Remanded

N.Chandran v. Union of India

Kerala HC11 Aug 2015WP(C)/11924/2015

Case brief

AI extract

What is this about?

This writ petition sought a direction for pension contributions based on actual salary rather than the capped limit. The court held the matter on the same footing as a binding precedent (Ext.P40) and directed the respondents to comply within three months.

What did the court decide?

The respondents are directed to act in accordance with the directions in the Ext.P40 judgment, including transferring proportionate funds from the provident fund to the pension account, within three m

N.Chandran Vs Union of India — Pension and Retirement Benefits | Kerala HC (2015)

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 1

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IN THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM

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PRESENT

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THE HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE A.V.RAMAKRISHNA PILLAI

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TUESDAY, THE 11TH DAY OF AUGUST 2015 / 20TH SRAVANA, 1937

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WP(C).No.11924 OF 2015(M)

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PETITIONERS:

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1 N.CHANDRAN,AGED 62 YEARS S/O.GOPALAN, KUNNATH NIDHIN NIVAS P.O PALAYAD NADA, VIA IRNGAL, KOZHIKODE 673 530.

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2 M.MAJEED KUTTY, S/O.MOIDEENKUTTY, SHEEJA MANZIL, PALAPRASSERY, CHENGAMANAD P.O, ALUVA 683 578.

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3 K.GOPALAN S/O.KANARAN, KOROTH HOUSE, AROOR P.O, VIA KAKKATTIL, KOZHIKODE 673 507.

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4 K.K.JAYADEVAN, AGED 64 YEARS, S/O.CHOYI, POKKENCHERY HOUSE, CHEVAYOOR P.O, KOZHIKODE 673 017.

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5 K.P.RAVEENDRAN

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S/O.P.RAMANKUTTY NAIR, KRISHNAPURI, PARAMBATHUKATTIL, NELLIKODE P.O, CALICUT 673 016.

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6 KUMARAN T.K, AGED 63 YEARS, S/O.KANNAN, THEVIDIYAN PARAMBIL, CHOVVARA P.O, ALWAYE 683 571.

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7 KUNJUMOIDEEN K.M, AGED 64 YEARS, S/O.MOHAMMED, KARUKAMANNIL HOUSE, KONGOTRA ROAD, MEKADU P.O, ALUVA 683 589.

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8 V.A.ALIKUNJU, AGED 64 YEARS, S/O.ABDUL RAHIMAN, VADAKKAKUIZHIKADAVIL HOUSE, CHOWARA P.O, ALWAYE 683 571.

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9 K.S.MOHAN, AGED 61 YEARS, S/O.SEKHARAN, KALLUPURATH HOUSE, MEKKAD P.O, ERNAKULAM 683 589.

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10 N.A.VIJAYAN,AGED 62 YEARS, S/O.AYYAPPAN, NJATTUVEETTIL HOUSE, EDAYAPURAM, ALUVA P.O, ERNAKULAM.

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 2

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11 T.M.JOSEPH, AGED 64 YEARS, S/O.MICHAEL T.G, THANICKPARAMBIL HOUSE, THANIPUZHA, OKKAL P.O, PERUMBAVOOR 683 550.

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12 M.RAHIM, AGED 62 YEARS, S/O.MOHAMMED KUNJU, REHNA MANZIL, CHENGAMANAD P.O, PUTHENTHODU, ALUVA, ERNAKULAM 683 578.

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13 P.ASHOKAN, AGED 61 YEARS, S/O.KELAN P, PALAYIKA PARAMBIL HOUSE, CHENGAMANAD P.O, ALUVA, ERNAKULAM 683 578.

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14 K.S.KONTHALAM, AGED 62 YEARS, S/O.SULAIMAN, KUTTIYANICKAL HOUSE, KURUPANAYAM, CHENGAMANAD P.O, ERNAKULAM 683 578.

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15 R.UNNIKRISHNAN, AGED 61 YEARS, S/O.NARAYANAN NAIR, VILAKUMADATHIL, PULLIKKAL P.O, MALAPPURAM 673 637.

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16 N.K.RAMACHANDRAN, AGED 62 YEARS, S/O.KRISHNAN N.K, NIRAVATH HOUSE, METHALA P.O, ERNAKULAM 683 545.

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17 P.K.RAMACHANDRAN, AGED 69 YEARS, S/O.KOCHAPPU, PARAPPURATH HOUSE, THRIKKAKARA P.O, ERNAKULAM 682 021.

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18 P.K.UMMER, AGED 60 YEARS, S/O.KUNJUMUHAMMED P.A, PARALIL HOUSE, PALLILAMKARA HMT COLONY P.O, KALAMASSERY, ERNAKULAM 683 503.

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19 K.S.BABY, AGED 61 YEARS, S/O.SUBRAMANIAN, KALLUMADATHIL HUSE, NEDUMBASSERY, ANGAMALY, MALKKAD P.O, ERNAKULAM 683 689.

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20 C.J.ANTONY, AGED 64 YEARS, S/O.C.R.JOSEPH, CHALONA HOUSE NIKATHIL LANE, CORREA ROAD, PACHALAM P.O, ERNAKULAM 682 012

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21 P.P.PANKAJAKSHAN, AGED 64 YEARS, S/O.PADMANABHAN, PALLIPARAMBIL HOUSE, PACHALAM P.O, ERNAKULAM 682 012.

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22 JOSE CHERIAN,AGED 60 YEARS S/O.P.J.CHERIAN, PANACKAL HOUSE, MELKAD P.O, ANGAMALY, ERNAKULAM 683 589. (DELETED)

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 3

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(PETITIONER NO.22 IN WPC 11924/2015 IS DELETED AS PER ORDER DATED 19/10/2020 IN RP 613/2020 IN W.A.195/2016)

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23 A.V.RAJAPPAN, AGED 61 YEARS, S/O.VELAYUDHAN A.R, ALUNGAL HOUSE, THRIKKALATHOOR P.O, MUVATTUPUZHA, ERNAKULAM 683 557.

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24 K.ABDUL KHADAR, AGED 62 YEARS S/O.KASIM KUNJU, UWALZ MANZIL, PANAYAKKADAVU, CHENGAMANAD P.O, ALUVA ERNAKULAM 683 578.

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25 M.T.JOSE, AGED 61 YEARS, S/O.M.J.THOMAS, MADATHUMPADAY HOUSE, KONGORPPILLY P.O, ERNAKULAM 683 525.

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26 BASHEER P.A, AGED 62 YEARS S/O.ABDUL RAZAKH, VADAKKETHARAYIL HOUSE, VELLOOR, MEVELLOOR P.O, KOTTAYAM 686 609.

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27 USAFU KUNJU E, AGED 61 YEARS, S/O.EBRAHIMKUTTY, NAJIYA MANZIL, NEAR PUTHENTHODE, CHENGAMANAD P.O, ERNAKULAM 683 578.

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28 K.M.ABDUL KHADER, AGED 69 YEARS, S/O.MOHAMMED, KALARIPARAMBIL HOUSE, PALAPRASSERY, CHENGAMANAD P.O, ALUVA 683 578.

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29 SATHYADEVAN P, AGED 59 YEARS, S/O.PUSHKARAN, MINI BHAVAN, VATTEKUNNAM, EDAPPALLY, ERNAKULAM 682 024.

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30 ABDUL KAREEM K.B, AGED 58 YEARS, S/O.K.K.BAVA, KARIPPAL HOUSE, THAIKKATTUKARA PO, PALLIKAVALA, ALUVA, ERNAKULAM 682 006.

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31 KHALID M, AGED 68 YEARS, S/O. K.MOHAMMED, KALLUVETTI PARAMPU, CHENGAMAND P.O, ALUVA 683 578.

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32 CHANDRAN M.K, MATTEL HOUSE, KUNJITHAI, VADAKKEKARA, N.PARAVOOR, ERNAKULAM 683 522.

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33 T.A.MOHAMMED, AGED 60 YEARS, S/O.AOUKUNJU, THELAKKATTU HOUSE, ERAMALLOOR P.O, KOTHAMANGALAM, ERNAKULAM 686 691.

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34 K.P.JAMALUDHIN, AGED 60 YEARS, S/O.K.M.PAREETH HAJI, KUTTAKATTU HOUSE, P.O MUPPATHADAM, ALUVA, ERNAKULAM 683 110.

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 4

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35 V.M.NARAYANAN, VADAKKUMBAT MEETHAL HOUSE, P.O KALPATHUR, VIA MEPPAYUR, KOZHIKODE 63 524.

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36 V.N.LAKSHMANAN VADAKKEAMARATHUMKUDI, PUTHUPADY PO, MUVATTUPUZHA, ERNAKULAM DISTRICT. 686 673.

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BY ADVS. SRI.C.S.AJITH PRAKASH SRI.PAUL C THOMAS

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RESPONDENTS:

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1 UNION OF INDIA REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT NEW DELHI 110 001.

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2 REGIONAL PROVIDENT FUND COMMISSIONER EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION, BHAVISHYANIDHI BHAVAN, PATTAM PALACE, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM 695 004.

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3 ASSISTANT PROVIDENT FUND COMMISSIONER SUB REGIONAL OFFICE, EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION (EPFO), BHAVISHYANIDHI BHAVAN, KALOOR, ERNAKULAM 682 017.

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4 ASSISTANT PROVIDENT FUND COMMISSIONER (PENSION) SUB REGIONAL OFFICE, EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION (EPFO), BHAVISHYANIDHI BHAVAN, ERNJIPALAM P.O, KOZHIKODE 673 006.

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5 ASSISTANT PROVIDENT FUND COMMISSIONER (PENSION) SUB REGIONAL OFFICE, EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND ORGANISATION (EPFO), CMS COLLEGE ROAD, P.B NO.36, KOTTAYAM 686 001.

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6 KERALA AGRO MACHINERY CORPORATION LIMITED (KAMCO) (GOVERNMENT OF KERALA UNDERTAKING) REPRESENTED BY ITS MANAGING DIRECTOR, ATHANI, ALUVA, ERNAKULAM 683 585

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7 PROVIDENT FUND TRUST REPRESENTED BY ITS SECRETARY, KERALA AGRO MACHINERY CORPORATION LIMITED EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND, ATHANI, ALUVA, ERNAKULAM 683 585.

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 5

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R1 BY SMT.SINDHUMOL.T.P., CGC R1 BY ADV. SMT.SINDHUMOL.T.P. CGC R1 BY ADV. SRI.N.N.SUGUNAPALAN SR. R1 BY ADV. SMT.T.N.GIRIJA SCEPF ORGANISATION R2 BY ADV. SRI.N.N.SUGUNAPALAN (SR.)

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THIS WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) HAVING BEEN FINALLY HEARD ON 11.08.2015, THE COURT ON THE SAME DAY DELIVERED THE FOLLOWING:

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 (M) 6

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JUDGMENT

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Dated this the 11th day of August 2015

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The petitioners are pensioners under the Employment Provident Fund Pension Scheme, 1995. The petitioners 1 to 28 and 31 to 36 demitted their office under the 6th respondent Kerala Agro Machinery Corporation Limited (KAMCO) on various dates between 8.9.2003 to 29.10.2013. The petitioners 29 and 30 though became pensioners on attaining the age of 58 years, are still continuing in the services of the 6th respondent. KAMCO is a Government of Kerala undertaking. It was initially covered under the Employees Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 (EPF & MP Act 1952) and the Employees Provident Fund Scheme, 1995. According to the petitioners, while working, they became the members of the Employees Provident Fund Pension Scheme, 1995 framed under Section 6A of the EPF & MP Act, 1952. The petitioners opted to make contribution to the EPF Scheme on actual salary basis. The pension scheme in KAMCO is managed by the 7th respondent Provident Fund Trust. The petitioners allege that they were making the pension contribution regularly and the 7^th respondent was remitting amount to the pension fund with the 3^rd , 4th and 5th respondents regularly. The 6^th respondent was collecting the contribution

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 7

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of the petitioners on the basis of actual salary; it is alleged. However, the contribution to the Pension Fund was making on the basis of the salary limiting it to 8.33% of Rs.6500/- as per Sub clause (3) of clause 11 of the Pension Scheme. Subsequently, a new proviso was added to clause 11(3) enabling the employees to make contribution based on their actual salary without any maximum ceiling limit. However, the 7th respondent continued to make remittance to the pension fund at the old rate with the maximum salary ceiling of Rs.6500/- per month; it is alleged. Hence, the petitioners are deprived of their legitimate right to get pension at a higher rate based on actual salary drawn by them. The petitioners are willing to make good arrear contribution towards their pension fund by transferring sufficient amount from their provident fund contribution; it is pointed out. The 6th and 7^th respondents have corresponding duty to transfer necessary funds. The inaction on the part of the 6th and 7th respondents is violative of the fundamental rights guaranteed to the petitioners under Articles 14, 16 and 300A of the Constitution of India. It is with this background, the petitioners have come up before this Court.

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In the counter affidavit filed by respondents 2,3, 4 and 5, it was contended that the Government of India, Ministry of Labour has now incorporated certain amendments to Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995, which

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 8

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came into force with effect from 1.9.2014. The amendments were notified vide Gazette Notification No.GSR 609(E) dated 1.9.2014, As per the amendment, the provision for contribution on higher salary has been omitted with effect from I.9.2014 and as such no new options can be allowed to any member of Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995 on or after 1.9.2014.

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The second proviso to paragraph 11(3) of Employees' Pension Scheme stands omitted with effect from 1.9.2014 and therefore, no new option can be allowed to any member of Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995 to contribute on higher wages in excess of statutory wage limit on or after 1.9.2014. As a consequence of the amendment, the option to contribute on wages in excess of Rs.15,000/- is available under the Employees' Pension Scheme, 1995 only to those employees/members who were already contributing to Pension Fund in excess of statutory wage limit as on 31.8.2014 on the basis of joint option exercised by the employer and employee.

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Arguments have been heard.

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According to the learned counsel for the petitioners, the provident fund in the 6th respondent company is managed by the 7th respondent Trustee who remitted monthly instalments to the third respondent. It was pointed out that contributions were made to the pension scheme based on salary limiting the maximum amount of Rs.6500/-. Thus, only an amount of

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 9

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Rs.541/- which is 8.33% of Rs.6500/-, was remitted as monthly contribution to

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the pension fund as per clause 11(3). lt was argued that in fact the provident fund contributions were collected by the respondents based on the actual salary. A proviso was added to sub clause (3) of clause 11 with retrospective effect from the date of commencement of the pension scheme i.e. from 16.11.1995 which enables the employees to contribute to the pension fund based on actual salary without any maximum ceiling. Therefore, the petitioners argued that the 4^th respondent company has the duty to collect pension contribution on actual salary drawn by the petitioners and remit it to the pension fund. Having not done so, there is dereliction of statutory duty on the part of that respondent.

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This Court had occasion to consider a similar situation in Ext.P40 judgment which was disposed of following the binding precedents directing that 8.33% of the employer's contribution, proportionate to the salary of the employee in excess of Rs.6500/-, be credited to the pension scheme and orders

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be passed in accordance with law. lt was also made clear that the interest accrued in the provident fund account to that extent also shall stand transferred to the pension account. In case of retired employees who have drawn their retirement benefits by way of provident fund, proportionate amounts along with interest accrued in the account as also that accrued after

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 10

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the withdrawal of the provident fund amount were ordered to be refunded to the provident fund organization. Time of three months was also granted to comply with the direction.

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As this present case also stands on the same footing, this writ petition is also disposed of directing the respondents to act in terms of the directions in Ext.P40 judgment. This shall be done within a period of three months from the date of receipt of a copy of this judgment.

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Sd/-

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A.V.RAMAKRISHNA PILLAI

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JUDGE

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css/

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 11

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APPENDIX

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PETITIONER'S EXHIBITS:

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EXHIBIT P1	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KKD/41525 OF THE IST PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 4TH RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P2	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/36984 OF THE 2ND PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P3	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KKD/00046060 OF THE 3RD PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P4	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KKD/39204 OF THE 4TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 4TH RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P5	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KKD/40621 OF THE 5TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 4TH RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P6	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/59464 OF THE 6TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P7	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/46086 OF THE 7TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P8	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/54475 OF THE 8TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P9	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00069825 OF TYHE 9TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P10	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00067023 OF THE 10TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P11	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/57800 OF THE 11TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P12	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00064884 OF THE 12TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 12

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EXHIBIT P13	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00070794 OF THE 13TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P14	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00068474 OF THE 14TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P15	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KKD/00048771 OF THE 15TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P16	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00068727 OF THE 16TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P17	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/30315 OF THE 17TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P18	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00075109 OF THE 18TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P19	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00075703 OF THE 19TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P20	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/55445 OF THE 20TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P21	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/43834 OF THE 21ST PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P22	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00080399 OF THE 22ND PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P23	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00070750 OF THE 23RD PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P24	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00068117 OF THE 24TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P25	COPY OF THE RELEVANT PAGES PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00074646 OF THE 25TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 13

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RESPONDENT.

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EXHIBIT P26	COPY OF THE RELEVANT PAGES OF OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KTM/00024377 OF THE 26TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 5TH RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P27	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00074608 OF THE 2TTH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P28	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/39481 OF THE 28TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P29	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00084473 OF THE 29TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P30	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00085844 OF THE 30TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P31	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/37181 OF THE 31ST PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P32	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00085341 OF THE 32ND PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P33	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00076625 OF THE 33RD PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P34	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KCH/00077548 OF THE 34TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P35	COPY OF THE PENSION PAYMENT ORDER NO.KR/KKD/00052263 OF THE 35TH PETITIONER ISSUED BY THE 3RD RESPONDENT.
EXHIBIT P36	COPY OF THE COMMUNICATION DATED 27.2.14 SHOWING FINAL SETTTLEMENT OF 36TH PETITIONERS CPF ACCOUNT NO.KR/3375/305.
EXHIBIT P37	COPY OF THE EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND CREDIT CARD/INTEREST REGISTER FOR THE YEAR 2013-14 OF THE 36TH PETITIONER.
EXHIBIT P38	COPY OF THE JUDGMENT DATED 4.11.11 IN WPC

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W.P.(C) No.11924 of 2015 14

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6643 OF 2007. EXHIBIT P39 COPY OF THE JUDGMENT IN WA 1137/2012 AND OTHER CONNECTED CASES DATED 5.3.13. EXHIBIT P40 COPY OF THE JUDGMENT DATED 4.3.14 IN WPC 2059/14. EXHIBIT P41 COPY OF THE JUDGMENT DATED 5.6.14 IN WPC 8298/14. EXHIBIT P42 COPY OF THE JUDGMENT DATED 20.2.15 IN WPC 5446/15. EXHIBIT P43 COPY OF THE JUDGMENT IN WPC 9124/15 DATED 25.3.15. RESPONDENT'S EXHIBITS : NIL

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TRUE COPY

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P.A.TO JUDGE

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scl

N.Chandran v. Union of India

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

N.Chandran v. Union of India

Case brief

What is this about?

What did the court decide?

What the court decided

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