Matters requiring clarification listed for future hearing on March 13, 2018. No substantive legal reasoning or decision was rendered in this order.
This page shows the compact analysis of this judgement. The full analysis — procedural history, issue-by-issue holdings with ratio and obiter, advocates, and paragraph-level evidence for every claim — is being added to the record in batches and will appear here when this judgement has been through it.
APPELLATE TRIBUNAL, PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING ACT AT NEW DELHI
MP-PMLA-1228/DLI/2014 (Stay) & 1. FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014 Jagan Mohan Reddy … Appellant/Applicant Versus Joint Director, Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … Respondent MP-PMLA-1229/DLI/2014 (Stay) & 2. FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014 M/s. Jagati Publications Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus Joint Director, Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … Respondent MP-PMLA-1230/DLI/2014 (Stay) & 3. FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014 Carmel Asia Holdings Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus Joint Director, Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … Respondent MP-PMLA-1213/DLI/2014 MP-PMLA-1216/DLI/2014 (U/s 26) 4. FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014 Vinpic Ports Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … Respondent FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, Page 1 of 9 FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
| 5. FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014 Nimmagadda Prasad … |
Appellant/Applicant |
|---|---|
| Versus | |
| The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … |
Respondent |
| MP-PMLA-1325/DLI/2014 (Stay) 6. FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 |
|
| Vanpic Project Pvt. Ltd. … |
Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | |
| The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … |
Respondent |
| 7. FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014 | |
| M/s Alpha Avenue Pvt. Ltd. … |
Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | |
| The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … |
Respondent |
| MP-PMLA-1332/DLI/2014 (Stay) 8. FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014 |
|
| M/s G2 Corporate Service Pvt. Ltd. … | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | |
| The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … |
Respondent |
| 9. FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014 | |
| M/s Gilchrist Investment Pvt. Ltd. … | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | |
| The Deputy Director | |
| Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi … |
Respondent |
| FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPAPMLA672DLI2014 FPAPMLA673DLI2014 FPAPMLA747DLI2014 |
Page 2 of 9 |
| --//, --//, --// FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014 |
|
| , , , FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/201 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD |
6 /2016 /2016 |
FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD FPAPMLA1587HYD2016 FPAPMLA1588HYD2016 FPAPMLA1579HYD |
/2016, 2016 |
| --//, --//, --/ |
, |
| FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD |
/2015 |
| FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HY & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016 |
D/2016 |
10. FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014
| M/s Alpha Villas Pvt. Ltd. |
… | Appellant/Applicant |
|---|---|---|
| Versus | ||
| The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi |
… | Respondent |
| The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi |
… | Respondent |
| 11. FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014 | ||
| M/s Suguni Construction Pvt. Ltd. | … | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | ||
| The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi |
… | Respondent |
| MP-PMLA-2987/HYD/2016 (Stay) 12. FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 |
||
| Shri Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy | … | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | ||
| Joint Director, Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad |
… | Respondents |
| MP-PMLA-2989/HYD/2015 (MISC) MP-PMLA-2988/HYD/2016 (Stay) 13. FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016 |
||
| Y.S. Bharati Reddy | … Appellant | |
| Versus | ||
| The Joint Director | ||
| Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad | … Respondent |
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
Page 3 of 9
MP-PMLA-2990/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-2991/HYD/2016 (Stay) 14. FPA-PMLA-1575/ HYD/2016
M/s Classic Reality Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-2993/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-2992/HYD/2016 (Stay) 15. FPA-PMLA-1576/ HYD/2016 M/s Sandur Power Company Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-2995/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-2994/HYD/2016 (Stay) 16. FPA-PMLA-1577/ HYD/2016 M/s Silicon Builders Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-2999/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-2998/HYD/2016 (Stay) 17. FPA-PMLA-1582/ HYD/2016 M/s Silicon Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-3001/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-3000/HYD/2016 (Stay) 18. FPA-PMLA-1583/ HYD/2016
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
Page 4 of 9
M/s Capstone Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-3003/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-3002/HYD/2016 (Stay) 19. FPA-PMLA-1584/ HYD/2016 M/s Ravan Infra Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-3005/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-3004/HYD/2016 (Stay) 20. FPA-PMLA-1585/ HYD/2016 M/s Bhagavath Sannidhi Estates Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-3007/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-3006/HYD/2016 (Stay) 21. FPA-PMLA-1586/ HYD/2016 M/s Utopia Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Joint Director … Respondent Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad MP-PMLA-3009/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-3008/HYD/2016 (Stay) 22. FPA-PMLA-1587/ HYD/2016
M/s Saraswati Power and Industries Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant
Versus
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
Page 5 of 9
| The Joint Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad |
… | Respondent |
|---|---|---|
| MP-PMLA-3011/HYD/2016 (Misc.) MP-PMLA-3010/HYD/2016 (Stay) 23. FPA-PMLA-1588/ HYD/2016 |
||
| M/s Harish Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. | … | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | ||
| The Joint Director | … | Respondent |
| Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad | ||
| MP-PMLA-2979/HYD/2016 (Stay) MP-PMLA-2980/HYD/2016 (Exem.) 24. FPA-PMLA-1579/ HYD/2016 |
||
| Bharati Cement Corporation Pvt. Ltd | … | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | ||
| The Joint Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad |
… | Respondent |
| MP-PMLA-3190/HYD/2017 (Stay) MP-PMLA-3095/HYD/2017 (Stay) 25. FPA-PMLA-1619/ HYD/2017 |
||
| Jella Jagan Mohan Reddy | … | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | ||
| The Joint Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad |
… | Respondent |
| MP-PMLA-2015/HYD/2015 (Stay) 26. FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015 |
||
| M/s Jagti Publication Limited |
… | Appellant/Applicant |
| Versus | ||
| The Deputy Director | ||
| Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad | … | Respondent |
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
Page 6 of 9
MP-PMLA-2016/HYD/2015 (Stay) 27. FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015
M/s Janani Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad … Respondent MP-PMLA-2086/HYD/2015 (Stay) 28. FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015 M/s Carmel Asia Holdings Pvt. Ltd. … Appellant/Applicant Versus The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad … Respondent MP- PMLA-1968/HYD/2015 (STAY) & 29. FPA-PMLA-1045/HYD/2015 Asara Realty Ventures Pvt. Ltd. … Applicant/Appellant Versus The Deputy Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad … Respondent MP-PMLA-2872/HYD/2016 (Stay) 30. FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 M/s Penna Cement Industries Limited … Appellant Versus The Joint Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad … Respondent
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
Page 7 of 9
MP-PMLA-2874/HYD/2016 (Stay)
31. FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
M/s Poineer Holiday Resort Ltd … Appellant Versus The Joint Director Directorate of Enforcement, Hyderabad … Respondent
Advocates/Authorized Representatives who appeared
For the appellant : Shri Raghenth Basant, Advocate Shri K. Sidharth Rao, Advocate Shri Yogesh Ravi, Advocate For the respondent : Shri S.A. Saud, Advocate CORAM JUSTICE MANMOHAN SINGH : CHAIRMAN SHRI ANAND KISHORE : MEMBER
ORDER 08.03.2018
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1577/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1584/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/ HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/ HYD/2017, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
Page 8 of 9
These matters were heard for some time. While dictating the order it was found that the matters require certain clarifications/directions. Hence, the matters are now listed on 13th March, 2018.
(Justice Manmohan Singh) Chairman
(Anand Kishore)
Member
New Delhi,
8th March, 2018
‘d’
FPA-PMLA-668/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-670/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-671/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-672/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-673/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-747/DLI/2014 FPA-PMLA-751/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-752/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-753/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-754/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-755/DLI/2014, FPA-PMLA-1573/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1574/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1575/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1576/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1577/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1582/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1583/HYD/2016 FPA-PMLA-1584/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1585/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1586/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1587/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1588/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1579/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1619/HYD/2016, FPA-PMLA-1053/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1054/HYD/2015 FPA-PMLA-1055/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-10045/HYD/2015, FPA-PMLA-1190/HYD/2016 & FPA-PMLA-1191/HYD/2016
Page 9 of 9
Jagan Mohan Reddy
Joint Director, Directorate of Enforcement, Delhi
Manmohan Singh
Anand Kishore
As recorded by the court registry
19 orders share this CNR
Judgements on the same questions, provisions and authorities, from every court
