Single judge applied Supreme Court precedent to quash a police notice summoning applicants for compulsory lie detection tests without consent, ruling such coercion violates Article 20(3).
Notice dated 15th November 2009 calling applicants for lie detector test without consent is quashed and set aside.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
R/SCR.A/2327/2009 JUDGMENT
IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD
SPECIAL CRIMINAL APPLICATION NO. 2327 of 2009
FOR APPROVAL AND SIGNATURE:
HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE A.G.URAIZEE
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SAMEER MEHMOODBHAI RANGREZ & 1....Applicant(s) Versus
STATE OF GUJARAT & 2....Respondent(s)
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Appearance:
MR SHALIN N MEHTA, ADVOCATE for the Applicant(s) No. 1 - 2 MR NEERAJ SONI APP for the Respondent(s) No. 1 RULE SERVED for the Respondent(s) No. 2 - 3
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CORAM: HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE A.G.URAIZEE
Date : 05/12/2013
ORAL JUDGMENT
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Heard learned Senior Counsel Mr. Shalin Mehta for the applicants assisted by learned advocate Ms. Vidhi Bhatt, and learned A.P.P. Mr. Neeraj Soni for the respondents Nos. 1 and 2. Though respondent No.3 is served, she has chosen not to enter appearance either in person or by duly instructed advocate.
“221. In our considered opinion, the compulsory administration of the impugned techniques violates the `right against self- incrimination'. This is because the underlying rationale of the 246 said right is to ensure the reliability as well as voluntariness of statements that are admitted as evidence. This Court has recognised that the protective scope of Article 20(3) extends to the investigative stage in criminal cases and when read with Section 161(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 it protects accused persons, suspects as well
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as witnesses who are examined during an investigation. The test results cannot be admitted in evidence if they have been obtained through the use of compulsion. Article 20(3) protects an individual's choice between speaking and remaining silent, irrespective of whether the subsequent testimony proves to be inculpatory or exculpatory. Article 20(3) aims to prevent the forcible conveyance of personal knowledge that is relevant to the facts in issue'. The results obtained from each of the impugned tests bear a testimonial' character and they cannot be categorised as material evidence.
“222. We are also of the view that forcing an individual to undergo any of the impugned techniques violates the standard of substantive due process' which is required for restraining personal liberty. Such a violation will occur irrespective of whether these techniques are forcibly administered during the course of an investigation or for any other purpose since the test results could also expose a person to adverse consequences of a non-penal nature. The impugned techniques cannot be read into the statutory provisions which enable medical examination during investigation in criminal cases, i.e. the Explanation to Sections 53, 53-A and 54 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Such an expansive interpretation is not feasible in light of the rule of ejusdem generis' and the considerations which govern the interpretation of statutes in relation to scientific advancements. We have also elaborated how the compulsory administration of any of these techniques is an unjustified intrusion into the mental privacy of an individual. It would also amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment' with regard to the language of evolving international human rights norms. Furthermore, placing reliance on the results gathered from these techniques comes into conflict with the right to fair trial'. Invocations of a compelling public interest cannot justify the dilution of constitutional rights such as the `right against self-incrimination'.
“223. In light of these conclusions, we hold that no individual should be forcibly subjected to any of the techniques in question, whether in the context of
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investigation in criminal cases or otherwise. Doing so would amount to an unwarranted intrusion into personal liberty. However, we do leave room for the voluntary administration of the impugned techniques in the context of criminal justice, provided that certain safeguards are in place. Even when the subject has given consent to undergo any of these tests, the test results by themselves cannot be admitted as evidence because the subject does not exercise conscious control over the responses during the administration of the test. However, any information or material that is subsequently discovered with the help of voluntary administered test results can be admitted, in accordance with Section 27 of the Evidence Act, 1872. The National Human Rights Commission had published Guidelines for the Administration of Polygraph Test (Lie Detector Test) on an Accused' in 2000. These guidelines should be strictly adhered to and similar safeguards should be adopted for conducting the Narcoanalysis technique' and the `Brain Electrical Activation Profile' test. The text of these guidelines has been reproduced below:
(i) No Lie Detector Tests should be administered except on the basis of consent of the accused. An option should be given to the accused whether he wishes to avail such test.
(ii) If the accused volunteers for a Lie Detector Test, he should be given access to a lawyer and the physical, emotional and legal implication of such a test should be explained to him by the police and his lawyer.
(iii) The consent should be recorded before a Judicial Magistrate.
(iv) During the hearing before the Magistrate, the person alleged to have agreed should be duly represented by a lawyer.
(v) At the hearing, the person in question should also be told in clear terms that the statement that is made shall not be a `confessional' statement to the Magistrate but will have the status of a statement made to the police.
(vi) The Magistrate shall consider all factors relating to the detention including the length of detention and the nature of the interrogation.
(vii) The actual recording of the Lie Detector Test shall be done by an independent agency (such as a hospital) and conducted in the presence of a lawyer.
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(viii) A full medical and factual narration of the manner of the information received must be taken on record.”
(A.G.URAIZEE,J)
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1 issue framed by the court
Whether investigation agencies can lawfully summon accused persons for lie detector tests without their prior consent.
Colour shows how this judgement treated each authority
Smt. Selvi v. State of KarnatakaApplied¶3
Smt. Selvi v. State of Karnataka (AIR 2010 SC 1974) · Who else cites this
1 provisions across 1 enactments
Sameer Mehmoombhai Rangrez
State of Gujarat
A.G. Uraizee
As recorded by the court registry
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