.Prakash Kumar
M.Dhandapani
As recorded by the court registry
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
